柔性压辊拉形方式及其夹钳对板材成形的影响

为提高大型板类件拉形精度,介绍了传统整体夹钳拉形机的特点,提出了新型柔性压辊拉形原理.以球形件为例,分别对两种夹钳结构的拉伸成形过程建立有限元模型,并进行数值模拟,对比分析了两种夹钳结构作用下的成形结果.研究表明:柔性压辊拉形方式所得的成形件,其应力、应变分布均匀,成形质量较整体夹钳方式明显提高;而采用传统整体夹钳所成形的部件,其局部应力集中现象相对严重.利用柔性压辊拉形理论,分别对采用平板式结构夹钳和拉延筋式结构夹钳成形球形件的过程建立有限元模型并进行模拟分析,根据板材拉形过程的流动理论,对比分析两种夹持方式下板材的流动状态.研究发现:采用拉延筋式夹钳进行拉伸成形,处于夹钳中的板材流动效果较好;而利用平板式夹钳的成形过程中,板材流动量较小.实验验证结果与模拟结果趋势一致.     

基于补偿因子的直弯边下陷零件回弹补偿研究

橡皮成形是飞机钣金零件制造的一种重要成形工艺,回弹是橡皮成形过程中主要缺陷之一.为提高钣金零件橡皮成形效率,基于补偿因子对下陷区回弹补偿进行研究,实现钣金零件一步法成形.首先对弯曲回弹公式进行推导,结合弯曲过程中刚度概念引出补偿因子作为直弯边下陷零件回弹补偿公式;然后利用CATIA二次开发功能将补偿公式写入程序并与数据库进行连接,并对直弯边下陷零件进行回弹补偿;采用Pamstamp 2G软件对橡皮成形过程进行有限元模拟,通过实际成形试验对带补偿因子的回弹公式进行验证,最后将模拟值和试验值进行比较.结果表明:有限元模拟过程能够很好的预测回弹,补偿结果达到精准成形要求且误差在0.5°范围内,成形压力对回弹影响很小.对于下陷成形,需要较大的成形压力才能达到一次成形的目的,验证了补偿因子回弹公式的可靠性.     

复杂钣金零件充液拉深工艺分析与试验研究

目的研究复杂钣金零件充液拉深的成形性能,以代替传统的落压成形工艺。方法采用有限元方法对成形过程进行模拟,分析各工艺参数对零件成形质量的影响,以及起皱、破裂等缺陷出现的原因和避免方法,并获得合理的工艺参数范围。以仿真结果为依据,设置工艺试验的初始参数,对该复杂钣金零件进行充液成形试验,以验证工艺可行性。结果有限元仿真对成形过程中的起皱和破裂缺陷预测准确,并给出了可行的工艺参数范围;通过成形试验,验证了工艺参数的合理性,获得了合格零件。结论充液拉深工艺可以明显改进零件的成形性能,反胀压力、最大液室压力等是充液拉深工艺的重要参数,直接影响着充液拉深过程的成败。     

Finite element modelling and experimental investigation of single point incremental forming process of aluminum sheets: influence of process parameters on punch force monitoring and on mechanical and geometrical quality of parts

New trends in sheet metal forming are rapidly developing and several new forming processes have been proposed to accomplish the goals of flexibility and cost reduction. Among them, Incremental CNC sheet forming operations (ISF) are a relatively new sheet metal forming processes for small batch production and prototyping. In single point incremental forming (SPIF), the final shape of the component is obtained by the CNC relative movements of a simple and small punch which deform a clamped blank into the desired shape and which appear quite promising. No other dies are required than the ones used in any conventional sheet metal forming processes. As it is well known, the design of a mechanical component requires some decisions about the mechanical resistance and geometrical quality of the parts and the product has to be manufactured with a careful definition of the process set up. The use of computers in manufacturing has enabled the development of several new sheet metal forming processes, which are based upon older technologies. Although standard sheet metal forming processes are strongly controlled, new processes like single point incremental sheet forming can be improved. The SPIF concept allows to increase flexibility and to reduce set up costs. Such a process has a negative effect on the shape accuracy by initiating undesired rigid movement and sheet thinning. In the paper, the applicability of the numerical technique and the experimental test program to incremental forming of sheet metal is examined. Concerning the numerical simulation, a static implicit finite element code ABAQUS/Standard is used. These two techniques emphasize the necessity to control some process parameters to improve the final product quality. The reported approaches were mainly focused on the influence of four process parameters on the punch force trends generated in this forming process, the thickness and the equivalent plastic deformation distribution within the whole volume of the workpiece: the initial sheet thickness, the wall angle, the workpiece geometry and the nature of tool path contours controlled through CNC programming. The tool forces required to deform plastically the sheet around the contact area are discussed. The effect of the blank thickness and the tool path on the punch load and the deformation behaviour is also examined with respect to several tool paths. Furthermore, the force acting on the traveling tool is also evaluated. Similar to the sheet thickness, the effect of wall angle and part geometry on the load evolution, the distribution of calculated equivalent plastic strain and the variation of sheet thickness strain are also discussed. Experimental and numerical results obtained allow having a better knowledge of mechanical and geometrical responses from different parts manufactured by SPIF with the aim to improve their accuracy. It is also concluded that the numerical simulation might be exploited for optimization of the incremental forming process of sheet metal.     

