Men, machines, and models.

"Models are analogies." Among the values of models are: they describe and help us to understand complex systems or events, they help us learn complex skills, they provide the framework within which experiments are done, they help us see new relationships, they help us predict when experiments are impossible, and they assist in engineering design. Some dangers in the use of models include: they invite overgeneralization, they entice us into committing a logical fallacy, the relationships between the variables may be incorrect, the constants used in the model may be incorrect, models are too often not validated, and model building diverts useful energy into nonproductive activity. From Psyc Abstracts 36:02:2LJ13C. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development of interocular equivalence of place learning in the rat requires convergence sites established prior to training.

Interocular equivalence for spatial-navigation learning requires that the neural pathways originating in each eye converge on common memory sites. Rats fail to display interocular equivalence if they are trained and tested on the Morris (1981) place-navigation task when they are 22 days old, but they succeed if they are trained and tested when they are 28 days old (Rudy & Stadler-Morris, 1987). This delay suggests that there is a period in development when the interhemispheric connections necessary for convergence are immature and rats behave temporarily as split-brain organisms. In the present experiment, rats completed training when they were 22 days old but were not tested for interocular equivalence until they were 28 days old. Nevertheless, these subjects failed to demonstrate equivalence. Thus, for interocular equivalence to be observed, the neural pathways from each eye must converge on common neural sites that are functional at the time the memory representation is established. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Unskilled but aware: Reinterpreting overconfidence in low-performing students.

People are generally overconfident in their self-assessments and this overconfidence effect is greatest for people of poorer abilities. For example, poor students predict that they will perform much better on exams than they do. One explanation for this result is that poor performers in general are doubly cursed: They lack knowledge of the material, and they lack awareness of the knowledge that they do and do not possess. The current studies examined whether poor performers in the classroom are truly unaware of their deficits by examining the relationship between students' exam predictions and their confidence in these predictions. Relative to high-performing students, the poorer students showed a greater overconfidence effect (i.e., their predictions were greater than their performance), but they also reported lower confidence in these predictions. Together, these results suggest that poor students are indeed unskilled but that they may have some awareness of their lack of metacognitive knowledge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inhibitory effect of schematic processing on perceptual encoding.

Hypothesized that although schemata facilitate organized conceptual processing, and hence recall, they simultaneously inhibit perceptual encoding. This inhibitory effect should emerge because schemata allow perceivers to rely on prior knowledge in place of incoming information and because schemata facilitate selective attention. Exps 1 and 2 demonstrated that Ss encode less relevant perceptual information when they are provided with or are able to induce a schema. Exp 3 demonstrated that Ss encode less relevant perceptual information when they are self-schematic in a domain, even though they have better recall for that information. Exp 4 demonstrated that Ss encode less irrelevant perceptual information when they are provided with a schema. Thus, results show that although schemata facilitate recall, they simultaneously inhibit perceptual encoding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cooperation and competition in peaceful societies.

Most of the world's nonviolent societies base their peaceful worldviews on cooperation and an opposition to competition. Although they have nurturant, affiliative societies, many raise their children to be hesitant and fearful about the intentions of others so that they will internalize nonviolent values and never take their peacefulness, or that of others, for granted. The children in these societies lack competitive games; although they are loved as babies, by the time they are 2 or 3 years old. they are made to feel no more important than others. These societies devalue achievement because it leads to competition and aggressiveness, which leads to violence they feel. Their rituals reinforce their cooperative. harmonious beliefs and behaviors. They have internalized their peaceful, cooperative values so that their psychological structures accord with their beliefs in nonviolence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of training and set size on children's judgments of number and length.

