微机在甜菜糖蜜酒精蒸馏生产中的应用

本文通过对微机控制工作原理的研究，结合酒精蒸馏生产的实际需要，重点介绍了对酒精蒸馏关键部位进行微机程控的实际应用，使酒精蒸馏做到了压力稳，温度稳，进醪稳，引酒稳，提高了生产稳定性，确保了产品质量，减轻了劳动强度，提高了产量企业效益，降低了成本消耗。     

庭院葡萄的栽培技术与架式

从８０年代初起，云南省东川市的机关、居民和市郊农民的庭院，大都种了葡萄。入夏，每家庭院都浓荫蔽日，翠叶摇曳，一串串珠圆玉润的葡萄悬挂枝蔓，溢蜜喷香，既绿化了村庄，美化了环境，净化了空气，降低了燥热，又有鲜果品尝和招待客人，从而丰富了物质生活。如该市城...     

聚合铝——分散松香胶——碳酸钙中性施胶新工艺的研究与应用

利用阳离子分散松香胶进行中性施胶，选用了在中性PH值范围内保持较高正电荷密度的聚合氯化铝作留着剂，选用了白度高，粒度小的碳酸钙作填料，改变了传统的施胶，克服了夏季施胶的困难，保证了成纸施胶度的稳定，提高了纸张的平滑度，挺度等物理指标，同时降低了施胶成本，取得了良好的经济效益。     

鳜鱼肉似蒜瓣

《宋史》载：一个叫李道的，至孝，母病，要吃鳜鱼，时值冬季，苦寒，跑遍了市场都没有买到，怎么办呢?他就在河边哭着祈祷，之后凿冰，居然获取了一条不小的鳜鱼。故事里搀了点迷信成分，可是却真实地反映了鳜鱼好吃，有人爱吃，甚至在老了病了冷了没了的时候还念念不忘地想吃。     

厨房 要设计也要品质

6年前，这里仅仅是把饭菜做熟的小空间；5年前，这里添置了简单的储物柜，为杂物找到了藏身之所；4年前，这里不仅空间扩大了，而且拥有了整体厨房概念；3年前，国外先进时尚的厨房产品进驻中国，引起了一场革命，带来了一种理念；2年前，在这里，各种颜色和材质的自由组和表达了一种独特；1年前，这里拥有了更多的高科技内容，你所要做的主要是操作电脑；今天，这里的一切，如你所愿。     

以质量求生存以信誉求发展

安徽六安啤酒厂进入８０年代末，由于管理不善，成了亏损大户，几乎被市场经济所淘汰。１９９２年与“圣泉”联营，“借牌造舰”，强化了质量管理，提高了质量意识，产品质量得到了保证，从而有了市场，企业有了活力，步入了工业经济发展的快车道，发展到目前的年产１２万...     

亦药亦食橘红果

邻居刘女士这几天笑逐颜开，心情特爽，逢人就说她多年的咽炎好了，这多亏了那橘红果!原来，刘女士性情比较急，爱着急上火，有严重的咽炎，治疗多年不愈，竞长出了息肉，说话费劲，声音嘶哑。她无意中听说橘红果治疗咽炎效果不错，就买来喝了20多天。如今感觉舒服多了，说话也“透亮”了，吃东西往下咽也不那么费劲了。     

最后一次拜访——怀念周恒刚先生

“中国的白酒，我现在已经不抱希望了，没有希望，一点希望都没有了。近50年来，走出国门的呼声一浪高过一浪，你也叫，我也叫，叫声一片，会议没少开，文章没少写，乱叫一通，叫完了，有什么用？我也跟着叫了20多年了，嗓子都叫破了，有什么用？现在，我再也没力气叫了，我也不叫了，我叫了多少年，老是‘狼来了，狼来了’!狼来了怎么办？文章没少写，报告没少做，厂子没少调查，有什么用啊？有什么用啊!”[编者按]     

耐不住，就成不了

富人送给穷人一头牛，穷人满怀希望开始奋斗。牛要吃草，找草太耗精力，于是他把牛卖了，买了几只羊，吃了一只，剩下的用来生小羊；可小羊迟迟没出生，日子变艰难了，只能把羊卖了，买成了鸡，想让鸡下蛋赚钱，但是来钱太慢，最后他把鸡也杀了，贫穷依旧。     