Research of Stamp Forming Simulation Based on Finite Element Method

We point out that the finite element method offers a great functional improvement for analyzing the stamp forming process of an automobile panel. Using the finite element theory and the simulation method of sheet stamping forming, the element model of sheet forming is built based on software HyperMesh,and the simulation of the product′s sheet forming process is analyzed based on software Dynaform. A series of simulation results are obtained. It is clear that the simulation results from the theoretical basis...     

Assessment of forming parameters influencing spring-back in multi-point forming process: A comprehensive experimental and numerical study

Like all sheet metal forming methods, one of the main characteristics of parts formed by multi-point forming is dimensional deviation caused by elastic recovery that is known as spring-back. In this paper the effects of material property, sheet thickness and anisotropy ratio along with process parameters such as elastic layer thickness, elastic layer hardness and number of punch elements on spring-back are studied utilizing finite element simulations and experimental tests. Experimental tests are carried out under various conditions by forming V-shaped and Sin-shaped geometries. Aluminum alloy 3105, stainless steel 304 and pure copper were used as sheet materials for experiments. Likewise, black rubber with shore A hardness of 50 and polyurethane with hardness of 65 and 85 were allocated as elastic layers. The Abaqus® commercial code is employed for finite element simulations. The definition of yield behavior of utilized sheet materials is fulfilled by using three yield criteria of Barlat-89, Hill-48 and Von-Mises. Since the Barlat-89 is not adopted in Abaqus, VUMAT and UMAT user defined subroutines are provided and integrated with explicit simulation of forming process and implicit simulation of spring-back phenomenon respectively. The results indicate that parameters such as material property, blank thickness and anisotropy affect spring-back in multi-point forming. Also the thickness and hardness of elastic layers are novel ideas that should be considered in order to minimize the spring-back. In general, using the elastic layer with minimum possible thickness and greater hardness beside the maximum number of pins leads to minimum spring-back.     

板料V形弯曲回弹的动力烛式有限元分析

板料成形后的回弹对精度影响较大，在数值模拟时对回弹进行精确预测显得非常重要。基于连续介质力学及有限变形理论，建立了适合于三给板料成形分析的显式算法的有限元数学模型，采取集中质量矩阵，用动力显式积分的方法，使位移计算显式化，避免了由材料、几何、边界条件等高度非线性因素引起的计算收敛问题。根据该模型开发了动力显式算法的板料成形过程模拟的有限元分析程序DESSFORM3D，应用该软件模拟了包括回弹在内的整个板料V形弯曲的成形过程。通过3个不同凸模行程时计算与实验的板料几何形状对比以及计算结果与实验结果对比，验证了软件计算结果的准确性。     

基于偏差调节法的蠕变时效成形回弹补偿研究

为解决蠕变时效成形后板料回弹较大的问题,基于偏差调节法,在不同补偿方向建立了考虑水平方向偏差的模具型面修正方案.利用ABAQUS软件建立了板料成形的有限元模型并对成形过程进行了模拟,并分别用偏差调节法和改进后的方法通过反复迭代对构件进行回弹补偿.结果表明,使用偏差调节法至少需要5次迭代才能使构件满足成形精度要求,而考虑水平偏差的方法仅需要3次,而且获得的构件的精度更高.研究表明考虑水平偏差的方法具有收敛速度快、成形精度高的特点.     

