PSE肉的形成机理和控制措施

阐述了PSE肉的特点、形成机理，说明了影响PSE肉形成的因素和一些解决方法。最后还说明了对PSE肉的利用。     

辐照处理对PSE肉的物化、微生物及感官特性影响(英文)

在屠宰厂与农贸市场肉品卫生检验中,常发现以肉色苍白、肉质柔软和切面多汁为特点的生理异常肉,中国称之为"白肌肉"(PSE肉)。PSE肉外观色泽苍白,适口性差,易腐败,因而不受消费者欢迎。为了提高PSE肉的外观颜色及微生物安全性,并考虑因辐照产生的异味及微生物杀菌效果,选择0和4.5kGy的辐照剂量对PSE肉进行处理。之后在4℃下储藏2周,并测定pH、颜色、脂肪过氧化值、微生物安全性及官能特性等指标。结果表明:辐照在改善PSE肉的微生物安全性的同时,还能改善PSE肉色。     

猪PSE肉与正常肉的肌原纤维形态学比较研究

通过肌原纤维的形态学、易碎度和肌节长度的测定,对猪PSE肉和正常肉肌原纤维的易碎性进行了比较研究,发现肌原纤维的肌节断裂发生在肌节的明带(I带),随着匀浆时间和5℃贮存时间的延长,易碎度也随之增加,PSE肉在前2天的碎化幅度较大,而正常肉在2～4d的碎化幅度较明显。PSE肉与正常肉的肌原纤维易碎度变化规律一致,温度对肌原纤维的碎化效应大于时间效应,且正常肉肌原纤维断裂对温度的敏感性大于PSE肉。由于PSE肉部分肌球蛋白变性,其肌原纤维的舒展肌节长度总是小于正常肉。     

PSE猪肉的产生及预防

中国是猪肉食品消费大国,有很大的生猪屠宰量,因此就不得不谈及PSE肉。PSE肉具有肉色淡,组织松软,持水性低,汁液易渗出,伸缩性蛋白的提取性差等特点。猪的PSE肉发生原因有内、外两个方面。陈茂总结出猪PSE肉产生机理是由于猪在受应激后,肾上腺素分泌造成了肌肉糖酵解作用亢进,猪只生前肌肉中贮存的糖元迅速分解,产生大量的乳酸。目前我们只有通过选育、合理喂养、合理运输、采用合理的屠宰等来控制PSE猪肉的产生。     

正常肉和白肌肉的蛋白质变化

测定白肌肉(Pale,Soft,Exudative,PSE)和正常猪肉(Reddish-pink,Firm,Non-exudative)持水性指标和在宰后不同时间的蛋白溶解性和蛋白降解程度。结果显示:PSE肉的各种蛋白溶解性都显著低于正常肉(p<0.05),宰后4 h的总蛋白、肌浆蛋白和肌原纤维蛋白的溶解性与滴水损失和贮藏损失都呈显著负相关,与持水力呈显著正相关。正常肉和PSE肉的肌浆蛋白和肌原纤维蛋白的SDS-PAGE电泳条带存在差异,PSE肉早期伴肌动蛋白(Nebulin)含量明显低于正常肉。可见PSE肉肌原纤维的降解较快,宰后早期的蛋白溶解性可以用于预测猪肉的持水性。     

猪PSE肉与正常肉肌原纤维蛋白质抽提率和持水性的比较研究

对猪PSE肉与正常肉的肌原纤维蛋白质抽提率、总-SH基和持水性进行了比较研究。通过肌肉蛋白质在不同离子强度溶液中的抽提、0℃贮藏不同时间对肌原纤维蛋白质抽提率、-SH基和持水性的变化的测定,结果表明:PSE肉肌原纤维蛋白质的抽提率、-SH基和持水力都比正常肉低。PSE肉与正常肉间的肌浆蛋白变性差异不明显。由于肌肉的僵硬期的影响,肌原纤维蛋白质持水力与其变性程度要在解硬后(0℃,6～7d)才体现出较好的相关性。肌原纤维蛋白质抽提率可作为鉴别PSE肉与正常肉的重要指标。     

