生物质流态化催化气化技术工程化研究

在研究开发的内循环锥形流态化气化炉内。对稻草、麦草等软秸秆物料粉碎后，或者直接使用木屑等细粉状原料，进行了热解气化和催化气化的工程化应用试验研究。研究结果表明：气化反应在600—820℃的一个较宽温度范围内，均能稳定连续运行。麦草原料气化所产生的煤气热值比稻草和稻壳都高，其热值可达7716kJ／m^3。木屑气化所产生煤气热值最高则达9064kJ／m^3，远远高于一般生物质气化煤气。对流化床气化来讲，即使在非催化气化条件下，其气化产生的煤气热值比采用下吸式气化炉产生的煤气热值提高40%左右，并且气化温度较固定床(上吸式、下吸式)气化炉低。同时进行的催化气化试验发现，催化剂CaO能明显提高煤气热值、降低CO组分，Na2CO3催化气化能提高气体H2的含量。在800℃试验时，添加催化剂能明显提高气体的热值。     

中型流化床中的生物质气化实验研究

以空气为气化介质,在中型流化床反应器上进行了生物质(木屑)气化实验研究。考察了当量比ER(0.20～0.34)、气化温度(670～820℃)对气化结果的影响,初步探讨加入二次风对气化的影响。在实验研究的条件范围内,煤气热值在5650～6665kJ/m3范围内变化,生物质产气率在1.51～2.26m3/kg之间变化,碳转化率在74.3%～90.8%之间变化,气化效率达到61.8%～78.1%;加入适量二次风可以提高气化效率和碳转化率,减少焦油含量。实验结果表明:此流化床气化炉当气化温度在720～770℃之间,当量比ER在0.24～0.28之间时,气化效果最好,此时煤气热值可达到6400～6600kJ/m3,产气率为1.75～1.95m3/kg,碳转化率为83%～89%,气化效率高达71%以上。     

生物质气化制取富氢燃气的实验研究

将生物质气化过程和催化裂解过程融合于一体,在下吸式气化炉中对生物质气化制取富氢燃气的特性进行了一系列实验研究,考察了一些主要参数变量,如温度(700～900℃)、水蒸气/生物质比(0～2.67)、生物质粒径(<1mm)以及白云石等对气化结果的影响。在实验研究的条件范围内,生物质产气中氢含量最大为52.47%,产氢率在0.12～0.90m~3/kg范围内变化,产气率在0.59～1.72m~3/kg范围内变化,产气低位热值在8795～21113 kJ/m~3范围内变化。     

1MW木粉气化发电系统的运行测试研究

介绍了由中国科学院广州能源研究所研制开发的1MW木粉气化发电系统的运行测试结果。测试结果表明：气化炉运行温度、空燃比对气化炉的气化效率、碳的转化率、产气率以及气体成份和其热值有明显的影响。通过测试，得出了针对本系统的一套最佳工艺操作参数：气化温度沙光料(780℃)，裁边料(800℃)，空燃比10：9(m^3／kg)，气化效率可达67.96％，碳转化率可达80％，所产生的气体热值可达62MJ／m^3。     

在流化床气化炉中生物质与煤共气化的研究（I）以空气-水蒸汽为气化剂生产低热值燃气

在600kW流化床气化炉工业示范装置上以空气-水蒸汽为气化剂,将生物质／煤按不同比例进行了共气化的实验研究。在实验研究的运行条件下,得到了生物质／煤混合比例对气化炉工作温度、燃气热值、气体产率和气化效率等重要技术参数的影响。对玉米芯／煤的比例为81／19时的典型实验结果表明：气化炉工作温度869℃,空气当量比ER=0．21,S／B=0．20时,气体产率1．96m^3／kg,燃气热值6．4MJ／m^3,气化效率71．3％,燃气中焦油含量小于l0mg／m^3,该炉经过连续运行考核,运行平稳,工况稳定。     

生物质粉体水蒸气催化气化实验研究

用水蒸气进行梧桐叶粉体的催化气化实验研究。考察了一些主要参数变量，温度（700～900℃）、生物质粉体粒径（〈1mm）、水蒸气／生物质比（0～2．67）、水蒸气压力（0．02MPa-0．08MPa）等对气化结果的影响。实验结果表明：较高的温度有利手氢的产出，但温度过高会使气体热值下降；生物质粉体粒径的大小对产气组分的分布和产气率均有影响；水蒸气的加入使生物质气化产氢率和产气率显著提高，但水蒸气加入量过多使温度下降，产氢率、产气率和产气热值降低。     

生物质微米燃料(BMF)空气-水蒸气气化实验研究

利用自行研制的旋风气化炉,以生物质微米燃料的不完全燃烧热为气化热源,进行了微米燃料空气-水蒸气气化实验。研究了ER(0.22～0.37)、S/B(0.15～0.59)和燃料粒径对气化温度及气化结果的影响。在实验工况下,气化温度、产气率、燃气低位热值、碳转化率、水蒸气分解率、气化效率分别在586～845℃、1.42～2.21Nm~3/kg、3806～4921kJ/m~3、54.44%～85.45%、37.98%～70.72%和36.35%～56.55%范围内变化。实验结果表明:利用旋风气化炉进行微米燃料空气-水蒸气气化是可行的;ER=0.31、S/B=0.37、较小的粒径能获得较好的气化效果,特别是能获得最高的H_2含量。     

生物质鼓泡流化床气化特性的空气当量比影响分析

在鼓泡流化床生物质气化器内,以空气为气化介质,对木屑进行了常压气化试验研究。选择空气当量比ER为0．13～0．33进行试验,研究了在气化温度为760％、810～12和860℃条件下对气化结果的影响。试验结果表明：主要燃气成分含量H2：6．2％～14．1％,CO29．9％～30．2％,CH4：1．6％～11．2％,产气率：1．0m3／kg～1．740／kg,产气低位热值：3526kJ／m3～9184kJ／m3,碳转换率：52．3％～82．3％,气化效率38％～69．1％。     

南方农林废弃物的固定床气化特性研究

以下吸自热式固定床为反应器,对生物质废弃物花生壳(Peanut hull)和桉木废弃物(Eucalypt chip)以及它们与甘蔗渣(Bagasse)混合物的空气气化特性进行了研究.实验主要考察了空气流量对气化结果的影响,并测定了实验过程中气化反应器各个反应层的温度分布.在实验条件变化范围内(ER=0.24～0.36),花生壳、桉木片气化产气的低位热值分别在5400～5900kJ·m-3、4900～5300kJ·m-3范围内变化,气体产率在1.80～2.30Nm3·kg-1之间变化.二者产气的热值随ER的增加均出现一个先增后减的过程.在花生壳、桉木片混合甘蔗渣(P+B,E+B)的物料气化中,随B/P、B/E比的增加,产气中H2、CO均呈减少趋势,N2呈增加趋势,产气热值随之下降.选择1:2作为以上物料的混合比较适合稳定气化.     

流化床生物质气化实验研究

用φ50mm流化床反应器．以木屑为物料，以水为气化剂，以硅砂作流化介质进行生物质气化工艺实验研究．在800℃得到热值为17.13MJ/m3的产品气，此时产气率为1．07m3／kg．对实验结果进行了物料平衡和热平衡计算，得出木屑的裂解热为813．5KJ/kg（干基）。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.