The generation of the forming path with the springback compensation in the CNC incremental forming

Aiming at the problem of the springback in the CNC incremental forming, a method for predicting the springback and generating the compensated forming trajectory was proposed based on the explicit and implicit finite element analysis. First, the middle surface of the simulated sheet metal part was reconstructed after the springback simulation with the coordinates of all nodes obtained from the numerical simulations, and the reconstructed middle surface was compared with the middle surface of the theory model to calculate the normal deviation values. Second, the theory model was offset with the unequal distances of the deviation values to generate the compensated facet and the forming path. Once more, the finite element analysis was done until the compensatory effect met the required precision. Meanwhile, aiming at the roughness of the compensated facet caused by the multi-compensation process, the smoothing method was given to guarantee the smooth of the forming path. According to the predicted result of the numerical simulations, three times compensation meets the required precision and the normal deviation value is decreased from 0.696 mm to 0.194 mm. The forming experiments indicate that the springback of the target part in Z direction is decreased from 1.107 mm to 0.427 mm. Therefore, the predicting and compensating method of the springback proposed in the paper is available, which can improve the forming precision of the sheet metal part.     

花型齿冷精密成形数值模拟及工艺分析

目的研究某曲轴减震皮带轮花型成形板料增厚的可行性及花型齿轮廓度差。方法运用有限元模拟软件,建立了曲轴减震皮带轮的有限元模型,选取了不同的装模方式、凸模分流孔和坯料减压孔,对曲轴减震皮带轮精压成形过程进行了数值模拟。结果模拟获得了不同装模方式、凸模分流孔大小和坯料减压孔大小对载荷和花型齿成形质量的影响,并对结果进行了总结。结论选择合适的装模方式、凸模分流孔和坯料减压孔,不仅可以较好地满足花型齿精度要求,而且还能有效地降低成形载荷和实现薄板局部增厚,实现降本增效的效果。     

树脂复合减振钢板U型弯曲回弹实验与数值模拟研究

通过带法兰边的U型弯曲成形实验研究,考察了树脂复合减振钢板在不同压边力下的回弹特性.实验结果表明:压边力对树脂复合减振钢板回弹特性影响显著.较大的压边力有利于减小回弹缺陷.其次,考虑树脂层的粘弹性特性,采用非线性粘弹性模型来描述树脂层的力学变形行为,并采用Cohesive单元和固体壳单元分别对树脂层和表层钢板进行离散,进行了树脂复合减振钢板在不同压边力下的U型弯曲有限元数值模拟研究.和实验结果比较表明,所建立的有限元模型能够较好的模拟U型弯曲成形过程.最后,基于建立的有限元模型,考查了成形速度,树脂层厚度和表层钢板初始屈服应力对回弹的影响.参数分析结果表明:这三个参数对回弹角的影响显著.该研究对树脂复合减振钢板冲压工艺设计具有一定的指导意义.     

铝合金双曲率薄壁件电磁渐进辅助拉伸成形工艺方案设计与开发

目的 针对铝合金双曲率薄壁件传统拉伸成形工艺成形均匀性差的问题,提出一种采用电磁渐进辅助拉伸成形的高精度成形工艺。方法 设计电磁渐进辅助拉伸成形工艺方案,基于有限元仿真软件LS-DYNA R13.0,建立拉伸成形和电磁成形有限元模型。通过数值仿真研究线圈移动路径和放电电压组合对成形质量的影响以及薄壁件的整体贴模成形过程和等效塑性应变。结果 与单程放电相比,双程放电能够大幅度提高板材变形均匀性。与以中间值电压连续放电以及先大电压后小电压的放电电压组合相比,在先小电压后大电压的放电电压组合下,板材的成形质量更高。选择线圈双程顺序移动路径和7 kV-10 kV放电电压组合,通过10次拉伸和9层54次放电,得到了减薄率仅为3%的贴模性良好的双曲率薄壁件。变形量基本呈现随着放电层数的增加而不断降低的趋势。电磁放电仅扩展更大的塑性应变区域,不改变已贴模区板材的塑性应变值。结论 与拉伸成形相比,电磁渐进辅助拉伸成形工艺有效提高了板材的塑性变形程度并极大控制了回弹的发生。     

