Postharvest Heat Treatment for Olive Oil Debittering at the Industrial Scale

To enhance the debittering of olive oil, 500-kg olive fruit (Olea europaea L.) samples in duplicate from different olive cultivars and orchard locations in Spain (Manzanilla olive fruits from Villarrasa during the 2002/2003, 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 seasons, or from Dos Hermanas during the 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 seasons, Picual olive fruits from Cabra during the 2004/2005 season and Verdial olives from Villarrasa during the 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 seasons) were treated by dipping in hot water under different conditions (50–68 °C for 3 or 5 min), which had been previously determined based on laboratory-scale experiments, and subsequently processed for virgin olive oil extraction. Heat treatment produced a change in the intensity of the oil bitterness in all cases, increased the pigment content, decreased stability and reduced the sensory freshness of the oil. Although heat treatment reduced the phenolic content of the oil, this effect was not uniform among the different phenolic compounds and depended on the crop season and olive variety. Therefore, the determination of debittering conditions will require a series of preliminary laboratory-scale experiments.     

Minimal Extractant Flow Rate in Countercurrent Leaching

Approaches to determining the minimal extractant flow rate in countercurrent leaching are considered.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2005, pp. 345–348.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Zakharov.     

Mass-Transfer Equation in Multicomponent Mixtures

A multicomponent mass-transfer equation for the distillation of multicomponent mixtures is derived in terms of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2005, pp. 337–344.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Serafimov, Timoshenko.     

Synthesis of flowsheets for extractive distillation of azeotropic mixtures

An algorithm for synthesizing extractive distillation flowsheets for separation of complex ternary azeotropic mixtures with different vapor-liquid equilibrium patterns is proposed.Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2005, pp. 19–26.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Ivanova, Timoshenko, Timofeev.     

Recent trends in phosphate balance nationally and by region in Japan

A reduction in chemical phosphate (P) fertilizer application to farmland from 137.6 kg P ha⁻¹ in 1985 to 99.0 kg P ha⁻¹ in 2005 and in manure application from 42.4 kg P ha⁻¹ in 1985 to 32.8 kg P ha⁻¹ in 2005 did not reduce crop P uptake, which averaged 27 kg P ha⁻¹ over the period. Phosphate balance on farmland declined from 153.0 kg P ha⁻¹ in 1985 to 105.4 kg P ha⁻¹ in 2005 while livestock excreta disposal increased from 12.7 kg P ha⁻¹ in 1985 to 23.7 kg P ha⁻¹ in 2005. As a result, residual P associated with agriculture declined from 165.8 kg P ha⁻¹ in 1985 to 129.1 kg P ha⁻¹ in 2005. Phosphate utilization efficiency increased from 15.7% in 1985 to 20.1% in 2005. Median, minimum and maximum values of P flows by region showed similar trends. Phosphate input and withdrawal through crop production by region were not related to regional nitrogen (N) input and withdrawal through crop production. Although non-utilized P associated with agriculture has declined nationally and regionally, it is still higher than that in foreign countries, because of high chemical P fertilizer inputs and low crop yield withdrawal. Because soil P fertility was often sufficiently high previous large P surpluses, reducing P applications did not affect crop yields. Crop P uptake was less than half that of crop N yield. These results indicate that P inputs, especially by chemical fertilizer, for crop production could be reduced, thereby reducing negative environmental effects such as eutrophication of soil and water and conserving limited P resources.     

Quantitative Determination of the Limits of Hydrodynamic Modes of Flotation in Rheologically Complex Media

The introduction of a new parameter—the modified Stokes number—is proposed and substantiated. This parameter quantitatively determines the limits of the modes of inertial and inertialess flotation in rheologically complex media with non-Newtonian viscosity.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2005, pp. 349–351.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Sokovnin, Zagoskina.     

Motion of Grinding Bodies after Their Separation from the Surface of a Drum of a Planetary Mill

Differential equations of motion for grinding bodies after their separation from the surface of a drum are derived. Integration of these equations yields expressions for the position of a body after separation at any moment of time.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2005, pp. 334–336.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Vaitekhovich, Khves’ko, Semenenko.     

Simultaneous Heat and Momentum Transfer in Two-Phase Systems at Low Pressure and High Temperature: Vapor Phase

The heat and momentum transfer in a liquid-vapor two-phase film system at high temperature and low pressure is studied by the example of the removal of highly volatile fractions from high-boiling liquids in film evaporators. The temperature and velocity distributions in the vapor phase are determined.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2005, pp. 251–258.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Babak.     

