新法合成甲基紫罗兰酮的研究

应用KF／Al2O3催化柠檬醛与丁酮反应合成假性甲基紫罗兰，大孔树脂D001CC催化环化假性甲基紫罗兰酮合成甲基紫罗兰酮。探讨了催化剂用量、反应物配比、反应温度和反应时间等因素对反应产率的影响。假性甲基紫罗兰酮的产率为85．1％，甲基紫罗兰酮的产率达79．9％。     

用大孔树脂催化合成甲基紫罗兰酮的研究

以国产Ｄｏｏ／ＣＣ树脂为催化剂,将假性甲基紫罗兰酮环化为甲基紫罗兰酮。考察了溶剂、Ｄｏｏ／ＣＣ用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对环化产率的影响,得出优化的反应条件为：溶剂为二氯甲烷,Ｄｏｏ／ＣＣ用量为假性甲基紫罗兰酮质量的１５倍,反应温度为体系的回流温度（４５℃）,反应时间为４ｈ。按此条件进行平行实验,平均产率７９９％,沸点９０～１００℃／２６７～４００Ｐａ,ｎ２０Ｄ＝１５０００～１５０２０,甲基紫罗兰酮含量９１８％。考察了催化剂的活性,Ｄｏｏ／ＣＣ树脂连续使用７次,环化平均产率为８０６％。     

大孔树脂催化假性甲基紫罗兰酮的环化

大孔树脂D001CC催化环化假性甲基紫罗兰合成甲基紫罗兰酮。最佳反应条件是，树脂用量为假性甲基紫罗兰酮的质量为1－1.5倍，反应介质为CH2Cl2，反应温度为回流温度，反应时间为4－6h。甲基紫罗兰酮的产率达79.9%，三种主要异构体含量达91.8%。     

过氧叔丁醇氧化合成3-氧代-a-紫罗兰酮

开发了一种以过氧叔丁醇为氧化剂,乙酰丙酮钒为催化剂的合成3-氧代-a-紫罗兰酮的方法。主要探讨了氧化剂用量、催化剂用量、溶剂、温度对反应的影响。得出3-氧代-a-紫罗兰酮的有利合成条件是-a-紫罗兰酮1．92g（10mmol）·VO（acac）2 0·13g（0．5mmol）,过氧叔丁醇50mmol,在35℃下于10mL丙酮中反应6h,3-氧代-a-紫罗兰酮的产率达到58％,纯度高于98％。     

微波辐射法合成α-紫罗兰酮的研究

以柠檬醛和丙酮为原料,在微波辐射条件下,经缩合反应合成了假性紫罗兰酮,再经环化反应合成了α-紫罗兰酮。重点探讨了催化剂的种类和用量、反应物配比、微波辐射时间和功率等因素分别对缩合和环化反应的影响,确定了在微波辐射下合成α-紫罗兰酮的工艺条件:缩合反应以KF/Al2O3为催化剂(与柠檬醛的质量比为1∶1),n(柠檬醛)∶n(丙酮)=1∶10,90 W微波辐射12 min;环化反应以固体硫酸氢钠作催化剂,其用量为0.287 g,60 W微波辐射5 min。与无微波辐射条件的合成方法相比,此法大大缩短了反应时间,简化了制备工艺流程,而且假性紫罗兰酮产率由92.6%提高到98.3%,α-紫罗兰酮的产率由60.0%提高到70.1%。     

正交法优化柠檬醛合成紫罗兰酮工艺

以柠檬醛和丙酮为原料,在氢氧化钠催化条件下,经羟醛缩合反应先制备假性紫罗兰酮,再在磷酸催化条件下,经环化反应制备紫罗兰酮。采用正交法研究了一锅法条件下,柠檬醛合成紫罗兰酮工艺条件。合成假性紫罗兰酮优化工艺条件是:物料比n(柠檬醛)∶n(丙酮)=1∶6,催化剂用量比w(10%NaOH)∶w(柠檬醛)=4%,反应温度60℃,反应时间3 h。合成紫罗兰酮优化工艺条件:物料比n(柠檬醛)∶n(H_3PO_4)=1∶1,反应温度40℃,反应时间3 h。     

β-紫罗兰酮的合成工艺研究

从山苍子油出发 ,经缩合、环化两步反应 ,直接合成 β 紫罗兰酮。研究了催化剂、溶剂的种类和用量、反应物配比、反应温度等因素对体系的影响。最佳合成工艺条件为 :缩合反应 :C -1作助催化剂 ,n(丙酮 )∶n(柠檬醛 ) =9∶1,n(主催化剂 )∶n(柠檬醛 ) =0 5 0∶1 0 0 ,主催化剂(NaOH水溶液 )质量分数 5 % ,反应温度 35℃ ,缩合转化率可达 98 4 % ;环化反应 :以氯仿作溶剂 ,H - 1作催化剂 ,m(催化剂 )∶m(假性紫罗兰酮 ) =2 0∶1 0 ,m(氯仿 )∶m(假性紫罗兰酮 ) =2 0∶1 0 ,反应温度 - 10℃ ,环化转化率可达 99 7%。产品总收率达 4 7 5 % ,w(β 紫罗兰酮 )≥92 %。     

过氧叔丁醇催化氧化法合成4-氧代-β-紫罗兰酮

开发了一种以过氧叔丁醇为氧化剂,乙酰丙酮钒为催化剂合成4-氧代-β-紫罗兰酮的方法。主要探讨了氧化剂用量、催化剂用量、溶剂、温度对反应的影响。得出4-氧代-β-紫罗兰酮的有利合成条件是β-紫罗兰酮1.92g(10mmol),VO(acac)20.13g(0.5mmol),过氧叔丁醇50mmol,在35℃下于10mL丙酮中反应6h,4-氧代-β-紫罗兰酮的产率达到68%,纯度高于98%。     

从山苍子油直接合成α－紫罗兰酮

本文改进了山苍子油合成α－紫罗兰酮的方法。在缩合反应中直接用固体氢氧化钠作缩合剂，反应３小时，假紫罗兰酮产率达９２．８７％；在环化反应中直接以未经真空分馏的假紫罗兰酮粗品为原料，加入苯作溶剂，反应１．５小时，α－紫罗兰酮产率达８７．８７％。     

从山苍子油直接合成α—紫罗兰酮

本文改进了山苍子油合成α－紫罗兰酮的方法，在缩合反应中直接用固体氢氧化钠作缩合剂，反应３小时，假紫罗兰酮产率达９２．８７％，在环化反应中直接以未经真空分馏的假紫罗兰酮粗品为原料，加入苯作溶剂，反应１．５小时，α－紫罗兰酮产率达８７．８７％。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。