DC conduction and electrical breakdown of MgO/LDPE nanocomposite

To understand basic electric properties of nano-sized magnesium oxide (MgO) / low-density polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposite under DC voltage application, the volume resistivity, the space charge distribution and the breakdown strength were investigated. By the addition of nano-sized MgO filler, both the DC breakdown strength and the volume resistivity of LDPE increased. At the average DC electric field of about 85 kV/mm and more, a positive packet space charge was observed in LDPE without MgO nano-filler, whereas a little homogeneous space charge was observed in MgO/LDPE nanocomposite material at the front of electrode. From these results, it is confirmed that the addition of MgO nano-filler leads to the improvement of DC electrical insulating properties of LDPE.     

MgO/LDPE纳米复合材料制备及其空间电荷特性

为了降低低密度聚乙烯中的空间电荷积累,在自制纳米MgO粉体的基础上,采用熔融共混法,制备了氧化镁/低密度聚乙烯(MgO/LDPE)纳米复合材料,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察了MgO/LDPE纳米复合材料中的MgO粒径大小和分散情况,采用差热扫描量热法(DSC)确定了不同MgO质量分数纳米复合材料的结晶度,采用电声脉冲法(PEA)测量了不同MgO质量分数纳米复合材料的空间电荷分布,测量了不同MgO质量分数纳米复合材料的拉伸性能。试验结果表明,MgO/LDPE纳米复合材料体系中,MgO粒径约为50nm,且分散均匀;不同MgO质量分数纳米复合材料的弹性模量和抗张强度均高于纯LDPE的,且MgO质量分数为2%时达到最大值;不同MgO质量分数纳米复合材料的结晶度均高于纯LDPE的;纳米MgO能抑制空间电荷的注入和其在材料体内的迁移,质量分数为3%时,MgO/LDPE纳米复合材料中的空间电荷得到了良好的抑制。     

The effect of nano‐ZnO on corona aging and photo aging in low‐density polyethylene

In this paper, space charge distributions as well as dielectric properties, such as volume resistivity and AC breakdown strength, were studied in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and its composite obtained by adding nano‐ZnO nanofiller, before and after photo‐oxidation or corona aging for several days. It was found that a small amount of ZnO nanoparticles could effectively improve both the photostabilization and corona stabilization of the LDPE matrix. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the specimens were investigated to reveal the change of the microstructures. The results showed that a weaker carbonyl absorption peak appeared in LDPE/ZnO nanocomposite than in LDPE. A proper explanation is given according to the photodegradation and corona degradation theory of polyethylene. The results also showed that there was a certain similarity between photo aging and corona aging. IEEJ Trans 2010 DOI: 10.1002/tee.20600     

MgO/LDPE纳米复合材料抑制空间电荷及电树枝化特性

应用经硅烷偶联处理后的纳米氧化镁(MgO)粉末与低密度聚乙烯(low density polyethylene,LDPE)共混,制得MgO/LDPE复合介质。高成分衬度扫描电镜(scanningelectron microscope,SEM)中图像表明,粒径为100 nm左右的MgO纳米粒子均匀的分散于介质中。通过电声脉冲法(pulsed electro-acoustic,PEA)测试发现,当纳米MgO填料的质量分数为4%时,可以有效抑制空间电荷的注入,伏安特性的实验结果表明,复合介质拥有更高的空间电荷注入阈值场强。通过电树枝实验,发现复合介质可以抑制电树枝的引发和生长。最后,对实验结果进行了分析,探讨了纳米复合介质抑制空间电荷和树枝化生长的机制。纳米颗粒与基体材料界面电荷行为可能是复合介质电学性能改善的原因。     

半导电材料对纳米MgO/XLPE复合介质空间电荷影响的研究

聚合物纳米复合介质中空间电荷的注入与半导电电极材料密切相关,文中采用电声脉冲(PEA)法测量了预压-60 kV/mm电场1 h后,对比研究了六种不同半导电电极材料下交联聚乙烯(XLPE)和MgO/XLPE复合介质中的空间电荷分布;并对不同半导电电极材料下MgO/XLPE复合介质中的平均电荷密度进行了计算。对比实验表明:配方不同的半导电电极材料确实对试样中空间电荷的分布以及空间电荷量影响很大;以乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)为基础材料、添加30wt%炭黑的第二种半导电材料对MgO/XLPE复合介质中空间电荷的抑制效果最好。     

