Streptococcus thermophilus 580 produces a bacteriocin potentially suitable for inhibition of Clostridium tyrobutyricum in hard cheese

A strain of Streptococcus thermophilus that inhibits Clostridium tyrobutyricum has been isolated from raw milk. The active compound produced disappears after a treatment with protease. However, unlike most bacteriocins, it is not thermoresistant, and the activity is completely lost after 1 h at 60 degrees C. Its inhibitory spectrum is limited to other thermophilic streptococci, Brochothrix, and sporulated gram-positive rods. So this bacteriocin could be different from those already described. This bacteriocin-producing strain could be used in thermophilic starter for hard cheese making because the bacteriocin is not active against thermophilic lactobacilli. It is produced in M17 medium during the decreasing temperature phase of the hard cheese-making process temperature cycle and is also produced in milk. Moreover, when Streptococcus thermophilus was cocultured with a Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis starter strain, it seems to enhance the bacteriocin production. However the level of activity always decreases drastically during the stationary phase. But inhibition of Clostridium tyrobutyricum spores can be obtained in small-scale curds.     

乳酸菌对果蔬中霉菌拮抗作用的研究

应用保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)和嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)4种乳酸菌对从梨、黄瓜、葡萄等果蔬中分离的6种霉菌进行拮抗作用研究。短横线软琼脂拮抗孢子法结果表明,保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌对6种霉菌生长平均抑制率分别为67.59%、69.37%和70.18%。菌饼法研究表明,保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌对根霉A和D以及曲霉E都具有较强的拮抗作用,其中嗜热链球菌和嗜酸乳杆菌对霉菌D的抑制率分别为63.16%和57.17%,保加利亚乳杆菌对霉菌E抑制率为72.20%。保加利亚乳杆菌对霉菌E拮抗作用最强,嗜热链球菌和嗜酸乳杆菌对霉菌D的生长也具有较强的抑制作用,且在7d内拮抗作用稳定,乳酸乳球菌对所有霉菌没有拮抗作用。      

Purification and characterization of X-prolyl-dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase from Lactobacillus lactis and from Streptococcus thermophilus

X-Prolyl-dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase recently was found in several lactic acid bacteria. This article describes the purification of the enzymes from Lactobacillus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus and compares their characteristics. Enzymes from both strains are serine-peptidases. They both have a molecular weight of about 165,000 daltons, an isoelectric point near 4.5, and are constituted of two subunits. The pH optimum of the enzyme isolated from L. lactis is 7.0, whereas the enzyme from S. thermophilus possesses a broad pH optimum between 6.5 and 8.2 with glycyl-L-prolyl-aminomethylcoumarin as substrate. Below pH 5, both enzymes are unstable; however, that from S. thermophilus is more rapidly denatured. The enzyme from S. thermophilus is more sensitive to heat than the corresponding enzyme from L. lactis. Enzymes from the both strains have different specificities towards various substrates and are differently effected by metals, chelators, and other inhibitors. The importance of this enzyme for the metabolism of lactic acid bacteria is discussed.     

利用16S rDNA序列及tuf-RFLP鉴定蒙古国发酵乳中的乳酸菌

运用16S rDNA序列分析和tuf-RFLP技术对采于蒙古国扎布汗省的25份发酵乳样中分离出的110株乳酸菌进行鉴定。首先将分离的110株乳酸菌的16S rRNA基因进行扩增,测序并构建系统发育树,初步鉴定为41株嗜热链球菌,40株瑞士乳杆菌,11株德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种,2株发酵乳杆菌,1株乳明串珠菌,2株肠膜明串肠膜亚种,1株乳酸乳球乳酸亚种和12株属于干酪族的菌株。由于干酪乳杆菌族的16S rDNA序列差异很小,故采用tuf-RFLP技术对这12株进行了进一步的验证,通过分离菌株与模式菌株tuf-RFLP图谱的比较分析,结果表明这12株菌均为干酪乳杆菌。     

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF FORTIFIED SKIM MILK AS SUSPENDING MEDIUM FOR FREEZE DRYING OF DIFFERENT LACTIC ACID BACTERIA

The efficacy of fortified skim milk was tested for improving cell survival of 23 different cultures of freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria. Except in the case of Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus thermophilus (two strains), Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lacto-bacillus lactis , all other freeze-dried cultures of lactic acid bacteria showed improved cell survival.     

