五种常用单质炸药对FOX-7晶型转变的影响

将1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)与环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX)、1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯(TATB)、1-氧-2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪(LLM-105)、环四亚甲基四硝胺(HMX)和六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)五种常用单质炸药分别以质量比为1∶1混合,获得五种含FOX-7的混合炸药。采用变温X-射线粉末衍射技术,研究了温度对混合炸药中FOX-7晶型转变的影响。升温过程,在105~125℃,五种混合炸药中FOX-7都发生了α→β相转变;当继续升温时,HMX/FOX-7、LLM-105/FOX-7混合炸药中FOX-7并未发生β→γ晶型转变过程;降温过程中,RDX/FOX-7和CL-20/FOX-7混合炸药中FOX-7没有发生γ→β晶型转变,而是直接发生γ→α晶型转变;而FOX-7在其它三种混合炸药中的降温过程晶型转变与升温过程晶型转变是可逆的,即在降温过程发生从γ→β或β→α的晶型转变。     

纳米HNS、TATB及LLM-105的RAW264.7巨噬细胞毒性及其机制

纳米炸药具有独特的性能优势而受到了广泛关注,但是对该类材料毒性认识的缺乏会限制其工业化应用。探讨了三种典型纳米级炸药,即六硝基茋(HNS)、三氨基三硝基苯(TATB)和2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)的细胞毒性及其可能机制。以小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞为受试物进行染毒实验,采用CCK-8比色法检测细胞活性,同时对乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)的含量进行分析以判断细胞死亡机制。结果表明,三种纳米级炸药都可以导致RAW264.7细胞活性显著下降,并呈现剂量相关性;其对RAW264.7细胞的半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为49.3,211.3,6.6μg·mL-1。随染毒剂量升高,细胞出现皱缩、触角增多或伸长、圆化等不规则形态变化;上清液中LDH的活性也呈上升趋势。另外还发现TATB与LLM-105染毒组细胞内SOD活力降低,LLM-105染毒组细胞内MDA含量升高。结果表明,纳米级HNS、TATB、LLM-105对RAW264.7细胞具有显著毒性作用;而破坏细胞膜完整性、引发氧化应激,是细胞死亡的重要原因。     

重结晶方法对2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物晶体特性及性能影响

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)是性能优异的耐热炸药,其晶体形状对安全及加工性能有较大影响,重结晶溶剂和方法直接影响所得LLM-105的晶体特性。用二甲基亚砜和65%硝酸为溶剂,分别采用降温法、正相和反相溶剂/非溶剂法及超声波辅助结晶的方法,对LLM-105进行了重结晶研究。研究结果表明:无论用何种溶剂,直接降温法重结晶得到的LLM-105,晶体形状均不规则;用溶剂/非溶剂正相滴加法在超声作用下可以得到表面光滑、无孪晶的颗粒状晶体,纯度达98%以上;用溶剂/非溶剂反相滴加法也可以得到表面光滑、无孪晶的规则颗粒状晶体,纯度达98%以上;用65%浓度的HNO3水溶液反相滴加重结晶得到的LLM-105晶体平均粒径适中,粒度跨度小,撞击感度最低。获得了纯度和晶型好,感度大幅度降低LLM-105的制备方法:65%HNO3水溶液反相滴加法。     

亚微米LLM-105与LLM-105/GO复合含能材料 的制备及表征

为了获得性能优良的高能复合材料,采用机械球磨方法制备了亚微米LLM-105和LLM-105/GO复合含能材料。对样品的微观形貌及结构等迚行了表征,分析了亚微米LLM-105和LLM-105/GO复合材料的热分解性能和分解产物。结果表明:球磨后LLM-105的微观形貌呈类球形,LLM-105/GO复合材料中的LLM-105附着在氧化石墨烯(GO)片层上,经球磨作用后的LLM-105/GO复合材料未改变LLM-105原有的晶型;LLM-105/GO复合含能材料分解后的主要产物有N_2O、CO_2、CO、N_2、H_2O,与亚微米LLM-105热分解的主要产物相同;与亚微米LLM-105相比,LLM-105/GO的热稳定性更好。     