纳米MgO掺杂聚乙烯中空间电荷行为的研究

介绍了采用电声脉冲法测量纯低密度聚乙烯以及氧化镁／低密度聚乙烯（MgO／LDPE）纳米复合介质中的空间电荷,讨论了不同含量的MgO以及不同型号LDPE作为基础材料对复合介质内空间电荷分布的影响。实验结果表明：随着直流电场的增加,在纯聚乙烯中产生电荷注入现象,且随着加压时间的增加,注入的同极性电荷有向另一电极移动的趋势。少量的MgO可以有效抑制复合介质中的空间电荷注入,随着MgO含量的增加,对复合介质的空间电荷注入抑制效果逐渐减弱。     

CB/LDPE纳米复合材料的空间电荷抑制特性

采用熔融共混法制备了纯低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)试样和纳米炭黑(CB)颗粒质量分数分别为0.01%、0.03%、0.05%、0.07%的CB/LDPE复合试样。采用扫描电子显微镜观察纳米CB颗粒在LDPE基体中的分散性,并利用电声脉冲法(PEA)测试各试样在常温和-40 kV/mm条件下的空间电荷积聚特性和陷阱特性,讨论纳米CB颗粒提升LDPE基体空间电荷抑制特性的机制。结果表明:相较于纯LDPE试样,CB/LDPE复合试样的空间电荷积聚特性得到了显著改善,其中CB质量分数为0.03%的CB/LDPE复合试样具有最佳的空间电荷抑制效果。纳米CB颗粒提高了复合试样内部的深陷阱密度,这是提高复合试样空间电荷抑制能力的关键。     

添加纳米MgO对交联聚乙烯中直流接地电树枝的影响

对交联聚乙烯(cross linked polyethylene, XLPE)材料与质量分数为05%的 MgO/XLPE纳米复合材料分别进行了直流接地电树枝实验与基于电声脉冲法的空间电荷测量。电树枝实验表明,正极性下MgO/XLPE纳米复合材料表现出更高的50%电树枝引发电压;空间电荷测量结果表明XLPE中有更多同极性电荷注入,说明纳米颗粒的添加阻碍了针尖处同极性电荷的注入与抽出,进而阻碍了电树枝引发。正极性下MgO/XLPE纳米复合材料表现出更小的平均电树枝长度与宽度,这是由于高场强区产生的载流子与纳米颗粒发生碰撞,导致电树枝生长较慢。此外,正极性下MgO/XLPE纳米复合材料中平均电树枝长宽比随电压升高下降更快,这是由于电树枝无法穿透纳米颗粒,只能从其表面绕过,导致了电树枝通道方向的改变与细小分枝的产生。     

A study of dielectric relaxation in aluminosilicate-filledlow-density polyethylene

Space charge formation in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) filled with zeolites and clays has been investigated by the thermally stimulated current method. The presence of fillers affects the dielectric properties due to additional dielectric relaxation phenomena, which depend on the structure of the inorganic filler. Pores or cages existing in the zeolite frame enable their compensated ions to move away from their neutral position under electric field to form dipoles of very low activation energy and high attempt-to-escape frequency. The activation energy is related to the pore sizes of zeolites. However, kaolin-based clay which has movable cations on its surfaces form an interfacial dipole between the LDPE and clay. A `Maxwell-Wagner' interfacial relaxation behavior was observed in the clay-filled LDPE system. The activation energy of interfacial relaxation of the clay-filled LDPE system is higher than that of dipole relaxation of the zeolite-filled LDPE     

热老化前后LDPE/SiO2纳米复合材料空间电荷积聚分析

在实际运行中,直流场强和热环境都会对聚乙烯电缆内空间电荷积聚行为产生影响,过量的空间电荷会威胁其绝缘性能,虽然纳米复合材料具备抑制空间电荷的能力,但对于热老化后其空间电荷的积聚特性仍有待进一步研究。采用电声脉冲法对热老化前后不同浓度的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)/二氧化硅(SiO_2)纳米复合材料内空间电荷的积聚行为进行分析。结果表明,热老化会降低电极注入势垒并产生随机分布的深陷阱和杂质,增加空间电荷积累。纳米SiO_2引入的大量界面区域会产生均匀分布的深陷阱,并形成界面反电场,从而抑制载流子的运输和注入,且纳米粒子可以提高材料稳定性,提升电极注入势垒并延缓热老化进程。相比于纯LDPE,LDPE/SiO_2材料在热老化前后都具有明显的抑制空间电荷的能力。     