发酵乳球菌菌株的PCR鉴定

对9株发酵乳球菌标准菌株进行MRS固体平板培养基划线分离和镜检观察,采用特异性PCR对其进行鉴定,划线分离得到11株菌;依据各菌种代谢酶编码基因序列差异设计菌种特异性PCR引物,进行PCR扩增,将其在菌株水平上鉴定为9株菌(6株乳酸乳球菌、2株嗜热链球菌和1株无乳链球菌)。实验还获得了2个乳酸乳球菌的种特异性PCR引物LclamyLF-R和LclmapA2F-R、2个嗜热链球菌的种特异性PCR引物SttglgPF-R和SttamyLF-R以及可能是标准菌株AS1.1936的株特异性的PCR引物LclamyYF-R。     

水牛乳中可培养乳酸菌多样性分析

采用传统分离培养方法,从三品杂交生水牛奶混合样品中,分离出105株乳酸菌,通过形态、生理生化、API细菌鉴定系统及16S rDNA基因序列分析方法对各菌株属种进行鉴定。16S rRNA序列分析结果显示,105株菌共分为5个属8个种,呈现较为丰富的乳酸菌多样性,具体数量分布为乳酸乳球菌21株,植物乳杆菌19株,格氏乳球菌17株,乳明串珠菌13株,食窦魏斯氏菌11株,肠膜明串珠菌8株,类肠膜魏斯氏菌6株,嗜热链球菌5株,糊精乳杆菌5株。由此可知,水牛乳中可培养乳酸菌优势菌群的主次关系为：乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）＞植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantaru）＞格氏乳球菌（Lactococcus garvieae）＞乳明串珠菌（Leuconostoc lactis）＞食窦魏斯氏菌（Weissella cibaria）,此为后续开发水牛乳中优势乳酸菌资源提供了良好的理论基础。     

高加索酸奶中乳酸菌的分离与鉴定

从自然发酵的5份酸奶样品中,通过平板划线等方法分离筛选乳酸菌。经形态特征,生理生化特性及糖发酵试验等,筛选到12株乳酸菌,分别为:乳杆菌7株,其中:3株德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus),3株瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus hel-veticus),1株罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri);乳酸球菌5株,包括3株嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus),2株乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种(Lactococcus lactis subsp.Cremoris)。     

益生菌抗氧化活性及菌体抗氧化相关成分的分析

目的比较乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳酸乳球菌的抗氧化活性,分析抗氧化活性较高菌株内与抗氧化相关的成分。方法采用清除DPPH自由基、清除羟自由基以及抗脂质过氧化能力3种方法评价40株益生菌的抗氧化活性,选出抗氧化活性较高的菌株分析其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和总巯基化合物(TTG)的含量。结果所比较的40株益生菌的抗氧化能力差别较大,既具有种属特异性,又具有菌株特异性;7株嗜热链球菌和11株乳酸乳球菌中的SOD活性最高[(平均分别为124.02U/mg(蛋白质)和107.10U/mg(蛋白质)]、2株双歧杆菌中GSH的含量最高(平均为311.03μmol/L细胞破碎液),所分析的菌株中TTG含量均较高。研究结果表明,实验菌乳酸乳球菌清除自由基能力最强,其次是嗜热链球菌,所试验的乳杆菌和双歧杆菌最弱;SOD对益生菌的抗氧化起主要作用;GSH的存在因种属和菌株的不同而差别较大;TTG对益生菌的抗氧化起了积极作用。     

Probiotics down-regulate flaA sigma28 promoter in Campylobacter jejuni

Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are important members of the gastrointestinal microflora of humans and animals and are thought to have positive effects on human health. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in using these microorganisms as probiotics to be incorporated into either fermented dairy products or tablets. However, convincing scientific data that support claims of their health benefits are scarce. The effect of cell-free extracts of milk fermented by 10 probiotic bacteria (five Bifidobacterium strains and five Lactobacillus strains) on the expression of the flaA gene of Campylobacter jejuni was assessed using a fusion between the flaA sigma28 promoter and a promoterless luxCDABE cassette carried on the plasmid pRYluxCDABE, which resulted in strains with quantifiable luminescence linked to flaA sigma28 promoter activity. Cell-free extracts of milk fermented by all of the tested probiotic strains inhibited the growth of the C. jejuni and down-regulatedflaA sigma28 promoter activity. Two nonprobiotic lactic acid bacterial strains, Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, were less inhibitory.     

