Cross-situational consistency among problem adolescents: An application of the two-factor model.

Conducted a study to measure cross-situational consistency of the orthogonal dimensions of the 2-factor model of social–emotional functioning. According to this model, large proportions of variance in social–emotional functioning can be accounted for by 2 orthogonal, highly replicable dimensions. Ss were 206 residents of a long-term institution for emotionally disturbed and delinquent youths; they represented various ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Cross-situational correlations between school and cottage settings were found to be .52 for Factor 2 (Cooperation–Compliance vs Anger–Defiance) and .42 for Factor 1 (Interest–Participation vs Apathy–Withdrawal). Results confirm the consistency and discriminant validity hypotheses—specifically, correlations between the corresponding factors of different instruments measuring behavior in different settings were large, whereas correlations between noncorresponding factors were very low. The value of using broad, higher order factors in personality research on the trait vs situation issue is discussed. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reactive and proactive aggression: Evidence of a two-factor model.

This article examines the construct validity of reactive and proactive aggression, as assessed by the teacher-rating scale developed by K. A. Dodge and J. D. Coie (1987). In Study 1 (n?=?149 boys), confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a 2-factor model, in which a substantial correlation was observed between the 2 latent factors, presented a better fit than a single-factor model. Study 2 (n?=?193 boys) examined the relations presented by the 2 forms of aggression with peer status, leadership, social withdrawal, and victimization by peer. Reactive and proactive aggressive behaviors presented distinct patterns of relations consistent with the theoretical definitions. The results of these studies suggest that the questionnaire measures 2 forms of aggressive behavior that, although being substantially related, have a unique discriminant dimension. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Construct validity of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory two-factor model with offenders.

Much of the research on psychopathy has treated it as a unitary construct operationalized by total scores on one (or more) measures. More recent studies on the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) suggest the existence of two distinct facets of psychopathy with unique external correlates. Here, the authors report reanalyses of two offender data sets that included scores on the PPI along with various theoretically relevant criterion variables. Consistent with hypotheses, the two PPI factors showed convergent and discriminant relations with criterion measures, many of which would otherwise have been obscured when relying on PPI total scores. These results highlight the importance of examining facets of psychopathy as well as total scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Vulnerability and resilience in women with arthritis: Test of a two-factor model.

The purpose of this study was to test a 2-factor model of affective health in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n = 82) or osteoarthritis (OA; n = 88). Positive and negative social interactions and affect were assessed for 11 consecutive weeks. For each participant, Vulnerability and Resilience factors were created from factor analyses of positive and negative personal characteristics, respectively. Multilevel analyses tested the hypothesis that weekly changes in social interactions or affect would only be predicted by the factor of the same valence. The Vulnerability (and not the Resilience) factor predicted changes in negative interactions. The Resilience (and not the Vulnerability) factor predicted changes in positive interactions. The Vulnerability (and not the Resilience) factor predicted changes in current and next-week negative affect. The Resilience and Vulnerability factors each predicted changes in current and next-week positive affect, although the effects for Vulnerability were smaller than for Resilience. Finally, the Vulnerability factor interacted with pain to predict more future negative affect. The main implication is that both Vulnerability and Resilience should be considered in theory, research, and interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A spectral analysis of cognitive and personality variables in hypnosis: Empirical disconfirmation of the two-factor model of hypnotic responding.

The two-factor model of hypnotic responding posits that ability or trait variables are more important than contextual variables in producing responses to difficult hypnotic suggestions, whereas contextual variables such as attitudes and expectancies are more important than trait variables in predicting responses to easier suggestions. In three separate data sets, responses to suggestions of varying difficulty were correlated with absorption, fantasy proneness, dissociation, attitudes toward hypnosis, and hypnotic response expectancy. Although the results of these analyses were not consistent across data sets, all significant findings were in the opposite direction of that predicted by two-factor theorists. In general, expectancy was the strongest correlate of hypnotic response, especially for highly responsive participants and for difficult suggestions. It is concluded that despite the attractiveness of the two-factor model, repeated attempts to replicate its empirical base have been unsuccessful. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development of inhibition during childhood: Evidence for situational specificity and a two-factor model.

