仿生支架力学性能测试与分析

仿生支架可以采用CAD建模方法设计内部结构,并采用快速成形加工制备仿生支架实体.仿生支架必须保证其结构形状和力学性能,其中力学性能与内部单元的排列方式和尺寸有关,通常采用的排列方式包括0/90°排列方式、0/60°/120°排列方式及两两相交排列.通过力学试验证明:增大内部单元尺寸可以提高力学性能;在不同的排列方式中,0/90°排列方式的仿生支架具有较高的抗压性能,同时,承受压力的方向同样影响仿生支架的力学性能,在X方向和Y方向,仿生支架具有较高的压力承受能力;在支架受到外界压力作用时,支架的应力一应变不是均匀变化的,而是由4个不同的阶段构成.     

仿生支架微孔结构CAD设计方法

采用CAD软件设计是一种简单易行的获得具有内部微孔结构的仿生支架模型的方法,该方法通过CAD软件设计单元模型,然后将单元结构在空间排列构造作为负型的内部微孔结构,最后将负型结构与仿生支架外部模型进行布尔减运算,得到既保证外部轮廓特征同时包含内部微孔的仿生支架CAD模型。球形和正十二面体结构是两种常用单元形式,通过调整单元参数可以控制仿生支架内部微孔大小、形状及空间排列方式,最终实现提高仿生支架的孔隙率和内部微孔的导通性的目的。     

预制体结构对C/C复合材料力学性能、断裂行为以及热物性能的影响

采用电耦合化学气相渗(Electric-coupling chemical vapor infiltration,E-CVI)工艺制备了C/C复合材料,系统研究了增强体类型、铺层方向对C/C复合材料力学性能、断裂行为和热物理性能的影响。结果表明,以碳毡作为增强体的C/C复合材料具有最差的力学性能;无纬布C/C和斜纹布C/C随着铺层秩序从0°/0°、0°/90°变化到0°/45°,其拉伸强度、弯曲强度和模量依次降低。在拉伸载荷下,0°/0°无纬布C/C的断裂行为主要表现为0°纤维束的拔出和断裂;0°/90°无纬布C/C表现为90°纤维层的界面脱粘和基体开裂,以及0°纤维束的拔出与断裂;0°/45°无纬布C/C表现为纤维与基体沿着±45°和90°纤维层的界面脱粘与基体开裂,以及±45°和0°纤维束的拔出。纤维预制体对C/C复合材料力学性能的影响主要取决于加载方向的纤维含量和取向、孔隙分布以及纤维束之间的界面结合。对于热物理性能,0°/90°无纬布C/C具有最小的热膨胀系数,碳毡C/C最大;0°/45°无纬布C/C具有最高的热导率,碳毡C/C最小;0°/90°无纬布C/C具有最大的TSR值。纤维预制体对C/C复合材料热物理性能的影响主要依赖于测量方向上纤维含量和取向,以及热解炭片层的取向。     

激光选区熔化制备Ti-15Mo合金微观结构和力学性能的各向异性

采用激光选区熔化(SLM)技术在不同构建方向(与水平方向成0°,30°,45°,60°,90°)下制备Ti-15Mo合金,分析了其微观结构和力学性能的各向异性。结果表明：当构建方向由0°变为90°时,合金的织构取向变化为(001)→(101)→(111);0°和90°构建方向的合金中2°～10°小角度晶界的体积分数较低;0°,30°,45°,60°和90°构建方向的合金的平均晶粒尺寸分别为59.95,33.47,99.98,42.63,72.41μm,平均显微硬度分别为313.92,327.29,294.11,327.48,311.67 HV;0°,45°,60°,90°构建方向制备的合金的抗拉强度分别为866.35,898.78,1 055.97,913.7 MPa,屈服强度分别为716.40,767.98,1 027.45,808.83 MPa,断后伸长率分别为14.00%,18.97%,12.51%和14.29%。不同构建方向的SLM成形合金存在力学性能各向异性。     

选择性激光烧结方法加工仿生支架的工艺研究

在利用选择性激光烧结技术加工仿生支架过程中,加工参数(包括激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距)是影响成形质量的重要因素,通过调整加工参数可以使成形零件内部保持一定的孔隙,从而产生支架内部微孔结构。正交试验方法可以科学地安排和分析多种因素的影响,从而优化加工参数,最终获得具有较高孔隙率的仿生支架。     