唾液链球菌嗜热亚种荚膜多糖生理功能特性研究

通过对唾液链球菌嗜热亚种的研究发现,细胞固有发酵活性,抵抗外界不良环境能力英膜无关。破坏唾液链球菌嗜热亚种ＬＣＸ２００１的英膜,会使发酵速度加快,但同时对外界不良环境的抵抗力下降。这些研究结果表明,有无英膜,或英膜大小对同一亚种所表现出来的不同生理特性没有决定作用;破不英膜,会影响细胞体与外界物质交换能力,对细胞体许多生理功能有影响,英膜起到阻止外界物质的进入细胞和细胞内产生的乳酸向外界释放的作用     

Production of pyroglutamic acid by thermophilic lactic acid bacteria in hard-cooked mini-cheeses

Pyroglutamic acid is present in high amounts (0.5g/ 100g) in many cheese varieties-and particularly in extensively ripened Italian cheeses such as Grana Padano and Parmigiano Reggiano. An in vivo model system for cooked mini-cheese production and ripening acceleration was set up to demonstrate the ability of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria, used as a starter, to produce pyroglutamic acid (pGlu). In mini-cheeses stored at 38 and 30 degrees C for up to 45 d, all starters tested produced different amounts of pGlu. In descending order of pGlu production, the bacteria analyzed were: Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis. Evidence for the presence of glutamine to pGlu cyclase activity in lactic acid bacteria was provided. Cell lysates obtained from cultures of L. helveticus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis, and S. thermophilus showed the ability to cyclize glutamine to pGlu, resulting in processing yields from 1.4 to 30.3%, depending on the subspecies. Formation of pGlu from free glutamine appeared to be similar to that observed using a glutamine-glutamine dipeptide substrate. Under the experimental conditions applied, pGlu aminopeptidase activity was only detected in L. helveticus. Thus, pGlu formation in long-ripened cooked cheese may depend on the activity of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria.     

Interactions among lactic acid starter and probiotic bacteria used for fermented dairy products

Interactions among lactic acid starter and probiotic bacteria were investigated to establish adequate combinations of strains to manufacture probiotic dairy products. For this aim, a total of 48 strains of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium spp. (eight of each) were used. The detection of bacterial interactions was carried out using the well-diffusion agar assay, and the interactions found were further characterized by growth kinetics. A variety of interactions was demonstrated. Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was found to be able to inhibit S. thermophilus strains. Among probiotic cultures, Lb. acidophilus was the sole species that was inhibited by the others (Lb. casei and Bifidobacterium). In general, probiotic bacteria proved to be more inhibitory towards lactic acid bacteria than vice versa since the latter did not exert any effect on the growth of the former, with some exceptions. The study of interactions by growth kinetics allowed the setting of four different kinds of behaviors between species of lactic acid starter and probiotic bacteria (stimulation, delay, complete inhibition of growth, and no effects among them). The possible interactions among the strains selected to manufacture a probiotic fermented dairy product should be taken into account when choosing the best combination/s to optimize their performance in the process and their survival in the products during cold storage.     

阿尤恩地区自然发酵牛乳中乳酸菌分离鉴定及多样性研究

为了分离、保藏自然发酵乳中乳酸菌菌种,丰富自然发酵乳中乳酸菌多样性信息.本文采用传统的纯培养分离方法和宏基因组16S rRNA基因测序技术对阿尤恩地区自然发酵牛乳的乳酸菌多样性进行研究.纯培养结果表明:5份自然发酵牛乳中共分离出111株乳酸菌,鉴定为5个属10个种,其中Lactococcus lactis,占总分离株的...     

