Blind information-theoretic multiuser detection algorithms for DS-CDMA and WCDMA downlink systems

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is based on the spread-spectrum technology and is a dominant air interface for 2.5G, 3G, and future wireless networks. For the CDMA downlink, the transmitted CDMA signals from the base station (BS) propagate through a noisy multipath fading communication channel before arriving at the receiver of the user equipment/mobile station (UE/MS). Classical CDMA single-user detection (SUD) algorithms implemented in the UE/MS receiver do not provide the required performance for modern high data-rate applications. In contrast, multi-user detection (MUD) approaches require a lot of a priori information not available to the UE/MS. In this paper, three promising adaptive Riemannian contra-variant (or natural) gradient based user detection approaches, capable of handling the highly dynamic wireless environments, are proposed. The first approach, blind multiuser detection (BMUD), is the process of simultaneously estimating multiple symbol sequences associated with all the users in the downlink of a CDMA communication system using only the received wireless data and without any knowledge of the user spreading codes. This approach is applicable to CDMA systems with relatively short spreading codes but becomes impractical for systems using long spreading codes. We also propose two other adaptive approaches, namely, RAKE-blind source recovery (RAKE-BSR) and RAKE-principal component analysis (RAKE-PCA) that fuse an adaptive stage into a standard RAKE receiver. This adaptation results in robust user detection algorithms with performance exceeding the linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) detectors for both Direct Sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) and wide-band CDMA (WCDMA) systems under conditions of congestion, imprecise channel estimation and unmodeled multiple access interference (MAI).     

基于多标签分类算法的多输入多输出智能接收机模型

传统无线通信系统由发射机和接收机组成,待传输的信息经过信道编码、调制、成型后通过天线发射出去。由于信道衰落、噪声和干扰等因素的影响,到达接收机的信号会存在较严重的失真,接收机需要从失真的信号中尽可能地恢复出原始信息。为解决此问题,提出基于多标签分类神经网络的多输入多输出（MIMO）智能接收机模型。该模型利用深度神经网络（DNN）替代接收机从信号到信息之间的整个信息恢复环节,并采用多标签分类算法代替多个二分类器实现多个比特的信息流恢复,而训练数据集为包含二进制相移键控（BPSK）与正交相移键控（QPSK）两种调制方式以及汉明编码与循环编码两种方式的正交信号。实验结果表明在噪声、瑞利衰落、干扰等情况下,使用传统Alamouti译码方法的接收机误码率（BER）为1E-3时,智能接收机已经实现了BER为0的恢复信息;在保持BER性能相同时,所提多标签分类算法比对比模型的多个二分类器算法在每个批次的训练时间上减少了约4 min。     

TH-UWB系统中基于自适应算法的接收机研究

提出了一种适用于跳时超宽带(TH-UWB)系统中的RAKE接收机方案。该方法利用基于梯度的可变遗忘因子的改进递推最小二乘(RLS)算法进行信道估计,并与基于经典RLS算法和基于最大似然概率(ML)算法的接收机方案进行对比。结果表明,这种新型RAKE接收机方案能够更有效地跟踪时变衰落信道的变化;在相同条件下,该方案能够提高系统性能,获得更小的误码率(BER)。     

Throughput improvement of STS-based MC DS-CDMA system with adaptive modulation

The throughput enhancement of space-time spreading (STS)-based multicarrier direct sequence code division multiple access (MC DS-CDMA) system is investigated in this paper. Adaptive modulation is performed to improve the data throughput of the system in Rayleigh fading channel. In this contribution, an analytical approach is proposed to compute a new expression for the bit error rate (BER) performance of the STS-based MC DS-CDMA system for QAM data. The other contribution of the paper is deriving a new analytical expression for the throughput enhancement and the BER performance of the adaptive modulated STS-based MC DS-CDMA system over Rayleigh fading channel. The novel expressions presented in this paper bring out the facility of evaluation of the proposed system with no need for more calculations and simulations.     

Multiterminal source coding for multiview images under wireless fading channels

This paper addresses the problem of wireless transmission of a captured scene from multiple cameras, which do not communicate among each other, to a joint decoder. Correlation among different camera views calls for distributed source coding for efficient multiview image compression. The fact that cameras are placed within a short range of each other results in a high level of interference, multipath fading, and noise effects during communications. We develop a novel two-camera system, that employs multiterminal source coding and complete complementary data spreading, so that while the former technique exploits the statistical correlation between camera views, and performs joint compression to reduce transmission rates, the spreading technique will protect transmitted data by mitigating the effects of wireless fading channels. Our results indicate that the proposed system is competitive when compared to two independently JPEG encoded streams at low to medium transmission rates.     