论机采棉采摘与加工

随着机采棉技术的不断发展，我厂于2001年开始对机采棉加工生产，购买了采棉机。通过4年来的机采棉采、加工，我厂总结了一定的经验，对加工设备进行了合理的调整，并做了多次试验，得出了一些结论。机采棉技术的推广应用，解决了棉花收获季节劳力短缺的问题，也带来了一定的经济效益。现就我厂机采棉采、加工的设备配置，主要经验，技术指标，存在问题，改进措施，效益分析阐述如下。     

Mineral composition in four varieties of avocado (Persea gratissima, L.) from the island of Tenerife

The contents of macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P) and microelements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B) of four varieties of avocado obtained and consumed in the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, have been determined. The samples mineral contents of the different avocado varieties showed significant differences. Thus, the concentration levels of Ca, Mg, and Mn are higher in the Hass variety; those of K, Fe, and Zn, in the Orotava variety; those of Na and B in the Hass and Fuerte varieties; that of P in the Arona and Hass varieties; and that of Cu in the Arona and Fuerte varieties. The area of origin of Hass avocado also influences the mineral content of the samples: those from the north of Tenerife show higher contents of K, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, and B, and those from the south, of Na, Mg, and Mn.     

新时代中华优秀酒文化传承和发展路径的思考

中华优秀酒文化是中华民族在五千年实践中创造的有关酒事的精神文化和物质文化成果,是中华优秀文明不可或缺的一部分。中华酒文化发展历史源远流长、蕴含的内涵博大精深、核心内容包罗万象,自从酒诞生以来,中国酒就不仅仅是单纯的物质形态,而是与政治、经济、文化、社会、艺术、生态等形成了相互影响、互促互进的紧密联系,其内涵逐渐发展成为物质型、精神型以及行为型、制度型等基本形态,形式多样,作用领域广泛,其独有的功能渗透于国家政治经济和文化社会生活生态的各个方面。新时代在酒类企业、酒业协会、政府部门等主体的努力下,酒文化中的酿酒技术、酒肆文化、饮酒习俗、酒具文化、历史遗迹、酒礼文化、酒文学作品等得到了良好的传承和发展,但仍存在传承与发展创新能力相对较弱、酒文化遗址保护理念有待加强、传统酿造工艺出现消逝现象、传承发展方式手段相对单一、酒广告体现酒文化还不够、酒文化传播力度还不够、中华优秀酒文化人才培养还不够、消费者酒文化失调等问题,市场利益驱使导致酒文化失去核心、企业对酒文化的重视度还不够、缺乏系统的酒文化研究、缺乏有效的酒文化传播、传统文化教育缺失、酒文化遗产保护力度还不够等是导致中华优秀酒文化传承和发展...     

文冠果食药资源的开发与应用研究进展

文冠果是我国独有的珍贵木本类油料树种兼药用植物,在食品、医药、生态、人文等领域具有较大的研究价值和发展潜力。文冠果研究部位主要涉及到文冠果的种子、叶子、花、果壳和茎木;化学成分主要包括蛋白质、脂肪酸、黄酮类、三萜类、植物甾醇和香豆素类;功能活性主要包括抗氧化及抑菌、抗肿瘤及抗病毒、改善记忆及神经保护、抗炎症、抗肥胖及降血脂、免疫调节等。由于文冠果种类差异大、野生种坐果率低、知名度小等原因,导致对文冠果的研究还不深入、不全面,其资源没有得到较好的开发利用,且目前国家大力支持木本油料发展,因此大力发展文冠果及其产业意义深远。文章综合叙述了文冠果各部位的研究现状、化学成分、功能活性、在食品和医药方面的应用,以期为文冠果的研究、开发和应用提供参考。     

Citrus fruits. Part II. Chemistry,technology, and quality evaluation. C. quality evaluation