不同强度喷丸处理后铝锂合金表面的残余应力

在不同喷丸强度下对铝锂合金进行了表面喷丸处理,采用X射线衍射法和盲孔法分析了其表面及近表层的残余应力。结果表明:采用不同喷丸强度处理后试样表面90°方向(平行喷嘴移动方向)的残余压应力高于0°方向(垂直喷嘴移动方向)的,90°方向的衍射峰积分宽度大于0°方向的,说明喷丸强化后试样在90°方向产生了更大的微应变;试样近表层残余压应力随层深的增加先增大后减小,最终趋于0;较高强度喷丸处理后试样表面和距表面0.15mm内的残余压应力小于较低喷丸强度处理的,而最大残余压应力、最大残余压应力深度以及残余压应力场深度均大于较低强度喷丸处理后的。     

复合材料支架的仿生界面设计与有限元优化方法

研究光固化成形复合材料支架的材料界面分层问题。以关节软骨下骨板为仿生对象,提出骨软骨复合材料支架的界面结构仿生设计与优化方法。在构建关节软骨下骨板表面孔隙结构模型(面孔隙率为6.7±0.71%,孔隙分布夹角为40°~50°或80°~90°)的基础上,建立PEGDA/β-TCP软骨复合支架的仿生界面结构模型和有限元分析模型。结合多目标优化方法确定影响骨体孔隙成形性及其与软骨层分层的关键参数为孔隙直径、结构单元(三边形、四边形、六边形)、孔隙间距(边长)、面孔隙率;确定具有四边形结构单元,面孔隙率为5%~15%,孔隙尺寸为不小于400μm的界面结构具有良好的骨体孔隙结构成形性和较好的界面材料结合能力。该方法为复合材料支架仿生结构设计与制造一体化的研究提供新的评估与预测手段。     

选择性激光烧结方法加工仿生支架的工艺研究

在利用选择性激光烧结技术加工仿生支架过程中，加工参数（包括激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距）是影响成形质量的重要因素，通过调整加工参数可以使成形零件内部保持一定的孔隙，从而产生支架内部微孔结构。正交试验方法可以科学地安排和分析多种因素的影响，从而优化加工参数，最终获得具有较高孔隙率的仿生支架。     

有机相对人牙釉质力学性能影响的有限元分析

人牙釉质是最硬的人体组织,对咀嚼磨耗有较大的抵抗力,其由羟基磷灰石晶体和有机物相间排列而成,显微组织结构与纤维增强材料类似。采用有限元方法分别建立原始牙釉质和去除有机相牙釉质2种模型,研究牙釉质中的有机相对其力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,牙釉质具有各向异性的力学性能,随着偏离羟基磷灰石晶体C轴方向的角度增加,釉质的压缩弹性模量和压缩屈服应力降低,在45°方向达到最小值;牙釉质中的有机相会显著影响其力学性能,当有机相被去除后,牙釉质的压缩弹性模量、剪切弹性模量和剪切屈服应力均降低,压缩屈服应力无显著变化。研究结果有助于揭示牙釉质化学组成和微观结构对其力学性能的影响,为牙科修复材料的仿生设计提供理论依据。     

纳观纹理表面摩擦过程的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了半球形刚性压头在单晶铜基体上的纳观黏着滑动接触过程。设计了不同纹理表面,研究了表面纹理方向和纹理密度对滑动摩擦力的影响。模拟结果表明:表面纹理密度小于50%时,0°和90°方向纹理表面的滑动摩擦力振幅较小,且45°方向纹理表面最易发生滑移塑性变形;纹理密度相差较大时,对于0°和90°方向纹理表面,滑动摩擦力随纹理密度的增大而增大;在较小的纹理密度下,0°和90°方向纹理表面的减摩效果优于光滑表面的减摩效果;纳观纹理表面的引入对滑动摩擦力的大小产生影响,但没有改变滑动摩擦力的波动周期。     

Development of composite porous scaffolds based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/nano-hydroxyapatite via selective laser sintering

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)/nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAP) composite porous scaffolds with well-controlled pore architectures as well as high exposure of the bioactive ceramics to the scaffold surface were fabricated via selective laser sintering. Neat PLGA and the composite of PLGA/nano-HAP were used to obtain suitable process parameters. The effects of nano-HAP content on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The testing results showed that the compressive strength and modulus of the scaffolds were highly enhanced when the nano-HAP content reached from 0 to 20 wt%, while the mechanical properties experienced a sharp dropped with the nano-HAP content further increased. This might be due to the large reduction in polymer which decreased the interface bond strength between particles. It suggests that the introduction of nano-HAP as a reinforcing phase can improve the mechanical properties of the polymer porous scaffolds. The novel developed scaffolds may serve as a three-dimensional bone substrate in tissue engineering.     