Performance evaluation of cyclic prefix CDMA systems with frequency domain interference cancellation

Direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) systems transmitting over multipath channels suffer from intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple access interference (MAI). Recently, DS/CDMA with frequency domain equalization (FDE) has attracted much attention for its ability to obtain an excellent performance even in strong frequency selective fading channels. However, the presence of residual interference after the FDE degrades the orthogonality among the spreading codes and hence the BER performance deteriorates. Parallel interference cancellation (PIC) is an effective method to suppress the MAI and improve the CDMA system capacity. In this paper, we propose three interference cancellation architectures for downlink cyclic prefix CDMA systems. The common thread between these three architectures is their implementation in frequency domain. A comparison between such architectures is presented. Simulation results show that the combination of PIC and FDE provides an efficient solution to suppress the MAI in downlink CDMA systems over frequency selective fading channels.     

一种可扩展的广义空移键控调制系统设计

5G车联网中的不同传输业务对高可靠、可扩展和低功耗的通信性能有较高要求,为此,设计一种新型高可靠、可扩展的广义空移键控调制(GSSK)系统。在发射端提出一种基于Butson Hadamard矩阵的广义空移键控调制(BHSSK)方案,通过引入具有正交性和可扩展性的Butson Hadamard矩阵,采用循环加权方法构造符号选择矩阵,将矩阵的列作为符号向量并调制到激活的天线组合上进行发送。针对检测复杂度对车联网下通信可行性的影响,在接收端提出一种基于方向夹角加权排序检测(DWOD)算法,通过设计发射天线组合的权重因子构造天线组合搜索空间,并设置判决收敛门限以减少信号检测的搜索范围,在保证可靠性的同时降低检测复杂度。Matlab仿真结果表明,BHSSK以较少的天线实现相对较高和可扩展的频谱效率,相比GSSK、GSM、MA-SM和HSSK分别达到约8dB、3dB、3dB和0.6dB的误码率性能增益。DWOD算法在达到近似最优误码率性能的同时,其复杂度减少了约40%~70%。     

基于正交混沌多用户混沌通信及其误码率

为了解决多用户混沌通信系统中由于通信用户数目的增多以及混沌序列间的准正交性所引起的信道干扰问题,对不同混沌信号采用施密特(Schmidt)正交化方法产生其对应的正交混沌序列作为扩频码在加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)和瑞利(Rayleigh)衰落信道下研究多用户混沌通信系统中的误码率(BER)。首先将其统计自相关和互相关特性作为刻画正交混沌扩频码序列性能的重要指标,测试并分析各正交混沌序列的统计相关特性,同时也对其互相关特性曲线的均值和方差进行了测试与分析;然后通过两种信道仿真实验获取各正交混沌扩频码的BER,并将其与对应统计相关特性作对比揭示其内在关联性;最后比较分析两种不同信道下多用户混沌通信系统的BER,并揭示信道对其的影响。仿真实验表明,两种信道下相空间混沌信号中的空时正交混沌序列都能获得较低BER,尤其是在Rayleigh衰落信道下的空时正交混沌序列能够获得更低的BER,说明所提方法能更有效地降低多用户通信中信道间的干扰,更有利于多用户通信需要。     

Coverage study for broadband wireless systems using link adaptation and diversity combining techniques

A broadband wireless access system is a bi-directional broadband wireless system to fixed networks at millimeter-wave frequencies. The propagation environment at millimeter-wave frequencies is one of the major challenges in delivering broadband services to fixed subscribers. At such high frequencies the signal is attenuated by the obstacles in the radio path between the subscriber and the hub, such as buildings, trees and vehicles in the radio path between the subscriber and the hub.Link adaptation techniques such as adaptive modulation and error control coding have been applied to wireless communication systems to overcome the multipath fading experienced by the transmitted signal. Diversity has long been recognized as an effective technique for combating the effect of channel multipath fading. In this study, we investigate the outage probability improvements due to the employments of various combinations of adaptive modulation, adaptive coding, and diversity techniques in a broadband wireless access system. The results indicate that using adaptive modulation, coding, and maximal ratio combining (MRC) yields significant enhancements in outage probability of the system.     

