蚁群循环定位算法在WSNs节点定位中的应用

针对无线传感网络中测距和定位算法复杂、精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于蚁群算法的循环定位算法。首先,利用接收信号强度指示(RSSI)方法测量距离,并建立信号衰减模型来计算测距公式。然后,利用循环定位算法对8个锚节点进行循环定位,将定位结果的平均值作为盲节点的最佳位置。最后,将该算法与加权质心定位算法和三边测量法进行对比,实验结果表明,循环定位算法的定位精度和稳定性更佳。     

无线传感器网络自适应定位方法研究

针对无线传感器网络中基于RSSI测距的定位问题,在无线信号传播信道模型的研究基础上,提出了利用信标节点间的相互通信,实时建立和修正信号强度与距离之间的映射关系的方法,提高了定位系统对环境的适应能力;提出了一种循环极大似然算法,该算法在极大似然算法的基础上进行了改进,大大降低了含有较大测距误差的数据对定位的影响。实验证明,自适应定位方法能够根据系统所处的环境自动建立映射关系,在低成本条件下,达到较高的定位精度。     

基于局部网络拓扑特征的鲁棒节点定位算法

针对无线传感器网络的较大测距误差严重影响定位算法精度和鲁棒性的问题,利用节点均匀部署网络的拓扑特征,提出了一种基于局部网络拓扑特征的鲁棒节点定位算法(LFLS算法).该算法通过构建节点测距高估粗差阈值参数和测距低估粗差阈值参数,在对未知节点1跳测距数据集进行粗差识别及剔除等预处理滤波的基础上,使用高斯加权最小二乘定位算法实现节点定位.仿真结果表明,基于局部网络拓扑特征的鲁棒节点定位算法的定位精度明显优于未采用局部网络拓扑特征进行粗差预处理的加权最小二乘定位算法,其中粗差测距直接相关节点的定位精度改进尤为明显.     

基于自适应迭代搜索的三维质心定位算法

在加权质心定位算法和接收信号强度指示测距模型分析的基础上,提出了一种基于自适应迭代搜索的三维质心定位算法。首先计算未知节点的初始搜索步长,然后通过多次迭代、更新搜索点和搜索步长,提高节点的定位精度。该算法能自动调节搜索步长,减少迭代次数,具有一定的自适应能力。仿真分析了不同比例的信标节点、通信半径对定位误差的影响。结果表明,该算法的定位精度和稳定性良好,适用于无线传感器网络的三维定位。     

基于非对称往返测距的海洋无线传感网络节点定位算法

提出一种新的基于非对称往返测距的海洋无线传感网络节点定位(LMARR)算法,该算法利用节点间非对称的接收与发送测距信息的时间差,推算出节点间海水声速以及未知节点与其邻居参考节点之间的距离,将三维距离信息转换成二维,运用最小二乘法完成定位计算。与SWN和ARTL算法相比较,仿真结果表明:LMARR算法能有效地提高节点定位的精度,特别是在深度为20～120m海水声速持续变化的区域,定位精度比SWN算法提高了20%,比ARTL算法提高了33%;此外,LMARR算法还具有较高的稳定性。     

无线传感器网络基于无线测距校正的效能分析

节点自身定位是无线传感器网络的一种重要功能。距离测量通常是高精度定位的基础。研究联合校正方法在无线电RSSI测距方法中的效能及其对节点自定位算法定位性能的影响。本课题的新颖之处在于:1)我们研究在受控环境中得到校正模型,然后在实际环境而非同样的受控环境中进行自动校正的问题;2)我们使用实际的无线电RSSI测量实验系统而非仿真方法进行研究。     

一种新型的基于LQI的加权质心定位算法

提出一种基于链路质量指示(LQI)的测距技术与加权质心定位算法相结合的新型定位算法。经过数据分析比较,验证了LQI要比接收信号强度指示(RSSI)更稳定、抗干扰能力更强。采用高斯滤波模型对实验测量值进行处理,增加了数据的准确性。建立基于RSSI和LQI的对数拟合测距公式,利用质心定位算法进行仿真实验,结果表明:采用基于LQI测距的加权质心算法定位,其定位精度有了较大提高,达到了较为理想的定位效果。     

卡尔曼滤波在无线传感器网络节点定位中的应用

为了减小无线传感器网络节点定位中节点测距误差和定位算法自身引入误差的积累对定位精度的影响,建立了适用于无线传感器网络的卡尔曼滤波模型.采用渐消自适应卡尔曼滤波对基于距离的初始定位算法进行求精,通过一跳节点间的相互制约,在全局范围对未知节点进行定位;基于卡尔曼滤波模型,对无线传感器网络的分布式算法和集中式算法的计算量进行了研究,得出计算量与节点数目的关系.研究结果表明,卡尔曼滤波能够有效提高节点的定位精度,尤其适用于网络节点密度小、信标节点比例低的情况.     