Effect of Longitudinal Dispersion Parameters on the Gas Cleaning Efficiency in a Membrane Cell with Retentate Recycle

Computational experiments using a mathematical model of the gas separation process have determined the conditions under which retentate recycle is expediently used for fine gas cleaning. The results of the theoretical calculations agree quite well with experimental data on fine argon cleaning to remove propane and water impurities.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2005, pp. 420–425.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Vorotyntsev, Kirillov, Drozdov.     

Mathematical Modeling of Electrodialysis Demineralization Using a Stochastic Model

A stochastic model is proposed to calculate efficiency indices for the treatment of liquid mixtures by electrodialysis using methods of queuing theory. Electrodialysis demineralization of an ammonium sulfate solution is experimentally studied. Comparison between the experimental and theoretical data confirms the validity of the model.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2005, pp. 278–281.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Yustratov, Pavskii, Krasnova, Ivanova.     

Analysis of the Equations for the Flow of a Liquid Filtering through a Granular Medium

The Goldshtik equations for the flow of a liquid filtering through a granular medium are considered. It is shown that the additional nonlinear terms in these equations are insignificant in comparison with the flow resistance in pores. The flow patterns are estimated. Formulas for the filtration velocity are obtained.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2005, pp. 373–378.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shilyaev, Bogomolov.     

Processes of the Collision Interaction between Ceramic Particles Being Crushed in a Circulation Pneumatic Crusher

A new circulation pneumatic crusher capable of producing submicron powders of refractory materials is presented. A mathematical model is constructed for the dynamic breaking of ceramic macroparticles. This model allows the basic laws of shock-wave crushing in the circulation pneumatic apparatus to be analyzed.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2005, pp. 327–333.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Belov, Biryukov, Roslyak, Yugov, Afanas’ev.     

Transformation of diagrams of pseudoazeotropic mixtures

Some aspects of the transformation of diagrams of pseudoazeotropic mixtures are considered in the framework of the bifurcation theory. The results of the consideration are of fundamental importance for the development, implementation, and analysis of extractive distillation of mixtures with one nonvolatile (or low-volatile) component serving as an extractive agent.Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2005, pp. 192–198.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Serafimov, Frolkova, Tatsievskaya.     

Use of Columns with Coupled Heat and Material Flows in Separation of Multicomponent Zeotropic Mixtures

The possibility of bringing real distillation processes to thermodynamically reversible distillation is considered. Distillation systems involving partially or fully thermally coupled columns are suggested for the separation of ternary mixtures. The transformation of the optimal flowsheet in response to variation of feed composition is studied. Recommendations are provided as to the choice of an energy saving distillation design.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2005, pp. 264–268.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Ivanova, Timoshenko.     

A new form of the heat- and mass-transfer and fluid-flow equations

A new form of the heat-transfer, mass-transfer, and fluid-flow equations is proposed in which the transferred quantities are the heat flux, mass flux, and shear stress, respectively. As examples of using the proposed form of the equations, the unsteady flow of the Shvedov-Bingham fluid and the unsteady heat conduction are calculated.Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2005, pp. 199–205.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Abiev.     

Disordering in Binary Crystals with a Simple Cubic Lattice during Their Growth from Various Mother Phases

The disordering in binary crystals with a simple cubic lattice during their growth from various mother phases is considered. Differences in the law according to which the long-range order parameter approaches zero are revealed between binary metal matrices with different particle bond energies in the crystalline state. It is shown that the disordering is accompanied by singularities in the kinetics of crystallization of binary systems.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2005, pp. 415–419.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Sarkisov, Baikov, Meshalkin.     

Self-oscillations on a partially wetted catalyst pellet in α-methylstyrene hydrogenation: Experiment and mathematical modeling

Self-oscillation modes on an irrigated porous catalyst pellet in exothermic hydrogenation accompanied by liquid evaporation is studied. By NMR tomography (magnetic resonance microimaging), images of the liquid-phase distribution within the porous object are obtained and the liquid-phase redistribution is monitored immediately during the process without destroying the object and without introducing any probes or molecular labels.Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2005, pp. 27–38.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kirillov, Koptyug, Kulikov, Kuzin, Lysova, Shigarov, Parmon.     

2004年我国石油和化工行业经济运行评述及2005年展望

全面回顾了2004年我国石油和化工行业的投资、生产、进出口、价格、效益等情况,分析了制约我国石油和化工行业发展的主要问题,展望了2005年我国石油和化工行业的发展前景。