When children are asked to compare 2 rows of dots in length or number, some respond consistently as if they were asked about number (i.e., with a number strategy) and some as if about length, regardless of what they are asked in fact. If such children are then trained to respond correctly to the kind of question on which they had made errors, they still do not differentiate the dimensions but instead make errors on the kind of question they had previously answered correctly. The choice of dimensional strategy is also determined by the number of dots in the sets and whether the session began with large or small sets. Findings from a study of 84 3-5yr olds are interpreted with reference to the distinction between having a strategy and attaching it to appropriate situations; apparently these strategies are applied out of bias rather than attachment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

大型室式煤库技术在济钢的开发与应用

济钢现采用储配一体的大型室式煤库,并自主开发了储量动态监控程序实行动态监控。煤库的运行效果较好,杜绝了混煤现象,配煤准确率高,实现零亏吨。与露天煤场相比,具有环保效果好、工艺流程简单、占地面积少等优点;尽管一次性投资较高,但运行成本低,经济环保效益显著。     

Some implications for psychoanalytic technique drawn from analysis of a dying patient

The analysis of a dying patient is presented. The suggestion is made that analytic work with people who are dying is both possible and productive. The unusual elements that are introduced by such cases are examined in terms of how they highlight problems in our theory of technique. Particularly, the analyst's empathy and compassion are emphasized as crucial: not because of how they affect the patient but because of how they affect the analyst and the analyst's ability to analyze.     

Advisory opinion 5.I.1: general practitioner announcement of credentials

Corpora amylacea are present in all the mammary glands of the investigated animals (ewe, goat, and mares). Generally, they are comparable to the cow regarding to its distribution, frequency, size, morphological structure, and staining properties. Corpora amylacea occur most frequently in the ewe, and in non-lactating mammary glands. In lactating mammary glands they are mostly situated in the alveoles. During gestation they are located outside of the alveoles and in the interalveolar connective tissue. Only in very few cases corpora amylacea are found inside and outside of the alveoles in the same mammary gland. Frequently, its centre consists of a round nucleus.     

People's hypercorrection of high-confidence errors: Did they know it all along?

This study investigated the “knew it all along” explanation of the hypercorrection effect. The hypercorrection effect refers to the finding that when people are given corrective feedback, errors that are committed with high confidence are easier to correct than low-confidence errors. Experiment 1 showed that people were more likely to claim that they knew it all along when they were given the answers to high-confidence errors as compared with low-confidence errors. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated whether people really did know the correct answers before being told or whether the claim in Experiment 1 was mere hindsight bias. Experiment 2 showed that (a) participants were more likely to choose the correct answer in a 2nd guess multiple-choice test when they had expressed an error with high rather than low confidence and (b) that they were more likely to generate the correct answers to high-confidence as compared with low-confidence errors after being told they were wrong and to try again. Experiment 3 showed that (c) people were more likely to produce the correct answer when given a 2-letter cue to high- rather than low-confidence errors and that (d) when feedback was scaffolded by presenting the target letters 1 by 1, people needed fewer such letter prompts to reach the correct answers when they had committed high- rather than low-confidence errors. These results converge on the conclusion that when people said that they knew it all along, they were right. This knowledge, no doubt, contributes to why they are able to correct those high-confidence errors so easily. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Loss of self" in the narratives of people with traumatic brain injuries: a qualitative analysis

To discover how people with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) experience themselves, narrative data from ten individuals with TBI were analyzed. The findings suggest that people with TBI experience loss of self in various forms although they may successfully use strategies to avoid or minimize the sense of loss. First, people with TBI find it difficult to develop clear self-knowledge about how they have become as they are and what they can and cannot do. Second, loss of self is conspicuous when they compare their present status with their past in many aspects of their lives. Third, their senses of self are threatened by labels that they feel the society imposes upon them. This categorization of loss of self can serve for rehabilitation counseling of this population. It may assist counselors to enhance their understanding of emotional distress after TBI and to make use of their clients' narratives for the intervention.     

Right atrial thrombosis--a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic problem

Right atrial thrombi have been diagnosed more frequently since the widespread use of two-dimensional echocardiography. The authors present current opinions on etiology of right heart thrombi. They can originate from two sources: type A thrombi originate in deep peripheral veins; they have worm-shape and they are extremely mobile or they develop within the right heart chambers-type B-they are then parietal and immobile. Clinical significance, prognosis in both types of thrombi is discussed and the guidelines for treatment are presented. Type A patients are a high risk group because of frequent incidence of severe pulmonary embolism and excessive mortality rate so aggressive therapy is required (surgery or fibrinolysis when surgery is contraindicated). Type B thrombi are much more benign, usually they do not lead to the death and treatment with anticoagulants seems to be sufficient.     

