渗硼共晶化的研究

本文根据光学金相、扫描电镜、x—射线衍射、电子探针等分析发现,渗硼共晶化组织有两类共晶:(r Fe_2B)及[r Fe_3(C、B)]。渗硼共晶化处理后,工业纯铁及低碳铜生成r Fe_2B共晶,组织呈骨骼状;高碳铜生成[r Fe_3(C、B)]共晶,其中包有少量Fe_2B,组织呈菊花状;中碳铜是骨骼状与菊花状两种共晶的混合。耐磨性试验后证明:含Fe_2B共晶层的耐磨性侊于含Fe_3(C、B)共晶层;A_3钢的渗硼共晶层淬火后,在0.52m/s～1.843m/s摩擦速度范围内,其耐磨性优于硼化层Fe_2B。本文分别探讨了渗硼共晶层形成及磨损机理。     

钢的固体深层渗硼

采用复合催渗和调整工艺参数能较好地实现钢的固体深层渗硼。分析结果表明：渗硼层表层由Fe2B和FeB双相组成,向内Fe2B相增加,FeB2相减少,渗层呈梳齿状,齿的前沿过渡区较宽,心部组织较粗大;表层存在疏松和孔洞,且随钢中含碳量增加和合金元素的含量增加,渗层深度下降,疏松和孔洞减少;疏松和孔洞使表层低于次表层,其显微硬度分布有一峰值,渗层显微硬度分布较为平缓。     

钢的固体深层渗硼

采用复合催渗和调整工艺参数能较好地实现钢的固体深层渗硼 .分析结果表明 :渗硼层表层由Fe2 B和FeB双相组成 ,向内Fe2 B相增加 ,FeB相减少 ,渗层呈梳齿状 ,齿的前沿过渡区较宽 ,心部组织较粗大 ;表层存在疏松和孔洞 ,且随钢中含碳量增加和合金元素的含量增加 ,渗层深度下降 ,疏松和孔洞减少 ;疏松和孔洞使表层硬度低于次表层 ,其显微硬度分布有一峰值 ,渗层显微硬度分布较为平缓     

渗硼层形成机理的探讨

渗硼层的形成机理,一直是渗硼研究的重要课题。本文主要采用X射线法对用气体法在工业纯铁上形成渗硼层的过程进行了研究。结果表明,在渗硼时,依次形成硼的固溶体。Fe_2B、FeB。即渗硼层形成过程完全符合相图和相律。     

固体硼氮共渗的研究及其在模具中的应用

研究了固体硼氮共渗技术的渗剂、工艺参数、共渗后的组织与性能及其在模具上的应用.固体硼氮共渗剂由供硼剂、供氮剂、活化剂、填充剂组成,工艺简单,便于实施,是一种可获得渗层性能好的化学热处理方法.通过固体硼氮共渗使模具表面获得了可靠稳定的硼氮共渗层,渗层由硼化物层(Fe2B、FeB)和过渡层组成,渗后可获得高硬度的硼化物层,渗层具有高的耐磨性、良好的耐热、耐蚀性.硼氮共渗技术应用在模具的制造上可使模具的使用寿命大幅度提高.     

表面渗硼处理对提高轧辊耐磨性能的影响

轧辊表面渗硼处理可以改善其耐磨性.渗硼是一种简单、有效的表面强化方法,但是单一的渗硼处理所获得的渗层脆性大,渗硼速度慢.在渗硼过程中加入一定量的稀土元素,不仅可以提高渗速,还可以降低渗层脆性.虽然稀土渗硼与单一渗硼层均为Fe2B和FeB两相组成的“网状”组织,但稀土渗硼层中最表面层有少量的含稀土相,可降低渗层表面的脆性,防止开裂和剥落.     

获得单—Fe_2B相的固体渗硼工艺研究

本文探索了通过调整硼势、活化钢铁表面的新的固体渗硼工艺。采用这种工艺能够获得较好的单相 Fe_2B 渗层,使渗硼应用范围扩大,而且渗硼剂中的供硼剂(碳化硼或硼铁)用量比例显著减少,提高了固体渗硼的经济效益。     

45钢(α γ)双相区温度盐浴稀土硼共渗的研究

选择合适的介质成分,45钢盐浴及电解渗硼均可得到单相的Fe_2B渗层。本文通过对700—900℃各温度渗硼结果的综合比较发现:45钢(α r)两相区温度是低温渗硼的最佳温度。实验发现,介质中加入一定量的稀土,可显著地增加各工艺相同温度下的渗层厚度,在一定程度上弥补了低温时由于原子扩散能力较低而造成的渗层厚度的损失,使低温渗硼工艺更加可行。同时也发现,稀土可渗入到Fe_2B中,并且由于稀土的渗入,使渗层组织得到改善,韧性、耐蚀性及耐磨性得到提高。 应用扫描电子显微镜、电子探针、电子能谱、正电子湮没、x射线衍射、显微硬度计等设备,对渗硼后钢表面的缺陷、成分、相的分布进行了全面的考察和测定。在此基础上对稀土的促渗、改善组织、提高性能的机理,进行了初步的探讨。     