渐进成形A3003铝板减薄带分析及数值模拟研究

研究渐进成形过程中板料减薄带的变化,可以提供合理的加工参数,提高板料的成形性能和加工利用率,减少零件破裂失效.基于渐进成形过程中金属板料轮廓的变化与理想情况下轮廓的区别,对渐进成形初始成形阶段A3003铝板减薄带的产生原因和剪切力的变化过程进行了理论分析,并通过有限元模拟分别从未变形区金属板料的长度和强度两个角度对板料渐进成形过程中未变形区下沉的影响,以及成形角度和杨氏模量对变形区回弹的影响两个方面,对减薄带的产生原因进行研究.结果表明:板料未变形区的下沉和变形区的回弹使板料在初始加工阶段形成一段平缓区域,工具头在平缓区域的变形性质发生了变化,平缓区域发生剪切变形导致了板料在初始加工阶段形成了减薄带;渐进成形时减小板料未变形区的长度,增大板料与垂直方向的角度可以一定程度上阻碍减薄带的产生,模拟结果与理论分析相符合.     

基于响应面法橡皮成形侧压块参数优化及验证

橡皮成形是飞机钣金零件制造的一种重要的成形工艺,为提高典型零件橡皮成形的效率,针对橡皮成形过程中产生的起皱问题,基于响应面法对侧压块参数进行优化.首先对新淬火状态下的铝合金板料进行材料试验,分析了其成形性能指标参数,为有限元模拟提供材料本构关系与模型;然后以起皱量化为优化目标,将凸弯边的最大增厚率作为侧压块优化的目标函数,为得到典型零件橡皮成形侧压块精确的几何参数,采用Abaqus有限元软件对带侧压块成形过程进行正交模拟试验,得出侧压块几何参数对起皱指标影响程度的主次关系,并得到最优的参数水平组合.基于响应面建模方法建立了侧压块最优几何参数和起皱指标之间的多项式关系,并用遗传算法进行参数优化,利用优化后的工艺参数进行有限元模拟,阐述了侧压块防皱原理;最后通过实际成形试验,验证了有限元模拟的可行性和优化方法的可靠性.     

Simulation of a two-slope pyramid made by SPIF using an adaptive remeshing method with solid-shell finite element

Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is an emerging application in sheet metal prototyping and small batch production, which enables dieless production of sheet metal parts. This research area has grown in the last years, both experimentally and numerically. However, numerical investigations into SPIF process need further improvement to predict the formed shape correctly and faster than current approaches. The current work aims the use of an adaptive remeshing technique, originally developed for shell and later extended to 3D “brick” elements, leading to a Reduced Enhanced Solid-Shell formulation. The CPU time reduction is a demanded request to perform the numerical simulations. A two-slope pyramid shape is used to carry out the numerical simulation and modelling. Its geometric difficulty on the numerical shape prediction and the through thickness stress behaviour are the main analysis targets in the present work. This work confirmed a significant CPU time reduction and an acceptable shape prediction accuracy using an adaptive remeshing method combined with the selected solid-shell element. The stress distribution in thickness direction revealed the occurrence of bending/unbending plus stretching and plastic deformation in regions far from the local deformation in the tool vicinity.     

正交异性板料拉深件快速展开与成形模拟

针对板件初始毛坯形状计算以及正交异性板的快速有限元分析问题,依据拉深件的UG模型,导出了零件的三角网格数据,并采用几何映射方法得到了用于快速有限元分析的拉深件初始展开毛坯.在此基础上,基于理想变形假设以及Hill’48正交异性屈服准则,给出了用于拉深件成形过程快速分析的一步法数学公式和有限元表达,并在Unigraphics系统中进行了有限元分析的后置处理.此外,对TC1钛板筒型拉深件毛坯初始形状进行了优化,并对成形中拉深件厚向应变分布进行了分析,得到了满意结果.     