Performance of relay-aided downlink DS-CDMA system using transmitter preprocessing based on feedback information

In this contribution, we investigate the performance of relay-aided downlink (DL) direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system with multi-user transmitter preprocessing (MUTP) based on vector quantized channel impulse responses (VQ-CIRs). Specifically, the CIRs are estimated with the aid of training-sequence based estimation technique at each of the relays. These estimated CIRs are then VQ and the magnitudes and phases are fed back to the base station (BS) through feedback channels, that conflict noise and fading. At the BS, the CIRs recovered using a linear detector are then exploited to formulate the preprocessing matrix to mitigate the DL multi-user interference at the relays. Our study shows that the attainable bit-error-rate (BER) degrades when noise and fading contaminated VQ-CIRs are invoked to realize the preprocessing matrix. Nevertheless, the resultant BER performance of the MUTP based on VQ-CIRs acquired via ideal feedback remains close to that achieved with perfect CIRs assumption.     

Blind estimation of multipath delays in OFDM systems

In order to coherently detect the transmitted data symbols,an orthogonal frequency division multi-plexing (OFDM) receiver requires reliable identification and equalization of the experienced wireless multipath fading channels.The information of path delays plays an important role in the procedure of identification and equalization.The need for high data rates motivated the search for blind identification and equalization methods because they save bandwidth by avoiding the use of training sequences.In OFDM systems,multipath fading channels introduce interference between adjacent symbols which can be prevented by inserting a cyclic prefix (CP) before each symbol.In this paper,we find that the power of the interference in the CP interval can be estimated by using the circular convolution and based on the variations of the interference power,the time delay of each path can be estimated blindly.     

新的基于仿射投影算法的盲多用户检测器

多径衰落信道下的盲自适应多用户检测算法的运算复杂度通常都比较大,将基于仿射投影算法的盲多用户检测器与RAKE分集技术相结合,提出了一种盲自适应接收算法。该接收算法平衡了收敛速度和计算复杂度之间的矛盾,具有相对较好的收敛性能及较小的运算复杂度。通过模拟实验比较了几种算法的收敛、跟踪及误码性能,结果表明该方法具有明显的整体优势。     

基于信道特征和随机插值的物理层算法

分析无线通信系统当下的安全现状及保护物理层安全的必要性,结合无线信道的密钥生成方法,提出一种基于正交频分复用（OFDM）系统并行调制特点的随机插值的物理层安全算法。该算法的核心思想是在共享密钥的控制下,通过对快速傅里叶逆变换（IFFT）后输出的数据符号进行随机插值,将原OFDM符号重构,使得非法用户难以正确解调信号,达到保护传输信息安全的目的。该算法基于物理层加密,可更好地保护空中接口和无线链路,并行加密的过程也降低了通信系统实现的复杂度。通过理论分析及仿真实验表明,新算法可有效对抗各种非法攻击,同时对通信系统的固有性能影响较小,且能较好地适应多径信道,表现出不错的抗多径衰落能力。     

Power Control for Cellular Communications with Time‐Varying Channel Uncertainties

Power control in a code‐division multiple access (CDMA) based cellular network is a challenging problem because the communication channels change rapidly because of multipath fading. These rapid fluctuations cause detrimental effects on the control efforts required to regulate the signal‐to‐interference plus noise ratios (SINRs) to the desired level. Thus, there is a need for power‐control algorithms that can adapt to rapid changes in the channel gain caused by multipath fading. Much of the previous work has either neglected the effects of fast fading, assumed that the fading is known, or assumed that all the link gains are known. In this paper, we model the effects of fast fading and develop practical strategies for robust power control based on SINR measurements in the presence of the fading. We develop a controller for the reverse link of a CDMA cellular system, and use a Lyapunov‐based analysis to prove that the SINR error is globally uniformly ultimately bounded. We also utilize a linear prediction filter that utilizes local SINR measurements and estimates of the Doppler frequency that can be derived from local SINR measurements to improve the estimate of the channel fading used in the controller. The power‐control algorithm is simulated for a cellular network with multiple cells, and the results indicate that the controller regulates the SINRs of all the mobile terminals (MTs) with low outage probability. In addition, a pulse‐code‐modulation technique is applied to allow the control command to be quantized for feedback to the transmitter. Simulation results indicate that the outage probabilities of all the MTs are still within the acceptable range if at least 3‐bit quantization is employed. Comparisons to a standard algorithm illustrate the improved performance of the predictive controller.     