巴西研究PSE肉和食盐的添加量对重组熏制猪里脊品质的影响

正PSE(pale,soft and exudative)肉是在宰后胴体温度较高、p H值迅速下降时产生的,此时肉中一部分蛋白质已经变性,其保水性和乳化性均会受到影响,从而导致产品出品率和质构特性的下降。在巴西,PSE肉的占比达10.1%~43.4%,因此生产者必须考虑利用PSE肉进行产品的生产和加工。在肉制品加工过程中,在正常肉中添加一定比例的PSE肉,然后添加有助于提升持水力的添加剂     

宰后肌肉蛋白质变化对冷却猪肉持水性的影响

对正常肉和PSE肉的蛋白质进行溶解性测定、DSC分析和SDS-PAGE电泳分析,结果显示,宰后1hPSE肉的肌浆蛋白和肌球蛋白的变性焓较低,宰后24h不同品质肉样间肌浆蛋白 肌球蛋白的变性焓、总蛋白变性焓和蛋白质溶解性存在明显差异。PSE肉的肌浆中45,40和22kDa蛋白质低于正常肉,而肌原纤维中100,25和24kDa蛋白质高于正常肉,225和16.6kDa低于正常肉。PSE肉的严重汁液流失是肌浆蛋白和肌球蛋白变性的结果,而宰后早期(6h前)的低pH是蛋白质变性的主要诱因;PSE肉蛋白质降解程度较高并和其严重的汁液流失有一定的关系。     

PSE肉中乳酸含量变化分析

利用冷冻离心和硫代巴比土酸(TBA)比色法检测正常肉、PSE肉中乳酸含量的变化.结果显示,乳酸的回收率为96.95%～103.26%.在0h,RFN肉和PSE肉中乳酸的平均含量分别为0.0594mg/g和0.1350mg/g;PSE肉中乳酸含量2h后上升到1.0708mg/g,RFN肉中乳酸含量在72h后上升到1.0260mg/g.     

鸡肉类PSE肉与正常肉流变、质构特性的比较

以亮度值(L*)与屠宰24h后的pH值(pH24h)作为区分类PSE肉与正常鸡肉的指标,对两者肉糜的流变特性、质构特性和蒸煮损失进行研究。结果表明:具有低pH24h、高L*值的类PSE肉,在流变性、蒸煮损失和质构上存在显著差异。类PSE肉的流变曲线趋势异于正常肉,表现出低的贮能模量和大相位角正切值(P<0.05),极值所对应的温度低于正常肉(P<0.05);类PSE的蒸煮损失高于正常肉(P<0.05),硬度、弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性和回弹力显著低于正常肉。鸡胸肉的pH值和L*值与其肉糜的质构与流变特性密切相关,是分析和控制类PSE对深加工产品影响的重要参考因素。     

PSE(白肌)、RFN(正常)、DFD(黑干)3种质量猪肉冷藏期间的肉色稳定性

比较了PSE(白肌)、RFN(正常)、DFD(黑干)3种质量猪肉冷藏期间的肉色稳定性。宰后24h直接切块取样的3种质量猪肉(背最长肌)于(2±1)℃下避光透氧包装[O2透过率=2.06×10-3mL/(m2.h.Pa)]冷藏6d,采用色度计法测定了样品表面L*(亮度)值、a*(红色度)值、b*(黄色度)值、hueangle(色调角)值。从上述指标的变化研究了3种质量猪肉表面的肉色稳定性。3种质量猪肉表面肉色稳定性顺序为:DFD>RFN>PSE;a*值下降、hueangle值上升可反映肉色稳定性变差。     

PSE肉和DFD肉中糖原含量变化分析

利用蒽酮比色法进行检测正常肉、PSE肉和DFD肉中糖原含量的变化。糖原标液水解率为95.8%～98.7%,平均值为97.46%,相对标准偏差为1.25%。在0h,正常肉、PSE肉和DFD肉中糖原的平均含量分别为0.7560、0.7456、0.5284mg/g,RSD为0.3689%～0.7566%。PSE肉中糖原含量2h后下降到0.0420mg/g,RSD为2.3890%。正常肉和DFD肉的糖原含量在72h后分别下降到0.0608mg/g和0.0794mg/g,RSD为2.1445%和4.5931%。     