非视距信号路径返回的栅格迭代扫描定位算法

针对无线传感器网络在非视距环境下的节点定位问题,提出信号路径返回和栅格扫描迭代定位算法。在非视距环境下,通过增强未知节点和锚节点的发射信号相互搜索非视距节点,通过标记节点的相关信息区分节点。结合增强信号系数和路径返回信号强度得到锚节点接近理想通信信号传播模型下的信号强度。在Grid-Scan算法和路径返回得到信号强度的基础上,提出栅格迭代定位算法。通过Grid-Scan算法初步缩小定位区域并得到初始位置估计。通过栅格迭代扫描,不断缩小定位区域,直到区域内的栅格数量趋于稳定,从而估计未知节点的位置。仿真结果表明,通过信号路径返回,非视距环境下的节点邻居关系和信号强度得到优化,定位精度在栅格迭代扫描算法下进一步提高。     

基于遗传算法的三维无线传感器网络定位新算法

针对三维无线传感器网络节点自身定位问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法的新定位算法。该算法通过分析未知节点与它的无线射程范围内的已知节点之间的通讯约束和距离测量,对未知节点建立数学模型;针对此数学模型利用遗传算法求解,把该解作为未知节点的估计位置。理论分析和试验结果表明,该算法具有很强的健壮性,未知节点的失效和新节点的加入不会影响算法的性能,并且算法定位精度高,条件简单,适合各种规模的无线传感器网络的节点定位。     

Study on unsymmetrical phenomena of vapor cooled current leads

Unsymmetrical phenomena of gas flow and temperature distributions between a pair of vapor cooled current leads (VCCL) often occur in superconducting systems, which makes the VCCL depart from the optimum operating status, consequently results in an increased heat leak to the cryostat and even a destroyed safety operating condition of the VCCL. To analyze this problem, a numerical model for the VCCL was built, which is based on the conservation equation of energy for the solid and the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy for the fluid. With this model, unsymmetrical phenomena between a pair of VCCL were analyzed. Unbalanced gas flow distribution in a single multi-channel VCCL was also studied. Some conclusions were made for the design of VCCL, and a new type of VCCL with combined positive and negative poles and a helical cross section structure was developed. Test results showed that the unsymmetrical phenomena can be well restrained by using the new type of VCCL.     

偏振模色散对高速光码的影响

研究一阶、二阶偏振模色散（PMD）对10 Gb/s和40 Gb/s的光传输系统性能的影响，考虑PMD的统计特性，基于基本偏振态（PSP）理论数值模拟了非归零码（NRZ）和归零码（RZ）在传输过程中产生的脉冲畸变以及系统Q值的变化。结果表明，传输速率越高PMD对系统性能的影响越显著，二阶PMD也将不可忽略。另外，RZ码传输性能明显优于NRZ码并且可通过预啁啾进行改善。     

Size effects on miniature Stirling cycle cryocoolers

Size effects on the performance of Stirling cycle cryocoolers were investigated by examining each individual loss associated with the regenerator and combining these effects. For the fixed cycle parameters and given regenerator length scale, it was found that only for a specific range of the hydrodynamic diameter the system can produce net refrigeration and there is an optimum hydraulic diameter at which the maximum net refrigeration is achieved. When the hydraulic diameter is less than the optimum value, the regenerator performance is controlled by the pressure drop loss; when the hydraulic diameter is greater than the optimum value, the system performance is controlled by the thermal losses.It was also found that there exists an optimum ratio between the hydraulic diameter and the length of the regenerator that offers the maximum net refrigeration. As the regenerator length is decreased, the optimum hydraulic diameter-to-length ratio increases; and the system performance is increased that is controlled by the pressure drop loss and heat conduction loss. Choosing appropriate regenerator characteristic sizes in small-scale systems are more critical than in large-scale ones.     

LY12铝合金表面有机-无机杂化膜特性研究

作为-种有机-无机杂化材料,倍半硅氧烷(SSO)近年来被发现其具有良好的防腐性能,并有望成为传统的防腐材料-铬酸盐转化膜的替代物.本文用乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷(VMS)通过溶胶凝胶法制得了SSO,并涂敷于LY12铝合金表面.用(EIS)对不同水解时间下制得的VMS膜层的结构进行了表征.水解3d所获得的VMS在不同固化时间下的EIS谱图上出现了一个新的时间常数,证实了在VMS膜层与铝合金基体之间产生了一个新的中间层.根据实际的可能性,该层包含Al-O-Si,膜层与基体以化学键合;然而,完全水解的VMS膜层的EIS谱图中没有这个新的时间常数.不同水解时间的VMS膜层的EIS谱图表明为获得致密的膜层且与基体间以化学键合,VMS需在本文反应条件下水解3d.     