直流XLPE电缆绝缘中空间电荷的抑制方法综述

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)因其优异的介电、理化性能而被广泛应用于电缆绝缘领域。在电缆的服役过程中,电缆绝缘内部会积聚空间电荷,严重时可引发电场畸变,导致电缆击穿事故发生。对于直流XLPE电缆,空间电荷的积聚及影响更加不容忽视。针对直流XLPE电缆绝缘中产生的空间电荷积聚效应,目前学界主要采用共混改性、聚合物链段接枝极性基团、纳米掺杂改性及制备高纯净绝缘料等方法来进行控制,改性后的直流XLPE电缆绝缘对空间电荷产生的抑制效果均有所提升。文中首先对上述直流XLPE电缆绝缘中空间电荷的抑制方法进行综述,介绍其抑制原理以及相应的抑制效果,然后对比总结不同抑制空间电荷方法的优缺点,最后对未来直流XLPE电缆绝缘中空间电荷抑制方法的研究发展作出展望。     

Influence of BaTiO3 additive and electrode material onspace-charge formation in polyethylene. Evidence from thermal stepspace-charge measurements

The effects of 5% wt BaTiO₃ additive and of electrode material on space charge formation and electric field distribution in low density polyethylene (LDPE) were investigated using a thermal step technique. Space charge was formed at an average dc field of ~28 kV/mm and at 50°C. Results indicate that the addition of BaTiO₃ to LDPE has considerably reduced the remanent space charge and electric field and changed their distribution patterns in the doped material when compared with the plain material. It is also shown that the remanent space charge and electric field in plain LDPE are strongly dependent on the type of electrode material     

形态对聚乙烯中空间电荷包运动特性的影响

空间电荷相关研究是直流电介质材料特性研究的重要领域,聚乙烯则是主要的内绝缘材料之一。为了对高压直流条件下聚乙烯中的空间电荷现象进行深入研究,应用电声脉冲法空间电荷测量系统对高场强下低密度聚乙烯中的空间电荷现象进行测量,观察到了空间电荷包现象。研究结合不同热处理方法得到了不同微观形态的聚乙烯试品,并在不同场强下结合微观形态的变化对低密度聚乙烯的空间电荷包运动速率进行了分析。结果表明,聚乙烯的微观形态对空间电荷包特性有显著的影响,也对空间电荷包运动速率有明显的影响,结晶度越高,空间电荷包运动速率越小。     

Space charge formation in γ-irradiated low densitypolyethylene

Energetic ionizing radiation can alter the chemical structure of polymeric materials and also may give rise to the presence of trapped charge within the material, the trapping characteristics of which may be influenced by these radiation-induced structural alterations. In the present work, the formation of space charge in γ-irradiated LDPE (low-density polyethylene) was investigated using the technique of a LIPP (laser induced pressure pulse). Specimens of LDPE, ~350 μm thick, were irradiated in a ⁶⁰Co γ-source in room air to various doses and the results indicate that space charge distributions are dependent on both dose and electric stress, including the length of time during which the stress is applied. At low doses (⩽10 kGy), there is a large amount of positive charge adjacent to the cathode, leading to stress enhancement at the interface. Higher applied stress serves to extend the positive charge towards the anode. At high doses (⩾50 kGy), the charge distribution is more complicated than that for low doses. Here there is initially negative charge present adjacent to the cathode and a substantial positive charge adjacent to the anode. With the passage of time, however, there is a polarity change from negative to positive at the cathode and a decrease in the density of the positive charge at the anode, with negative charge in the middle of the sample     

High‐field electrical properties under AC voltage application in acetophenone‐coated LDPE film

This paper deals with the effects of acetophenone coating on dielectric properties such as tan δ and capacitance and on space charge formation up to electrical breakdown under AC voltage application in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) film. The existence of acetophenone at the electrical interface enhances tan δ. tan δ in acetophenone‐coated specimens increased with electric field and decreased with the frequency in the high‐field and high‐temperature region. AC breakdown test revealed that the electric strength in noncoated specimens was higher than in acetophenone‐coated specimens, and that the electric strength also decreased with temperature. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 142(3): 1–7, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10086     