渗硼层脆性及剥落探讨

渗硼层较大的脆性和剥落,是使渗硼工艺迄今不能普遍应用的重要原因。本文用声发射技术结合抗弯试验、金相及宏观分析,对双相(FeB+Fe_2B)渗硼层的脆性和剥落及渗硼对抗弯强度的影响,进行了研究。实验表明,用声发射技术结合抗弯试验,是研究渗硼层脆性的好方法。声发射计数率的高低与裂纹数量和扩展情况有关,渗硼层的大量剥落,使声发射计数率降低。剥落主要是由平行表面裂纹造成的。双相渗硼层的脆性很大,均在大大低于心部材料弹性极限以下的应力下产生裂纹,而且其脆性因渗硼配方,温度,冷速和热处理工艺不同而别。渗硼使 Cr12钢断裂强度降低二倍以上,使低温回火的中碳钢断裂强度降低近一倍左右,但对高温回火的中碳钢无明显影响。     

固一气法渗硼及硼化层生长动力学分析

本文研究了一种新的渗硼方法——固一气渗硼法。在固体渗硼的基础上,通过活化剂的泛选和正交试验,研制出了适用于此渗硼法的颗粒渗硼剂。用此渗剂对45钢进行900℃、4小时固一气渗硼处理后,可在其表面形成96μm左右的硼化层(单相Fe_2B)。本文还对固一气渗硼过程的有关化学反应进行了热力学分析。根据硼化层厚度的“等效面积”的模型,分析了硼化层生长的动力学问题,导出了单相硼化层形成时Fick第二定律的分析解及硼化层生长的动力学因子所满足的方程。     

低温固体硼碳氮稀土共渗及其机理探讨

研究了低温硼－碳－氮－稀土（Ｂ－Ｃ－Ｎ－ＲＥ）共渗工艺及共渗层的组织性能,并与硼－碳－氮（Ｂ－Ｃ－Ｎ）共渗工艺及共渗层的组织性能进行了比较,结果表明,低温共渗的硼化物层由ＦｅＢ、Ｆｅ２Ｂ、Ｆｅ３（Ｃ,Ｂ）等相组成,硼化物层的前沿无过渡区,ＦｅＢ和Ｆｅ２Ｂ生长过程中排挤出来的碳没有发生远程扩散,而是就近形成Ｆｅ３（Ｃ,Ｂ）等形式的硼化物。稀土加入量适当时,具有明显的催渗作用;与Ｂ－Ｃ－Ｎ共渗相比,Ｂ－Ｃ－Ｎ－ＲＥ共渗层的耐磨性和耐蚀性明显提高。对Ｂ－Ｃ－Ｎ－ＲＥ共渗的机理及稀土元素的作用作了初步的探讨。     

Interface Stability of the SiC Particles/Fe Matrix Composite System

The interface reaction between the SiC particles （ SiCp ） and Fe was stndicd during sintering the SiCp reinforced Fe matrix composites at 1423 K for 1 h. In the composite having 3wt% （weight ratio） SiCp （the 3SiCp/ Fe composite）, the interface reaction products of Fe3 Si, the carbon precipitates, and Fe3 C or pearlite were generated. Fe3 Si coustructs the bright matrix of the reaction zone in the original situation of the SiCp. The carbon precipitates are randondy embedded in the reaction zone. Fe3 C or pearlite exists at the grain boundaries of the Fe matrix. As increasing the SiCp concentration in the SiCp/ Fe composite, the inteusity of the interface reaction between SiCp and Fe iacreases. After the 10SiCp/ Fe composite （ having 10wt .% SiCp ） sintered at 1423 K for 1 h, all of SiCp are decomposed, and replaced by the reaction zone composed of Fe3 Si and the carbon precipitates. No Fe3 C or pearlite was genertaed during the reaction. The effects of the techniques of oxidizing of SiCp , coating SiCp by interaction with the Cr powder, and alloying the Fe matrix by adding the Cr element on the interface stability of the SiCp/ Fe composite system were also investigated, respectitely. The oxide membrane and the coating layer on SiCp can inhibit the interface reaction between SiCp and Fe by isolating SiCp from the Fe matrix during sintering. The interface reaction does not occur in the 3 SiCp/ Fe- 10 Cr composite but in the 3 SiCp/ Fe-5 Cr composite. In the SiCp/ Fe-Cr alloy composites, the interface reaction between SiCp and the Fe- Cr alloys is weaker than that between SiCp and Fe . The Cr element behaves as a diluent, it causes a redaction in the interface reaction, which is proportional to the amount of the element added.     