The inhibition of 99 children was observed from the start of preschool through Grade 1 in multiple settings: adult strangers, dyadic play with unfamiliar and familiar peers, and regular free play in class. A multisetting–multimethod–multioccasion analysis revealed (a) a high longitudinal stability of inhibition toward strangers and a medium stability of inhibition in class, (b) a decreasing consistency between inhibition in class and inhibition toward strangers, (c) an increasing consistency between inhibition in class and being ignored or rejected by classmates, and (d) no detrimental effect of children's inhibition toward strangers on their dyadic play with familiar peers. These results are discussed in terms of a 2-factor model of inhibition that is linked to J. A. Gray's (1982; see also PA, Vol 75:35718) concept of the behavioral inhibition system. It is assumed that both unfamiliarity and social–evaluative concerns contribute to individual differences in inhibition in childhood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Caregiving outcomes for older mothers of adults with mental retardation: A test of the two-factor model of psychological well-being.

A two-factor model of caregiving appraisal and psychological well-being, based on previous findings with caregiving spouses (M. P. Lawton et al; see record 1991-34214-001) was tested with 225 older mothers who provided care at home to an offspring with mental retardation The effects of objective caregiving stressors, caregiver resources, and subjective appraisals (caregiving satisfaction and burden) on the positive and negative dimensions of psychological well-being were examined. LISREL 8 analyses revealed that the model differed in two key ways for caregiving mothers: (a) Positive psychological well-being appeared to diminish subjective burden, and (b) both objective stressors and resources were unrelated to subjective burden. These findings suggest the need for future research into how caregiving dynamics are influenced by the specific nature of the relationship between the caregiver and the recipient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Left-handedness and thought disorder in the schizophrenias.

The relation between language dysfunction and handedness was examined in a sample of 58 male schizophrenic patients. Severity and type of language dysfunction were assessed using ratings on categories of thought disorder derived from the Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (Spitzer & Endicott, 1977). Hand preferred for writing was the criterion for handedness. In this sample, the incidence of left-handedness was raised and left-handedness was associated with the presence and severity of thought disorder. These findings are congruent with the hypothesis that a sizable proportion of left-handed schizophrenic individuals are left-handed because of a disruption in the pattern of hemispheric dominance that also impairs language functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting marital distress and dissolution: Refining the two-factor hypothesis.

Measures of communication, hostility, and neuroticism taken from 85 couples from Germany before marriage were used to predict marital outcomes 5 years later. Hostility and neuroticism discriminated between couples who separated or divorced after 5 years and those who remained married, whereas communication discriminated between married-satisfied and married- dissatisfied couples. Only hostility and neuroticism predicted marital satisfaction at 18 months, suggesting that these factors contribute to rapid, early declines in marital functioning. The authors conclude that poor communication alone cannot account for the full range of marital outcomes and that skill-based models of marriage can be strengthened by considering relatively rare exchanges between partners (e.g., aggression) and their enduring vulnerabilities (e.g., neuroticism). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Constitutive transport between the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane according to the maturation model. A hypothesis

Here we examine the application of the cisternal/carrier maturation model to describe transport of cargo proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. Interpretation of the available evidence in the light of carrier maturation suggests that the transport intermediates between these stations are large pleiomorphic carriers formed by maturation of the trans-Golgi compartment, rather than vesicles, as would be postulated by the vesicular shuttle model. Mature carriers move along microtubules towards the plasma membrane via a microtubule/(kinesin)-based motor system. The maturation and vesicular transport models are compared in terms of consistency with the available literature.     

The generation effect: Support for a two-factor theory.

When a response word bearing an orthographic, acoustic, or semantic relation to a stimulus word is generated rather than read, later recall is enhanced. Such "generation effects" have been attributed to the activation or strengthening of response-specific features in memory and to the activation or strengthening of the relation between a stimulus and response. This series of experiments yields evidence suggesting that both mechanisms are involved. The pattern of interactions in the size of the generation effect across type of recall test (cued or free) cannot be accommodated by any one-factor theory. The results of these experiments also suggest that within-subjects manipulations of read and generate study conditions inflate the apparent size of the effect of generation on a given pair by confounding such pair-specific effects with certain whole-list effects, such as differential attention and output interference. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Positive and negative affectivity in children: Confirmatory factor analysis of a two-factor model and its relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression.

The positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) framework that is embodied in the tripartite model of anxiety and depression has proved useful with adult populations; however, there is as yet little investigation with children concerning either the measurement of PA and NA or the relation between PA and NA and levels of adjustment. A confirmatory factor analysis was used in this study to examine the structure of self-reported affect and its relation to depressive and anxious symptoms in school children (4th to 11th grade). Results supported a 2-factor orthogonal model that was invariant across age and sex. Support for the expected pattern of relations between NA and PA with symptoms of depression and anxiety was strong for the older sample (M?=?14.2 years) but weaker for the younger sample (M?=?10.3 years). Results also provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Depressive symptomatology in new mothers: A stress and coping perspective.