Performance of quasisynchronous scale time code division multiple access for AWGN channel

We analyze bit error rate performance of a recently proposed multiple access system called scale time code division multiple access (STCDMA) for quasisynchronous communication over an AWGN channel. STCDMA depends on code, time and scale orthogonality introduced by spreading sequences and wavelets. Wavelets are employed as an orthogonal set of symbols for signaling, and their orthogonality over scale and time is exploited. The channel is partitioned into different scales, and each scale into different time slots. Each user is assigned a specific scale, time slot, and spreading code. Information symbols of each user are encoded by the Haar wavelet in its scale and time slot, and then they are spread by its spreading code. Complex-valued Hadamard sequences are used as spreading sequences and conventional detector (i.e. matched filter) is used at the receiver. Results show that the performance of STCDMA gets much better than that of CDMA over the quasisynchronous AWGN channel as the number of scales increases.     

多径传播下的超宽带通信编码算法研究

研究超宽带通信编码优化问题,由于超宽带通信中,发射机和接收机之间受障碍物的阻挡,使得编码信号不能直接传输,而是多径传播到接收机端。传统的Gold编码通过多径传播造成信号的衰落,导致传播误码率较高的问题。提出一种截短平衡Gold码的超宽带通信编码算法,将传统的Gold码截短平衡,采用PAM调制后通过Intel信道传输,将Gold截短增强了信号反射性减少了信号衰减,取平衡码传输降低了传播误码率,避免了传统的Gold码在多径传播中误码率较高的问题。实验证明,编码方法能够提高多径传播的准确率,满足超宽带通信的准确性要求,取得了满意的结果。     

Bit error rate reduction for circular ultrawideband antenna by dynamic differential evolution

The dynamic differential evolution (DDE) is used to synthesize the radiation pattern of the directional circular arc array to minimize the bit error rate (BER) performance in indoor ultrawideband (UWB) communication system. Using the impulse response of multipath channel, the BER performance of the synthesized antenna pattern on binary pulse amplitude modulation system can be calculated. Based on the topography of the circular antenna array and the BER formula, the array pattern synthesis problem can be reformulated into an optimization problem and solved by the DDE algorithm. The novelties of our approach are not only choosing BER as the object function instead of sidelobe level of the antenna pattern but also considering the antenna feed length effect of each array element. The strong point of the DDE algorithm is that it can find out the solution even if the performance index cannot be formulated by simple equations. Simulation results show that the synthesized antenna array pattern is effective to focus maximum gain to the line of site path which scales as the number of array elements. In other words, the receiver can increase the received signal energy to noise ratio. The synthesized array pattern also can mitigate severe multipath fading in complex propagation environment. As a result, the BER can be reduced substantially in indoor UWB communication system. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2012.     

空时编码系统中盲多用户检测方法的研究

文章将空时编码和盲多用户检测相结合,提出了一种适合下行链路的接收机。该方法可以在克服信道衰落的同时抑制多址干扰,在下行链路的接收方只需进行简单解码和盲多用户检测就可以获得同采用多天线接收相同的效果,具有较好的跟踪能力,且采用级联处理,计算量小。Monte Carlo仿真结果证明了其有效性。     

适合酉空时调制的多进制Turbo码及其MAP译码算法

酉空时调制技术可以在发射和接收两端均无信道状态信息的环境中实现无线通信,适合快速Rayleigh平衰落信道,然而它的一个本质问题是只有在高信噪比条件下才会有理想的差错性能.现有的比特级处理方案在改善系统可靠性的同时带来了过大的计算量、存储量和译码时延的问题.文中提出一种适用于酉空时调制的多进制Turbo码方案,同时给出其相应的酉空时符号级多进制MAP译码算法.仿真表明:相比于现有方案,文中的算法可以降低系统组成及处理的复杂度,同时又保持良好的差错性能.另外,文中从酉空时调制的概念出发,首次给出了信噪比过低时结合纠错编码的情况下发射分集性能恶化的定性分析.     

无人机中继链路传播损耗及性能分析

针对两跳无人机中继通信场景,综合考虑机身姿态、天线特性、气候状况及信道衰落等影响,建立了两跳中继链路的传播损耗模型,分析了传播损耗均值的计算方法,推导了多径阴影复合衰落导致传播损耗随机起伏的统计特性。在此基础上,进一步推导得到了两跳无人机中继系统的中断概率与误比特率的理论表达式。最后,通过对郊区、山区和海洋场景的数值仿真,验证了本文推导的理论结果的正确性,并分析了无人机飞行高度、地面节点位置以及通信场景等因素对两跳中继系统性能的影响。