LLM-105与高聚物黏结剂界面相互作用及力学性能的分子动力学模拟

高聚物与2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)的界面相互作用直接影响LLM-105的表面包覆效果,在原子分子层次的作用模式和强度分析,有助于揭示界面相互作用的微观机制。采用分子动力学(MD)方法,模拟了氟聚物(F_(2311),F_(2313),F_(2314),F_(2462))和聚氨酯(Estane 5703)与LLM-105不同晶面的界面相互作用,分析了高聚物与LLM-105晶面的作用模式和强度,初步提出了高聚物黏结剂的筛选原则,并采用该原则筛选了一个新的高聚物——硝化细菌纤维素(NBC),同时模拟了其与LLM-105晶面的相互作用。采用静态弹性常数分析法讨论了6种高聚物对LLM-105力学性能的影响。模拟结果表明,所选高聚物与LLM-105各晶面的结合能均为正值,结合强度从大到小的顺序为LLM-105/NBC≈LLM-105/Estane 5703LLM-105/F_(2313)≈LLM-105/F_(2314)≈LLM-105/F_(2311) LLM-105/F_(2462)。结合能最大的(1 0 1)晶面,在晶体中的显露面最小(0.39%),而结合能小的(0 2 0)和(0 1 1)晶面,其显露面却占了很大比例(二者之和60%)。在界面相互作用中,范德华力均占据优势地位,远远超过静电相互作用。能与LLM-105发生强相互作用的高聚物应能同时提供氢键良给体和良受体。通过对有效各向同性模量和柯西(Cauchy)压值的分析得到,加入NBC、Estane 5703和F_(2462)对LLM-105力学性能有所改善,F_(2311)和F_(2313)未有改善,而F_(2314)则有所下降。     

花球状LLM-105晶体的构筑及性能

为了研究晶体形态对炸药物化性能、应用方式和应用效果的影响,采用溶剂-非溶剂结晶法,分别以二甲亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂、乙酸乙酯为非溶剂、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑乙酸盐(EmimOAc)为结晶助剂,制备得到花球状2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)晶体.EmimOAc的添加显著增强了LLM-105在DMSO中的溶解度,改变了LLM-105晶体生长方式和结构形态,对晶型无影响.热分析测试结果表明:花球状LLM-105晶体有两个明显的分解峰温,分别为347.3～350.5℃和356.7～360.4℃.采用GJB-772A-1997方法601.2测试了花球状LLM-105晶体的撞击感度,采用冲击片雷管起爆测试方法测试了花球状LLM-105晶体的冲击片起爆感度,结果表明:花球状LLM-105晶体的撞击感度与亚微米晶体相当,显著低于针状晶体;冲击片起爆电压低于亚微米晶体.     

纳米LLM-105自组装制备矩形微米棒

以纳米级2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)为原料,采用溶剂诱导自组装法制备了横截面为矩形的LLM-105微米棒,并将制备的矩形LLM-105微米棒与直接合成的孪晶LLM-105样品进行了对比分析。研究了溶剂、纳米级LLM-105加入量、搅拌速率和自组装时间对自组装后LLM-105晶体形貌的影响,得到了最优自组装条件,发现以二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂,纳米LLM-105的加入量为40 g·L~(-1),搅拌速率为600 r·min~(-1)时以纳米LLM-105为原料自组装可得到规则的矩形棒状晶体,并提出了其可能的生长机理。采用扫描电子显微镜,X射线粉末衍射,差示扫描量热-热重,高效液相色谱分别对自组装后晶体的形貌、结构、热性能以及纯度进行了表征,发现自组装矩形LLM-105微米棒与直接合成的孪晶LLM-105相比,XRD主要衍射峰完全一致,但在2θ为11.1°、22.3°、24.8°和33.0°处的衍射峰强度有所降低,晶体可能沿着(100)方向择优生长;晶体纯度提高了1.8%,达到为98.8%;自组装制备得到的微米LLM-105晶体具有更好的热稳定性,仅存在356.7℃一个放热峰,热失重起始温度提高了34.8℃。     

LLM-105炸药制备工艺改进

为了降低1-氧-2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪(LLM-105)的制造成本,以2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪(ANPZ)为原料,高浓度双氧水为氧化剂,合成了LLM-105。探讨了50%和85%浓度双氧水对LLM-105氧化反应的影响。三氟乙酸用量较原方法减少50%。用正交实验优化了LLM-105氧化合成工艺。确定的最佳工艺条件为:n(ANPZ)n( 50%H₂O₂)=16,m(ANPZ)V(TFA)=15(gmL),反应温度25～30 ℃,反应时间24 h。LLM-105的收率为95%,纯度为98%。用红外光谱、核磁共振光谱、元素分析、质谱表征了其结构。      

超声辅助微流控技术制备纳米LLM-105

为改善2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物（LLM-105）的形貌以及减小粒径。基于溶剂-非溶剂法,通过超声辅助微流控技术制备纳米LLM-105。采用场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）观察样品的微观形貌,X射线衍射（XRD）分析样品的晶型。此外,通过流体可视化证明了超声波对于流体混合的促进作用。结果表明,通过超声所制备的样品颗粒更小,粒径更均匀,平均粒径为137.65 nm,并且形貌为类球型,且晶型较原料未发生改变。差示扫描量热分析（DSC）表明纳米LLM-105的热分解温度较原料降低。说明超声辅助的引入,不仅可以提高制备纳米LLM-105的效率,还会使其粒径显著减小。     