Mechanical and histological properties of an electrospun scaffold with a modified surface by plasma polymerization implanted in an <i>in vivo</i> model

This article presents the construction of scaffolds composed of polylactic acid (PLA) with different concentrations of hydroxyapatite (HA) by electrospinning, which were superficially modified with polypyrrole (PPy/I) by plasma polymerization. A preliminary study was conducted of the biological and mechanical behavior of the scaffolds when they were implanted in the back of rabbits for 30 days; bone cells differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were used. The bone cell and scaffold structures were characterized by histological, immunohistochemical, and mechanical stress tests. Hematoxylin–eosin staining showed good tissue conformation. The immunohistochemical tests highlighted the presence of the main bone tissue proteins, such as collagen, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. The PLA/HA scaffolds were observed to exhibit cell adhesion and proliferation properties; however, the response was much better in the scaffolds that had a higher concentration of HA and that were coated with PPy/I. The results of the mechanical tests of the scaffolds indicated that the plasma treatment improved the adhesion and cell proliferation properties and contributed to the mechanical support, allowing the formation of neotissues with good viability of cell growth.     

Significance of cyclic loading parameters on the flexural response of the GFRP composites

Automotive design calls for weight reduction, considering fuel consumption and vehicle dynamics as well. Application of composite materials for suspensions and other structural members is in that direction. Owing to their high specific strength and inherent structural damping qualities, composites can be an alternative to metallic materials, especially with the suspension-springs. Further, epoxy composites can resist environmental influences, facilitating easier maintenance. In this study, we assessed the flexure response of GFRP composite exposed to pre flexure cyclic loading. This was to simulate the loading environment of an automobile leaf spring. Experiments were conducted with Taguchi’s DOE using L9 orthogonal array with two factors and three levels. The test specimens were prepared by hand lay-up technique with four layers of (0/0/0/0, 0/30/60/0, 0/90/90/0 and 0/45/0/-45) orientation. Constant peak amplitude cyclic loading was imposed on the specimen by an eccentric disc in a radial drilling machine. The flexural modulus of the cyclic loaded specimen was obtained by three point bend test as per ASTM D790. Assessment of the test results by ANOVA, S/N ratio and regression analysis indicated that the flexural modulus of the pre flexural cyclic loaded composite is significantly influenced by the loading parameters (loading cycle and frequency), and the flexural modulus can be enhanced with reduced fiber orientation interactions within the lay-up at critical operating conditions. The damage pattern influenced by fibre orientation in the lay-up sequence is ascertained by SEM images.

     

沟道角度对微加速度计性能的影响

通过设计与悬臂梁呈不同角度的沟道,对GaAs基金属半导体场效应晶体管(MESFET)的微加速度计的输出特性进行了初步测试研究。设计了GaAs MESFET的材料层结构并采用四梁固支结构。通过表面浅工艺加工出GaAs MES-FET微加速度计。将敏感单元GaAs MESFET嵌入四梁靠近根部的位置。设计了3种不同的沟道角度,分别与悬臂梁呈45°、90°、0°,通过实验定量分析了GaAs MESFET在受到外力时,不同沟道角度的GaAs MESFET加速度计的灵敏度,且0°时灵敏度最高。最终指导传感器的优化设计,为进一步提高微加速度计的灵敏度奠定基础。     

振动式片针组合表面粗糙度触觉再现研究

振动式片针组合触觉显示器是在切向和法向上分别对片阵和针阵施加非耦合的压电和电磁激振驱动,使振子振动的方位、振幅、频率都可以组合和控制,从而实现多种表面纹理触摸感的再现。笔者利用该触觉显示器开展了表面粗糙度的再现研究,引入不同阶灰度色彩的原理,横向振动采用片阵激发光滑触感,纵向振动采用针阵激发粗糙触感,并交织在一起同时刺激指尖皮肤,产生某种特定粗糙度触感。机械量测试和人心理实验结果都证实了这种片阵针阵组合振动激发对于不同粗糙度纹理再现是有效的。     