Limit Strains Comparison during Tube and Sheet Hydroforming and Sheet Stamping Processes by Numerical Simulation

Hydroforming is a manufacturing process that uses a fluid medium to form a component by using high internal pressure. Tube and sheet hydroforming has gained increasing interest in the automotive and aerospace industries because of its many advantages such as part consolidation, good quality of the formed parts etc. The main advantage is that the uniform pressure can be transferred to every where at the same time. Forming limit is the limit of the component up to that extent it can be formed safely. While analyzing hydroforming process, it is often assumed that the limit strains are identical as that of stamped sheet metal of equivalent material properties. It is not clear if such an assumption is valid. In this paper the forming limit strains during hydroforming is predicted. A series of tube bulge tests for tube hydroforming and limiting dome height test for sheet hydroforming and sheet stamping processes are simulated by a commercial finite element solver to predict the limit strains. Numerical simulation of forming limit strains in tube hydroforming with different internal pressure and different simulation set up with or without axial feeding, while in sheet hydroforming and sheet stamping, by changing the specimen geometry are considered to develop wide range of strain paths in the present work. The effects of process conditions on the forming limit strains are detailed. The comparison of limits strains during hydroforming and stamping processes is presented. Prediction of limits strains is based on a novel thickness based necking criterion.     

多点成形中压痕的数值模拟及极限成形力的分析

压痕是多点成形中特有的成形缺陷之一,对压痕形成过程进行模拟时,采用实体单元比壳单元计算更准确.但是板料较薄时,采用实体单元划分的有限元很多,计算时间极长.为获得最佳的计算效率及模拟结果,对不同材料和不同厚度的球面和马鞍面样件进行了对比的数值模拟.结果表明,当板厚与板宽的比值小于0.015时,采用壳单元模拟压痕也能得到比较准确的结果,而当比值大于0.015时,则应采用实体单元.在此基础上,对不同板厚、不同曲率半径下的马鞍面和球面件出现压痕时的极限成形力进行分析,得到了厚向压应变为1%和5%的压痕对应的成形力极限图.     

利用高速振动降低零件回弹及蒙皮件制造——电磁成形技术的新应用

目的 为了解决传统大型蒙皮成形需要大型装备及零件回弹大的问题,提出带弹性垫的蒙皮件电磁渐进成形新方法.方法 通过电磁线圈放电,材料在磁压力和弹性垫的反弹力作用下出现高速振动,消除零件回弹.采用ANSYS和ABAQUS有限元分析软件分别进行电磁场和结构场模拟,分析有无弹性垫、线圈结构和放电位置对蒙皮成形质量的影响规律.结果 在无弹性垫的条件下对板料进行冲击,板料上的塑性应变几乎没有变化.如果采用螺旋方形线圈和带弹性垫的成形工艺,虽然板料上的塑性应变增加,但是线圈正对板料区域出现1.5 mm的鼓包.采用电磁屏蔽方法调整板料上的电磁力分布和材料流动,当线圈在6个位置多次放电后,板料回弹明显减低,并且零件表面光滑.结论 在模拟得到的最佳工艺参数下,建立了实验装置,实验结果与模拟一致.     

Efficient implicit simulation of incremental sheet forming

In single point incremental forming (SPIF), the sheet is incrementally deformed by a small spherical tool following a lengthy tool path. The simulation by the finite element method of SPIF requires extremely long computing times that limit the application to simple academic cases. The main challenge is to perform thousands of load increments modelling the lengthy tool path with elements that are small enough to model the small contact area. Because of the localised deformation in the process, a strong nonlinearity is observed in the vicinity of the tool. The rest of the sheet experiences an elastic deformation that introduces only a weak nonlinearity because of the change of shape. The standard use of the implicit time integration scheme is inefficient because it applies an iterative update (Newton–Raphson) strategy for the entire system of equations. The iterative update is recommended for the strong nonlinearity that is active in a small domain but is not required for the large part with only weak nonlinearities. It is proposed in this paper to split the finite element mesh into two domains. The first domain models the plastically deforming zone that experiences the strong nonlinearity. It applies a full nonlinear update for the internal force vector and the stiffness matrix every iteration. The second domain models the large elastically deforming zone of the sheet. It applies a pseudolinear update strategy based on a linearization at the beginning of each increment. Within the increment, it reuses the stiffness matrix and linearly updates the internal force vector. The partly linearized update strategy is cheaper than the full nonlinear update strategy, resulting in a reduction of the overall computing. Furthermore, in this paper, adaptive refinement is combined with the two domain method. It results in accelerating the standard SPIF implicit simulation of 3200 shell elements by a factor of 3.6. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.