The aim of the present research was to test the utility of a stress-coping model of postpartum depression. Data were collected during the last trimester of pregnancy (n?=?197) and twice after the birth (4 weeks, n?=?180, and approximately 5 months, n?=?163). Coping resources and depressive symptomatology were assessed at Time 1, stress and coping were assessed at Time 2, and depressive symptomatology and partner ratings of coping effectiveness were assessed at Times 2 and 3. After control of the effects of initial depression, there was evidence of significant effects of levels of stress and coping responses on the Time 2 and Time 3 outcome measures. There was also some evidence linking coping resources (particularly self-esteem and family support) to postpartum depressive symptomatology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Adrenal myelolipoma: apropos a case with urologic symptomatology. A review of the literature

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), an important risk factor for thrombotic diseases, is a member of the superfamily of serine proteinase inhibitors. To define structural rearrangements occurring during interaction between PAI-1 and its target proteinases we have raised monoclonal antibodies against the PAI-1/t-PA complex. Thirteen out of 401 monoclonal antibodies reacted preferentially with the PAI-1/t-PA complex as compared to free PAI-1 or free t-PA. Detailed characterization revealed the presence of two non-overlapping neoantigenic epitopes in the PAI-1/t-PA complex. Both neoantigenic epitopes were also exposed after complex formation between PAI-1 and either urokinase-type plasminogen activator, plasmin or thrombin as well as after cleavage of the reactive site loop of non-inhibitory substrate type PAI-1 variants. Thus, we have identified two neoantigenic epitopes, localized entirely in PAI-1, and commonly exposed after complex formation of active PAI-1 with various proteinases or after cleavage of substrate PAI-1. These monoclonal antibodies should facilitate further studies on the mechanism of interaction between various PAI-1 forms and its target proteinases.     

Classification of several types of maturational arrest of spermatogonia according to Sertoli cell morphology: an approach to aetiology

Bilateral testicular biopsies and clinical histories from 34 adult men with maturational arrest of spermatogonia were examined. According to the morphology of Sertoli cell nuclei, five testicular types of spermatogonial maturational arrest were established. In type I lesion, Sertoli cells resembled the immature Sertoli cells of infant testes. These cells had a round, regularly outlined, dark nucleus with a small nucleolus. The seminiferous tubules showed no apparent lumen and a poorly developed lamina propria lacking in elastic fibres. This lesion was found in patients exhibiting a eunuchoid phenotype, with small tests and low serum levels of gonadotrophins and testosterone (hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism). Type II lesion showed morphologically normal, mature, adult Sertoli cells which had a pale, irregularly outlined nucleus, many often triangle-shaped, with a large, centrally located nucleolus. The seminiferous tubules were reduced in diameter and showed a few spermatocytes and spermatids. This lesion was found in patients with varicocoele, epididymitis, testicular trauma or idiopathic infertility. Serum FSH levels were normal or increased while LH and testosterone levels were normal. In type III lesion, Sertoli cells resembled the involuting Sertoli cells found in the testes of aging men, and displayed very infolded nuclei, with abundant dense chromatin patches and a large nucleolus. The seminiferous tubules showed a slightly dilated lumen and a normal tubular wall. The most relevant clinical findings in patients with this lesion were alcoholism, varicocoele, falciform cell anaemia, epididymitis and germ cell tumour. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were normal or increased while luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels were normal. Type IV lesion Sertoli cells presented with a de-differentiated appearance. These cells had a small, round euchromatic nucleus with a small nucleolus and vacuolated cytoplasm. The seminiferous tubules were devoid of lumen or ectatic, and the tubular wall was thick and contained abundant elastic fibres. This lesion was characteristic of patients who underwent hormonal treatment because of prostatic carcinoma or sex change. Type V lesion showed abnormally differentiated, probably dysgenetic, Sertoli cells which had a round to ovoid regularly outlined nucleus, with small heterochromatin granules, and the number of these cells was increased. The seminiferous tubules had a central lumen, or were ectatic with vacuolated Sertoli cells, and the amount of elastic fibres was decreased. The most relevant clinical finding in patients with this lesion was orchidopexy. Serum FSH and LH levels were normal or slightly increased. These findings indicate that spermatogonial maturational arrest is associated with a characteristic Sertoli cell morphology that can be easily identified. This morphology may shed light on the aetiology of the disorder, and be useful for establishing the prognosis and bases for treatment in subfertile patients.