PSE猪肉的产生原因及控制措施

通过研究运输距离和宰前静养对PSE猪肉产生几率及严重度的影响,找出产生PSE猪肉的主要原因以及有效控制措施。     

Sarcoplasmic proteins influence water-holding capacity of pork myofibrils

Water-holding capacity (WHC) is one of the main pork quality characteristics. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of (denaturation of) sarcoplasmic proteins on WHC. Myofibrils extracted from red, firm, non-exudative (‘normal’) and PSE (pale, soft, exudative) pork longissimus muscle were combined with sarcoplasmic extracts (with or without proteins) from PSE and normal pork longissimus samples. Weight increase of myofibrils (mg increase mg⁻¹ myofibrillar protein) was used as a measure of WHC. When combined with protein-containing sarcoplasmic extract from normal pork, WHC of myofibrils from PSE (2.6 mg mg⁻¹) and normal (2.8 mg mg⁻¹) pork was higher (P < 0.05) than when combined with sarcoplasmic extract from PSE meat (1.3 mg mg⁻¹ for PSE and 1.9 mg mg⁻¹ for normal myofibrils). Protein-free sarcoplasmic extracts were prepared by heating the extracts for 30 min at 80 °C. WHC of myofibrils combined with protein-free sarcoplasmic extract from PSE and normal pork was not significantly different. WHC of myofibrils combined with protein-free extract was lower than WHC of myofibrils combined with protein-containing extract. Ionic strength or pH could not explain the observed differences. It was concluded that sarcoplasmic proteins do influence WHC. The mechanism of this influence still needs to be determined. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Discoloration of Fresh Pork as Related to Muscle and Display Conditions

Pale, soft, exudative (PSE), normal, and dark, firm, dry (DFD) pork was held 7 days at 4°C under light or dark then color was evaluated instrumentally and visually. Change in reflectance (R630-R580) was used to estimate color changes due to oxymyoglobin. PSE pork was lighter (high L*) than normal and DFD pork, but did not change over time. An increase in a* and R630-R580 occurred the first day for normal and DFD, but not for PSE samples. A subsequent increase in hue angle and decrease in R630-R580 (loss of redness) occurred in PSE and normal, but not in DFD samples. Changes in hue angle and R630-R580 were more rapid in PSE than in normal samples. Light exposure accelerated all changes except L*. Visual redness inversely correlated with L* value.     

猪PSE肉的预防和改进措施

全球肉类加工业对PSE猪肉的关注与日俱增,这类劣质肉具有较高的亮度值和较差的保水性,同时加工产品的品质显著下降。叙述了猪PSE肉预防措施和加工特性的相关改进措施。为冷鲜猪肉的生产、品质的改善提供理论依据和技术支持。     

磷酸盐对PSE 猪肉肌原纤维蛋白溶胶及凝胶性质的影响

PSE 肉的肌原纤维蛋白质(MP)的溶解度比正常肉(red, firm and non-exudative;RFN)低、凝胶性质比RFN差,本研究探讨磷酸盐对PSE 猪肉凝胶特性的影响。以猪背最长肌PSE 和RFN 肉为材料,采用分光光度法、质构测定法等研究六偏磷酸钠(SHMP)、焦磷酸钠(SPP)、三聚磷酸钠(TPP)对MP 溶解特性、聚集性以及凝胶强度的影响。结果表明,磷酸盐对PSE 和RFN 提取MP 的溶解度、蛋白质聚集性和凝胶强度均有显著的影响,TPP 添加量为0.25% 时PSE 的凝胶强度接近未添加TPP 的RFN 的凝胶强度。磷酸盐可改善体系环境,改善PSE 蛋白质溶胶及凝胶的功能特性。     

A simple,reliable and reproductive method to obtain experimental pale,soft and exudative (PSE) pork

The inferior quality and economic risk of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) pork warrant continuing research. However, such research efforts are often hindered by the challenge to obtain reliable PSE muscle samples with similar quality characteristics. The objective of this study was to establish a reliable and convenient method to produce PSE-like pork. A PSE condition was induced by incubation of 30-min postmortem Longissimus muscle at 35 °C for 7 h followed by chilling to 4 °C. Compared to normal red, firm and non-exudative (RFN) pork (kept at 4 °C), PSE muscle had consistently lower pH_2h (5.46 vs. 5.74) and pH_4h (5.35 vs. 5.52), higher L* (lightness) value (56.5 vs. 51.0), and reduced protein solubility and thermal stability (enthalpy and temperature) than RFN muscle (P < 0.05). The highly reproducible results indicate that incubation of muscle immediately postmortem at 35 °C offers a simple and consistent method to produce PSE pork.