In Part II of this review on citrus fruits, the literature on chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation are critically considered. Sweet oranges, mandarin, grapefruit, lemon and lime are generally used for processing. The literature on chemical components of citrus fruits reviewed and discussed in Section A includes the following: sugars, polysaccharides, organic acids, nitrogenous constituents, and lipids; carotenoids which contribute to color; vitamins and minerals, and flavonoids; limonoids, some of which impart bitterness to the juice, and the volatile components which contribute to aroma. Chilled and pasteurized juices, juice concentrates, and beverages are the important products manufactured commercially, and to a limited extent powdered citrus juices, canned segments, and marmalades. The literature on the manufacture of these products as well as new types of juice and oil extractors, TASTE, and other types of evaporators, tank farms to store juice and concentrate in bulk, aseptic filling in bulk containers and retail packs, alternate flexible and rigid containers other than glass and tin and recovery of volatile flavoring constituents during juice processing are some of the important technological developments in the recent past which were discussed in Section B. Bitterness in citrus juices and its control, composition of cloud and its stability, and changes during storage have been reviewed. Essential oils, pectin, frozen and dried juice sacs, dried pulp and molasses, flavonoids, seed oil, and meal are the important by‐products, the manufacture of which is given in essential details. Generally, consumers judge the product on the basis of its sensory attributes. The quality of the finished products is dependent upon the raw materials used and control of processes. In this section, the USDA standards for different products, physico‐chemical and microbiological parameters prescribed as indices of quality of fruit, juice, concentrate, and other products, composition of essential oils, and aroma concentrates are discussed in relation to sensory quality. Analytical methods for compounds affecting quality and methods for detection of adulteration in different citrus products are briefly reviewed. The importance of sensorily evaluating quality of citrus products to select and develop quality control indices is emphasized. Areas where further research is required are indicated. A comprehensive bibliography is provided to aid further study and research.     

4种品牌银鳕鱼品质分析与比较

目的:分析对比市场销量较高的4种品牌银鳕鱼的品质。方法:利用感官分析、色差仪、质构仪和气相色谱质谱联用仪对4种品牌银鳕鱼的感官品质、白度、质构以及挥发性风味物质进行检测。结果:4种品牌的银鳕鱼中,BS的银鳕鱼感官评分最高,BI与WH次之,ILU最低;BS色泽最好、其次为BI与WH,ILU最差;ILU的硬度和咀嚼性显著高于其他3种品牌,BS的弹性显著低于其他3种品牌,4种品牌银鳕鱼的内聚性无显著差异;4种品牌的银鳕鱼共检出122种挥发性物质(不含内标物),其中烃类、醇类、酯类含量较高,是鳕鱼的主体风味物质,分别为53,20,17种,检出的挥发性物质中有24种在4种品牌中均有检出,ILU、BI、BS、WH分别共检出85,63,53,53种挥发性物质,各自独有的挥发性物质分别有40,6,10,5种。结论:BS的感官品质和色泽最好,但弹性稍差,ILU的硬度和咀嚼性最好,且整体风味明显优于其他3种品牌,BI、BS与WH的各类挥发性风味物质的种类和含量均比较接近。     

Threads of cultural nutrition: arts and humanities

Cultural nutrition encompasses a wide sweep of food-related themes within three major categories: arts and humanities, social sciences, and biological-natural sciences. The paper, first of three, considers the arts and humanities. Topics include food and diet expressed through art, film, music, and dance. The essay then examines food and diet in representative works of literature, both ancient and modern. The place of food and diet within folklore, mythology, and religion is treated, with consideration of symbolic roles played by food throughout the human life cycle, especially with birth and infancy, coming-of-age, marriage, and death. Religion, a major theme in cultural nutrition, is explored and the food-dietary patterns of Jews, Christians, Moslems, Hindus, and Shintos are treated. Ethics and philosophy are examined as both relate to programs of international food relief and vegetarianism. The essay concludes with a review of work by historians, especially themes of famine and approaches taken to refeed populations during combat and hostilities.     

Effect of pasteurization and fat,protein, casein to serum protein ratio,and milk temperature on milk beverage color and viscosity

Our goal was to determine the effect of pasteurization-homogenization, fat and protein concentration, proportion of milk protein that is casein and serum protein, and temperature on sensory and instrumental measures of viscosity and color of milk-based beverages. A second goal was to use instrumental measures of whiteness and yellowness to predict sensory measures of whiteness and yellowness. A complete balanced 3 factor (fat, true protein, and casein as a percentage of true protein) design was applied with 3 levels of fat (0.2, 1.0 and 2.0%), 4 levels of true protein (3.00, 3.67, 4.34, and 5.00%) within each fat level, and 5 levels of casein as a percentage of true protein (CN%TP; 5, 25, 50, 75, and 80%) within each protein level for beverage formulation. Instrumental color and viscosity, and visual sensory color analyses were done on each beverage formulation. For unpasteurized beverages across 3 fat levels (0.2, 1, and 2%), changes in CN%TP had the largest effect on L values, sensory whiteness, opacity, color intensity, and yellowness, whereas changes in fat concentration had a stronger influence on a and b* values. Increasing CN%TP from 5 to 80% increased L values, sensory whiteness, and opacity, and decreased sensory color intensity and yellowness. The a and b* values increased with increasing fat concentration. For unpasteurized milk protein beverages within each fat level, variation in CN%TP dominated the changes in L values, sensory whiteness, and opacity, and decreased a and b* values, sensory color intensity, and yellowness. The effect of heat (pasteurization and homogenization) and its interaction terms had the second largest effect on color of milk protein beverages with respect to instrumental color data and sensory appearance attributes. Heat increased L values, sensory whiteness, and opacity, and decreased a and b* values, sensory color intensity, and yellowness. Increases in temperature decreased instrumental viscosity and changes in protein concentration and CN%TP had a greater effect on instrument viscosity data within each temperature (4, 20, and 50°C) than fat. Sensory perception of yellowness was not highly correlated with b* values. Multiple linear regressions of L, a, and b* values produced more robust predictions for both sensory whiteness and yellowness than simple linear regression with L and b* values alone, and may be a useful instrumental approach for quality control of sensory whiteness and yellowness of milk protein beverages.     