Fe_3O_4（001）表面第一性原理计算

通过第一性原理,基于密度泛函理论框架下的全势线性缀加平面波方法,分别对Fe_3O_4（001）表面两个不同的模型A模型（以四面体内的Fe为终端）和B模型（以八面体内的Fe和O为终端）进行研究,首先通过驰豫找到最优的原子位置,然后分别通过对两个不同模型态密度和能带的计算得出A模型自旋向上和自旋向下费米能级附近都有电子占据失去了半金属性,B模型费米能级附近自旋向下有电子占据,而自旋向上费米能级处有个明显的带隙,所以仍然保持半金属性,从能带中可以看出A模型半金属性的破坏是由于其表面态的影响。     

Microstructure of Ni / WC surface composite layer on gray iron substrate

The surface infiltrated composite (Ni/WC) layers on gray iron substrate were fabricated through a vacuum infiltration casting technique (VICT) using Ni-based composite powder with different WC particles content as raw materials.The microstructures of surface infiltrated composite layer,the interface structures between surface composite layer and the substrate,the changes of macro-hardness with the increasing of WC content and the micro-hardness distribution are investigated.The infiltrated composite layer includes a surface composite layer and a transition layer,and the thickness of the transition layer decreases with the increasing content of WC.The thickness of transition layer with 20%WC content in the surface infiltrated composite layer was 170 μm which was the thickest for all transition layers with different WC content.The surface composite layer was mainly composed of WC,W2C,FeB and NiB,along with Ni-Cr-Fe,Ni (Cr) solid solution,Ni (Si) solid solution and Ni (Fe) solid solution.The transition layer was composed of Ni (Cr) solid solution,Ni (Fe) solid solution,Ni (Si) solid solution,Fe (Ni) solid solution and eutectic.The surface macro-hardness and micro-hardness of the infiltrated layer had been evaluated.The macro-hardness of the surface composite layer decreases with the WC content increasing,and the average macro-hardness is HRC60.The distribution of micro-hardness presents gradient change.The average micro-hardness of the infiltrated layer is about HV1000.     

脱硼层的物相分析及形成机理

在固-气循环法渗硼工艺试验中,发现在随炉冷却后的试样表层,形成了一层硬度很低、含硼量远低于Fe_2B的非硼化物。经过金相、电子探针、透射电子显微分折表明,该层是由铁素体组成的脱硼层。随炉冷却过程中,由于空气侵入炉中,造成Fe_2B氧化脱硼导致脱硼层的出现。实验分折揭示出,脱硼自晶界处开始,并在脱硼层中观察到了Fe_2B残留颗粒。渗后淬火或正火可以避免脱硼层的出现。     

Microstructure and Properties of an Al 6061/Galvanized Plate Fabricated by CMT Welding

Aluminum alloy 6061 was welded with zinc coated low carbon steel by cold metal transfer (CMT).The microstructure composition,morphology and growth process of the welding joint and the HAZ were researched.The weld area on the side of the galvanized steel sheet mainly contains Fe_2Al_5.And on the side of the aluminum alloy substrate,it is mainly filled with a needle-like FeAl_3.At the same time,Al_8Fe_2Si is formed at the edge of FeAl_3.The zinc-rich region on the side of the aluminum alloy mainly contains an aluminum-zinc solid solution and an aluminum-zinc co-crystal,and the current size had no significant effect on the type and morphology of the compounds produced in the interface layer.     

稀土元素对渗硼动力学的影响

采用固体渗硼法对45钢和T12钢在1053～1213K分别进行单一渗硼和添加Nd2O3稀土渗硼。分析了稀土元素对渗硼动力学的影响。结果表明:稀土元素的加入有助于渗硼层中Fe2B相的形成,提高渗层中Fe2B相所占比例,改善渗层组织和性能。同时,加入稀土能够使硼的扩散系数增大,使扩散激活能降低,45钢中硼的激活能由184kJ/mol降到122kJ/mol,T12中硼的激活能由261kJ/mol降到155kJ/mol,分别降低了34%和41%,显著提高了渗硼速率。根据所得数据建立了45钢在添加w(Nd2O3)=5%稀土渗硼时的渗硼层等厚线图。     

Adsorption of BSA on Carbon-coated Fe_3O_4 Microspheres Activated with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-Carbodiimide Hydrochloride

Carbon-coated Fe_3O_4( Fe_3O_4/C) microspheres activated with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride(EDC) were prepared, characterized and applied to adsorb bovine serum albumin(BSA). The prepared magnetic microspheres had spherical core-shell structure with a uniform and continuous carbon coating coupled with activation by EDC, and possessed superparamagnetic characteristics. The experimental results showed that the adsorption amount of BSA on the EDC-activated Fe_3O_4/C(Fe_3O_4/C-EDC) microspheres was higher than that on the Fe_3O_4/C microspheres. The maximum adsorption of BSA on Fe_3O_4/C-EDC microspheres occurred at pH 4.7, which was the isoelectric point of BSA. At low concentrations(below 1.0 M), salt had no noticeable effect on BSA adsorption. The BSA adsorption of Fe_3O_4/C-EDC microspheres had a better fit to the Langmuir model than the Freundlich isotherm and Temkin isotherm model, and the kinetic data were well described by the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption equilibrium could be reached within 20 min. High desorption efficiency(97.6%) of BSA from Fe_3O_4/C-EDC microspheres was obtained with 0.5 M Na_2HPO_4(pH 9.4) as the desorbent.