螺旋槽上游泵送机械密封摩擦系数的解析分析

上游泵送机械密封是一种具有环保、长寿命、低能耗的高新密封技术,其应用前景将十分广阔。端面液膜特性是决定上游泵送机械密封工作寿命和密封性能好坏的关键因素。主要依据流体雷诺方程和Muijderman无限窄槽理论,再用端面槽型因子对其进行修正,推导了螺旋槽上游泵送机械密封端面间液膜的径向压力分布、泄漏率、承载力、摩擦力、摩擦系数等液膜特性参数的计算公式,并重点分析了操作参数与槽型参数对端面摩擦系数的影响。研究表明,摩擦系数随转速和粘度增加而增加,随压力增加而减小。槽深H'=2.5、槽数Ng=10~18、槽宽比B=0.6~0.8、槽长比l=0.6~0.7时,密封环端面间摩擦系数较小,液膜特性较好,这时端面间间隙对摩擦系数几乎没有影响。此研究结果可为上游泵送机械密封的正确使用和设计提供依据。     

3003铝合金无缝管制备过程中的显微组织与力学性能变化

研究了制备过程中不同状态下3003铝合金无缝管的组织、力学性能及拉伸断口形貌。结果表明:3003铝合金铸锭适宜的均匀化退火制度为600℃×5h;热挤压过程发生动态再结晶生成了等轴晶粒,冷加工后沿变形方向产生明显的变形组织,400℃退火1h后力学性能较好;不同状态下的拉伸断口上有许多细小的等轴状韧窝,退火后的韧窝变大变深,塑性明显变好。     

高指向性声阵列后向辐射抑制及优化方法

按一定几何结构排布的离散声阵列具有能量集中、辐射方向可调、布置灵活等优点。针对声阵列辐射高强度低频声波时定向难度大和后向辐射能量难以屏蔽的问题,提出一种阵列布局及优化方法。利用横向布置的线型阵限制主波束的宽度,给出了指向性的设计准则;通过控制多层线型阵的纵深位置和相位延迟实现了对后向辐射的抑制;最后提出一种改进的遗传模拟退火算法用于优化阵元的横向位置,进一步降低方向图旁瓣。仿真和声场测试结果表明该设计方法可以有效对阵列指向性和后向辐射水平进行控制,设计的纵深相控阵在发射100 Hz声波时前向4 m处的半功率角为21.91°,50°～60°方向上的平均抑制比为8.82 dB,90°～180°方向上的抑制比超过20 dB。     

基于四阶累积量的测深侧扫声纳波达方向估计方法研究

针对高频测深侧扫声纳工作时会受到高斯色噪声影响的问题,提出基于四阶累积量及幅相误差自校正的波达方向估计方法。首先,计算声纳回波信号的四阶累积量,得到协方差矩阵;其次,采用加权平均算法对协方差矩阵进行降维处理,得到构造矩阵;再次,通过恢复构造矩阵的Toeplitz特性完成幅相校正,并增加相位线性拟合算法进一步提升校正效果;最后,采用求根多重信号分类(Root-MUSIC)算法求解得到波达方向估计。仿真结果表明,本文算法的角度估计均方误差相对于基于自校正的Root-MUSIC算法有约0.07°的提升,改善了四阶累积量算法在阵元幅相误差条件下估计精度下降的问题。海试数据分析表明,本文算法的相对测深精度相对于基于自校正Root-MUSIC算法有约0.03%～0.08%的提升,且在水平距离90 m范围内的满足0.75%的测深精度标准。仿真和海试数据均证明了本文算法在高斯色噪声及阵元幅相误差条件下的DOA估计性能优于传统算法。     

Fabrication and mechanical properties of PLLA and CPC composite scaffolds

The brittleness and insufficient strength of biomaterials such as calcium phosphate cement (CPC) limit their applications in physiologically non-load-bearing bone lesions. These limitations stimulated the research for developing degradable polymer-ceramic composite materials that can closely match the modulus of bones. In this study, poly (L-lactic acid)/calcium phosphate cement (PLLA/CPC) composite scaffolds were fabricated via a four-step process, namely, measurement, prototyping, compounding, and dissolving. The design and mechanical properties of the PLLA/CPC composite structures were theoretically and experimentally studied. The PLLA/CPC scaffold improved the mechanical properties of the CPC. The CPC??s compressive strength and strengthening percentage increase with higher PLLA volume. Such composites may have a clinical use for load-bearing bone fixation.