聚硼硅氧烷与有机磷酸酯阻燃剂复配协同阻燃聚碳酸酯

将聚硼硅氧烷(PB)阻燃剂分别与三种有机磷酸酯(OPP)阻燃剂进行复配, 并将此复合阻燃剂添加到聚碳酸酯(PC)中制备了阻燃PC材料(FR-PC)。采用极限氧指数(LOI)和锥形量热分析研究了PB对OPP/PC体系的协同阻燃作用。结果表明: 阻燃剂总质量分数为5%时, 添加质量分数1.25%以上的PB可以提高OPP/PC体系的LOI; PB阻燃剂具有促进成炭的作用, 可使OPP/PC复合体系在燃烧过程中释放的烟、热以及CO有不同程度的降低, 燃烧过程趋于平缓, 尤其使体系的烟释放量显著降低, 三种OPP/PC阻燃体系的总烟释放量下降31.8%~51.0%, 大大降低了火灾的危害性; 添加适量PB能够提高OPP/PC体系的拉伸强度、弯曲强度及维卡软化点温度, 并且使PC复合阻燃材料的透光率有所提高, 保持了PC良好的透明性。     

Investigation on the internal thermal link of pulse tube refrigerators

Within a pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) in coaxial configuration the pulse tube is located inside the regenerator matrix in axial direction. An internal thermal contact between these two main components of the coldfinger occurs. The experimental investigation of the direction and the quantity of transferred heat is in focus of this paper. Intermediate cooling of the regenerator by the corresponding part of its own pulse tube can improve the cooling performance of a PTR. Therefore, a well-adapted geometrical arrangement between the pulse tube and the regenerator is essential, considering the temperature distribution inside the coldfinger. We deduce design parameters to optimise the configuration of coaxial PTRs.     

Study on cross section of high temperature superconducting coil

It is in particular of importance for HTS coils to secure a larger central magnetic field and/or a large stored energy with shorter length of HTS tapes. The critical current of an HTS tape depends on both the flux density and the flux angle against tapes. From this point, the performance improvement of HTS coils is taken into account with an analytical model. The minimum volume coil derived from the Fabry Factor constant curve is taken concerning the original coil shape, which is often employed in low temperature superconducting coils. The coil critical current was analyzed in consideration of the anisotropic properties of the tape.The electric field of HTS tapes in the coil was calculated at the coil critical current and the high electric field portion were cut out. The optimal coil cross section is obtained by iterating this calculation process. As a result, the critical current and the stored energy density of the coil were improved. The stored energy density increased about 17% and the central magnetic field was almost kept constant regardless of 19% reduction of HTS tapes, as compared with the original coil with the rectangular cross section.     

Effect of different treatments of copper surface on its total hemispherical absorptivity bellow 77 K

Total hemispherical absorptivity of copper surfaces treated with standard industrial methods was measured in dependence on the temperature of thermal radiation, varying from 25 K to 300 K. The sample temperature was typically from 5 K to 40 K and did not exceed 70 K. Usability of chemical and mechanical Cu surface finishing as well as Cu plating with Ni and Au for cryogenic design is discussed. As an example of practical application of our results, the cryogenic design of a LN₂ trap is presented.     

Effect of cryogenic treatment on microstructure, mechanical and wear behaviors of AISI H13 hot work tool steel

This paper focuses on the effects of low temperature (subzero) treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of H13 hot work tool steel. Cryogenic treatment at −72 °C and deep cryogenic treatment at −196 °C were applied and it was found that by applying the subzero treatments, the retained austenite was transformed to martensite. As the temperature was decreased more retained austenite was transformed to martensite and it also led to smaller and more uniform martensite laths distributed in the microstructure. The deep cryogenic treatment also resulted in precipitation of more uniform and very fine carbide particles. The microstructural modification resulted in a significant improvement on the mechanical properties of the H13 tool steel.     

Effect of precipitation on post-heat-treated Inconel 625 alloy after friction stir welding

This study evaluated the mechanical properties of friction stir welded and post-heat-treated Inconel 625 alloy. Friction stir welding (FSW) was performed at rotation and traveling speeds of 200 rpm and 100 mm/min, respectively; heat treatment was carried out after welding at 700 °C for 100 h in vacuum. As a result, the application of FSW on Inconel 625 alloy led to the grain refinement in the stir zone, which resulted in increase in mechanical properties than those of the base material. Especially, applying heat treatment after FSW led to the improvement of mechanical properties of the welds; microhardness and tensile strength increased by more than 30% and 50%, respectively, as compared to FSW alone.