探讨离子交换树脂在水处理中的应用

本文首先从离子交换树脂结构和分类、离子交换原理、离子交换树脂应用范围、离子交换树脂回收再利用等方面阐述离子交换树脂水处理工艺,然后从仪器和试剂、离子交换树脂复苏类型、复苏原理及复苏结果等方面阐述离子交换树脂再生复苏工艺,再从仪器和试剂、复合材料制备与测定、吸附量测定、有机染料测定、测定结果分析等方面阐述离子交换树脂活性...     

虾、蟹壳利用的研究进展

虾、蟹壳是虾、蟹加工过程中产生的主要废弃物,含有较大量的蛋白质、灰分和甲壳素,以及少量的脂肪、游离氨基酸和虾青素等。近年来,随着我国养殖、捕捞技术的进步以及伏季休渔制度的实施,虾、蟹产量逐年上升。因此,有效利用虾、蟹壳副产物,开发基于虾、蟹壳废弃物的利用途径和产品类型,以提高产品附加值,减少环境污染,对于虾、蟹产业的健康发展具有重要意义。目前,采用酸碱法制备甲壳素是虾、蟹壳利用的主要方法,该方法易于操作,但能耗高且污染严重,近年来研究人员对传统的酸碱法制备甲壳素的工艺进行了优化,并积极探索酶法和发酵法等新型提取工艺。此外,虾、蟹壳中其他可利用成分(蛋白质、脂肪、钙质和虾青素)的提取和利用也获得了许多研究成果。本文主要综述了虾、蟹壳的组成成分,虾、蟹壳整体利用途径以及虾、蟹壳中甲壳素、蛋白质、脂肪、钙质、虾青素等成分的提取和利用途径的研究进展,以期为虾、蟹壳的高效、低成本、无污染和高附加值利用提供借鉴。     

Juice blends--a way of utilization of under-utilized fruits, vegetables, and spices: a review

The post-harvest shelf life of maximum of fruits and vegetables is very limited due to their perishable nature. In India more then 20-25 percent of fruits and vegetables are spoiled before utilization. Despite being the world's second largest producer of fruits and vegetables, in India only 1.5 percent of the total fruits and vegetables produced are processed. Maximum amounts of fruit and vegetable juices turn bitter after extraction due to conversion of chemical compounds. In spite of being under utilized, the utilization of highly nutritive fruits and vegetables is very limited due to high acidity, astringency, bitterness, and some other factors. While improving flavor, palatability, and nutritive and medicinal value of various fruit juices such as aonla, mango, papaya, pineapple, citrus, ber, pear, apple, watermelon, and vegetables including bottle gourd, carrot, beet root, bitter gourd, medicinal plants like aloe vera and spices can also be used for juice blending. All these natural products are valued very highly for their refreshing juice, nutritional value, pleasant flavor, and medicinal properties. Fruits and vegetables are also a rich source of sugars, vitamins, and minerals. However, some fruits and vegetables have an off flavor and bitterness although they are an excellent source of vitamins, enzymes, and minerals. Therefore, blending of two or more fruit and vegetable juices with spices extract for the preparation of nutritive ready-to-serve (RTS), beverages is thought to be a convenient and economic alternative for utilization of these fruits and vegetables. Moreover, one could think of a new product development through blending in the form of a natural health drink, which may also serve as an appetizer. The present review focuses on the blending of fruits, under-utilized fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants, and spices in appropriate proportions for the preparation of natural fruit and vegetable based nutritive beverages.