Preparing and polarizing stability of Teflon AF nonlinear opticalpolymer electret double layer film system

Nonlinear optical activity of an nonlinear optical (NLO) polymer electret originates from the preferential orientation of dipoles doped or chemically attached to the polymer matrix. In this paper, the idea of fabricating a Teflon AF/nonlinear optical polymer electret double layer film system is proposed to improve the orientation stability of the dipole in the polymer electret. The polar stability has been investigated by means of measuring the open-circuit thermally stimulated depolarization (TSD) spectrum, the electro-optical coefficient, and the isothermal surface potential decay. The results indicate that the double layer film system may markedly increase the orientation stability of the dipole in the NLO polymer layer. Because the Teflon AF layer has high charge storage stability, the dipole orientation can be bound by the electric field generated by the space charge in Teflon AF layer     

基于α松弛分析CB/LDPE纳米复合介质空间电荷特性

分别以导电炭黑(C-CB)和绝缘炭黑(I-CB)作为纳米填充相,研究不同性能炭黑(CB)对低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)空间电荷特性的影响。采用多种测试方法对CB微观形貌和表面化学特性进行表征。利用电声脉冲(PEA)法测量LDPE及其纳米复合介质的空间电荷分布,并结合动态机械分析法(DMA)和热刺激电流法(TSC)探索CB改善LDPE空间电荷特性的作用机理。结果表明:C-CB比I-CB具有更长的链状结构和较少的表面基团,可与LDPE产生更强的相互作用;C-CB/LDPE和I-CB/LDPE纳米复合介质均能够有效地抑制空间电荷积聚,其中前者的空间电荷抑制能力更强。分析认为复合介质空间电荷性能改善是由于CB与LDPE相互作用,减少了参与α松弛的分子形成的缺陷数量,降低了LDPE内的陷阱密度。     

茂金属聚乙烯改善低密度聚乙烯的介电性能

针对高压、超高压直流塑料电缆中存在的空间电荷效应,大多数直流电力电缆常采用改性方法提高其介电性能,如空间电荷特性、体积电阻率和击穿强度等。常用的改性方法主要有添加剂、共混、接枝和二元共聚4种。共混技术较广泛用以改性聚乙烯电缆,提高其介电性能。因此用电声脉冲法(PEA)测量了MPE与LDPE共混试样中的空间电荷分布;用高阻计测量了共混物的体积电阻率,用阶梯电压测量了共混物的交流击穿场强。试验结果表明,1%MPE与LDPE共混能有效降低空间电荷效应,提高交流击穿场强7.9%,略降低体积电阻率。最后讨论了共混物的物质结构、电荷陷阱及介电性能间的关系。     

用电子束辐照注入电荷包研究低密度聚乙烯中的电荷迁移率

通过研究外加电场强度50k V/mm以下低密度聚乙烯中的空间电荷包行为,使用一种多层结构的受辐照的双面粘贴聚氟乙烯薄膜低密度聚乙烯样品,通过电子束辐照在样品内部形成"波包"分布,在外加电场强度较低时形成电荷包,使用激光压力波法监测电荷包迁移。结果表明,以电荷包峰值位置为参考点,在样品内实际电场下电荷包平均迁移率分布范围为(0.17~3.01)×10?15m2/(V·s)。通过对不同外加电场强度下的空间电荷包行为的研究得到,电荷包迁移速率与电场强度关系符合负微分迁移率假设模型,从而证明了在较低的电场强度下负微分迁移率模型的正确性。     

聚酰亚胺薄膜中电荷输运机理和空间电荷特性

通过测量比较耐电晕型和普通聚酰亚胺薄膜空间电荷积聚的阈值电场,分析温度对空间电荷分布的影响,以此来研究聚酰亚胺薄膜中电荷输运机理和空间电荷的特性.试验结果表明:耐电晕型聚酰亚胺薄膜空间电荷积聚的阈值场强高于普通聚酰亚胺薄膜,纳米粒子的加入有效地提高了耐电晕型薄膜的介电性能.此外,温度的升高促进电极发射电荷,增大电荷的能量和电导率,使得空间电荷的数量不断地增加,入陷的位置逐渐向介质体内移动,这与聚酰亚胺薄膜绝缘老化、击穿关系密切,是空间电荷的重要特性.