Enumeration and confirmation of Clostridium tyrobutyricum in silages using neutral red, D-cycloserine, and lactate dehydrogenase activity

Spores of clostridia in big bale silages, manure, and dairy products were enumerated and distinguished from other spore formers by using Reinforced Clostridium Agar containing .005% neutral red. Spores of Clostridium tyrobutyricum predominated, but spores of Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium putrificum, and Clostridium sphenoides occurred to a lesser extent. In samples with high bacterial spore counts, growth of Bacillus spp., but not C. tyrobutyricum, was retarded by the addition of 200 ppm D-cycloserine. Clostridia isolated from silages and milk products were identified and tested on lactate dehydrogenase activity. Of 275 investigated strains, only strains identified as C. tyrobutyricum tested positively. Only 65% of the tested strains of C. tyrobutyricum grew in the confirmatory substrate containing minerals, lactic acid, and acetic acid. Tyrobutyricum Broth was not selective for C. tyrobutyricum, since C. butyricum and C. sporogenes also grew in this medium.     

Screening of lactic acid bacteria for bile salt hydrolase activity

Bile salt hydrolysis is an important metabolic reaction in the bile salt metabolism of mammals. This reaction has a facilitating effect for bile salt excretion but can also be involved in various illnesses. In recent years interest has increased to use bile salt hydrolysis to influence the cholesterol metabolism of humans and farm animals. To understand the distribution and range of bile salt hydrolase activity in lactic acid bacteria, we screened more than 300 strains of the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and the species Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Streptococcus thermophilus. Results obtained for 273 strains showed that bile salt hydrolase activity is common in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus but absent in L. lactis, Leu. mesenteroides, and S. thermophilus. Nearly all bifidobacteria species and strains have bile salt hydrolase activity, whereas this activity can only be found in selected species of lactobacilli. A strong correlation can be observed between the habitat of a genus or species and the presence of bile salt hydrolase activity. Most often bile salt hydrolase activity is found in strains that have been isolated from the intestines or from feces from mammals--an environment rich in conjugated and unconjugated bile acids. Strains and species from other habitats like milk or vegetables--environments from which bile salts are absent--do normally not have bile salt hydrolase activity. In two independent assays, we established that bile salt hydrolase activity in bifidobacteria is, in general, much higher than in lactobacilli.     

Antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp. isolated from dairy and pharmaceutical products

The outlines of antibiotic resistance of some probiotic microorganisms were studied. This study was conducted with the double purpose of verifying their ability to survive if they are taken simultaneously with an antibiotic therapy and to increase the selective properties of suitable media for the isolation of samples containing mixed bacterial populations. We isolated from commercial dairy and pharmaceutical products, 34 strains declared as probiotics, belonging to the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and 21 strains of starter culture bacteria. All the microorganisms have been compared by electrophoresis of the soluble proteins for the purpose of identifying them. A Multiplex-PCR with genus- and species-specific primers was used to detect for Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis presence. All bifidobacteria were B. animalis subsp. lactis except one Bifidobacterium longum. Sometimes the identification showed that the used strain was not the one indicated on the label. The lactobacilli were Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. The streptococci were all Streptococcus thermophilus. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 24 common antibiotic substances has been valued by the broth microdilution method. All tested strains were susceptible to ampicillin, bacitracin, clindamycin, dicloxacillin, erytromycin, novobiocin, penicillin G, rifampicin (MIC(90) ranging from 0.01 to 4 microg/ml); resistant to aztreonam, cycloserin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, polymyxin B and spectinomycin (MIC(90) ranging from 64 to >1000 microg/ml). The susceptibility to cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, lincomycin, metronidazole, neomycin, paromomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin was variable and depending on the species.     

发酵乳球菌菌株的分离鉴定

对9株发酵乳球菌菌株进行MRS固体平板培养基划线分离和形态学比较观察，井采用生化试验和RAPD对其进行鉴定。划线分离得到11株菌：通过菌体常规磷钨酸负染色标本的透射电镜观察，描述了各菌体的大小、形状以及裂殖方式；依据各菌种生化代谢差异设计生化试验．得到了2个发酵型，将其鉴定为2个菌群（乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种和嗜热链球菌）；20个随机引物的RAPD筛选得到了9个不同的基因型．将其鉴定为9株细菌。     

DNA fingerprinting of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria using repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction

DNA fingerprints of lactic acid bacteria were generated by polymerase chain reaction using a primer based on the repetitive elements found in the genome of Streptococcus pneumoniae (BOX-PCR). The method made it possible to identify 37 isolates from raw milk. industrial starters and yogurt. Differentiation at species, subspecies and strain level was possible for Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, Lb. delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus and Str. thermophilus. BOX-PCR was also applied to studying the strain composition of a starter culture and the direct detection of strains in commercial fermented milk.