诱导期法研究过饱和度对LLM-105成核的影响

为了研究2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)的结晶成核过程,利用CrystlScan多通道结晶仪测量了不同过饱和度比下LLM-105反溶剂结晶成核诱导期。采用诱导期测量法研究了过饱和度对LLM-105成核的影响并结合经典成核理论计算了成核的重要参数。结果表明,LLM-105反溶剂结晶的诱导期随过饱和度的增大而降低。当过饱和度比S2.53时,主要发生异相成核,界面张力γ值为6.67717×10~(-23)J·m~(-2),表面熵因子f值为1.49;当S2.53时,主要发生均相成核,界面张力γ值9.98942×10~(-23)J·m~(-2)表面熵因子f值为2.23。表面熵因子值均小于3,表明LLM-105在乙酸乙酯为反溶剂结晶中的生长方式为连续生长机制。另外,当LLM-105反溶剂结晶为发生均相成核时,成核速率随着过饱和比的增加而增加,临界晶核半径和临界成核数量均随着过饱和比的增加而减小。     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Overview of Anti-tank Mines

First the different anti-tank mines laying possibilities are shortly summarized： hand emplaced, with mine layers, ground or helicopter relatively topographical well defined, and with cluster systems of projectiles, rockets and aircraft dispensers. Then examples of the three generations of anti-tank mines are presented：Ⅰ generation： detonating only beneath the track; Ⅱ generation： detonating beneath the track and belly; Ⅲ generation： mines with off-route actions. Weight and cost comparisons are strongly favoring the off-route Ⅲ-generation mines.     

A Finite Element Analysis on Static Strength of a Complex Section

A static finite element analysis （FEA） of an impulsive controller section is presented. The boundary condition and a part of the loads are applied. Considering the grades of the stress around the holes being large, the dense grids are adjusted accordingly. Four cases with different loads are compared, thus the influences of different loads on the section are analyzed. Numerical results show that the maximum stress of the section is lower than the strength limit of the material, and the section will not be broken with the static loads.     

Discussion on Mechanism of Breech-Blow Caused by Propellant Charge

From the view point of launch safety caused by fracture of propellant charge, this paper points out that the safety criterion of pressure wave is inadequate to evaluate the launch safety of propellant charge based on the initial negative differential pressure and sensitivity tests. Generally, the maximum barrel pressure does not depend upon the intensity of pressure wave correspondingly. The pressure wave intensity can not describe the fracture degree of propellant charge in chamber and reflect the mechanical environment of propellant charge fracturing exactly and wholly. The evaluation criterion for launch safety of propellant charge should be built on the basis of depicting the fracture degree of propellant bed.     

Experimental Studies of Toxicity on HNIW and Its Intermediates

The polycyclic nitramine hexanitrohexaazaisowurtane（HNIW） is a compound of high energy density. HNIW can replace 1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazacyclohexane（RDX） or HMX, hut its toxicity is unknown. In this paper, HNIW, hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane （HBIW）, tetraacetyldibenzulhexaazaisowurtzitane （TADBIW）, tetraacetyldiformylhexaazaisowurtzitane（TADFIW） and tetraacetylhexaazaisowurtzitane（TAIW）, which are intermediates of the synthesis of the HNIW, were selected as the tested objects in acute toxicity test, acute eye stimulation test and skin irritation test according to the standards of ＂chemical product testing method-401 ： acute oral toxicity test＂, ＂chemical product testing means-405： acute eye irritation/corrosion test＂ and ＂chemical product testing means-404： acute dermal irritation/corrosion test＂ of National Circumstance Protect Bureau. The results show that all of the five objects have no toxicity, no stimulation to eye and skin under the tested conditions.     

Dynamic Simulation for Missile Erection System

In order to study the dynamic characteristics of the missile erection system, it can be considered as a rigid-flexible coupling multi-body system. Firstly, the actual system is abstracted as an equal and simplified one and then the forces applied to it are analyzed. Secondly, the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic simulation for erection system is accomplished by use of the system simulation software, for example Pro/E, ADAMS, ANSYS, MATLAB/Simulink, etc. Finally, having the aid of simulation results, the kinetic and dynamic characteristics of the flexible bodies in erection system are analyzed.The simulation considering the erection system as a rigid-flexible coupling system can provide valuable results to the research of its kinetic, dynamic and vibrational characteristics.