钢筋混凝土结构中短柱的成因及防治

钢筋混凝土框架结构在工程中被大量的使用,但在设计及施工过程中,由于疏忽或使用要求往往会出现短柱,短柱属于脆性破坏,对于有抗震要求的建筑来讲非常不利,应加以避免或采取措施     

Diagnostic issues in borderline disorders.

Current theories and psychological test findings on borderline disorders reveal that there are patients whose clinical behaviors are similar to one another; they are afflicted with such symptoms of emotional instability as intense problematic interpersonal relationships, and a tendency to injure themselves or to set up situations in which they are victimized. At best, these patients are difficult to treat. They manifest traits representative of various personality disturbances (see, e.g., American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed.), as well as severe affective disorders. At times, they appear schizophrenic; often, their behavior is neurotic. As they are in transition, they cannot be diagnosed at a given moment in time, except by inference from a longitudinal study of their behavior, and by an analysis of the transference and countertransference that is being experienced. In this author's opinion, many psychological test findings lack reliability and validity and there is no basis for the label borderline disorder as a stable, discrete entity, at least not yet. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Use of false ID cards and other deceptive methods to purchase alcoholic beverages during high school

This article has reviewed one approach to the preparation of support group facilitators to enable them to better meet the needs of abused women. Those women may still be in abusive relationships or they may have left one; they may be unsure whether they are abused; or they may be seeking practical suggestions about ways to tackle a particular problem. Whatever their specific situations, they can benefit from a supportive, accepting, and safe environment in which to explore their options.     

Role functions of pediatric and health psychologists in health care settings.

686 pediatric and health psychologists completed questionnaires requesting background information concerning years of experience, current work settings, graduate training, and professional identification. Ss were also asked to describe services and functions they performed, difficulties they encountered, and general consultation goals. Results suggest that both groups are involved in a wide range of diagnostic, treatment, and consultative activities in health care settings and that there are many similarities in the ways they conceptualize their roles and how they function. However, pediatric psychologists were especially involved in clinical assessment activities, whereas research was a high priority for health psychologists. Other aspects of the roles, functions, and activities of these 2 groups are described. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Incremental redistribution of protein kinase C underlies the acquisition curve during in vitro associative conditioning in Hermissenda

Although thoracoabdominal injuries are uncommon in the athlete, they can be catastrophic if unrecognized or if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. This article reviews thoracic, intrathoracic, abdominal, and groin injuries in the athlete, and how they can be diagnosed and managed.     

Electrocardiograph monitor artifacts in a neonatal intensive care unit

A wide variety of artifacts may be found when monitoring the ECG in a neonatal intensive care unit. Many of the artifacts resemble arrhythmias, and unless they are recognized as artifacts they may lead to serious errors of diagnosis and therapy. Many of the artifacts are caused by patient movement such as seizures, tremulousness, or hiccups. Others may be introduced by the monitor itself or be caused by electrical equipment in the vicinity. A group of ECG tracings is presented to illustrate the various artifacts encountered. Features that distinguish the artifacts from the arrhythmias they mimic are described, as are suggestions for elimination of the artifacts.     

Anesthesia and analgesia for minor injuries to children

Today's children are rambunctious, playful, and aggressive and are provided through the miracles of modern technology with ample opportunities to injure themselves. As such, they are a source of both joy and terror to their parents. It is a "given" that many of them will injure themselves in the course of growing up. When they come to us in the ED waiting room, they are typically very frightened and usually in pain. We are fortunate that we have techniques and drugs to alleviate this pain and to attenuate their fear. It is our responsibility as anesthesiologists to ensure that these drugs and techniques are used appropriately and cause no further harm. We hope the information contained in this chapter may be of benefit in achieving this goal.