对空气式静电放电的研究

为改善空气放电模拟方法,用静电放电模拟测试装置研究了IEC标准规定的空气式静电放电的放电特性。通过手动方式使充电后的放电电极快速靠近电流靶获得空气静电放电事件,放电电压具有2~20 kV较宽范围的电压电平和正负电压极性。利用Agilent数字存储示波器测量了空气静电放电放电电流的上升时间、峰值以及耦合到自制的金属半圆环上的峰-峰值电压,并记录了放电电流和耦合电压的波形。通过分析和比较测量结果研究了测量参数随放电电平的变化趋势。空气放电电流的特性与静电放电抗扰度试验标准IEC 61000-4-2对接触式放电的规定类似,耦合电压与放电电压之间没有直接的相关性。实验表明在一定电压范围、电极速度可控时可能获得空气放电的重复性。     

空气式静电放电的实验分析

针对国际电工委员会标准IEC 61000-4-2静电放电抗扰度试验方法存在的问题,对空气式静电放电进行实验研究.利用新型静电放电(ESD)模拟测试系统,在较宽范围的电压电平下,用数字存储示波器对放电电流的上升时间、峰值、自制金属半圆环天线上的耦合电压峰一峰值进行测量.测量结果的分析表明:不同空气湿度下的ESD特性存在着...     

空气静电放电若干特性分析

针对国际电工委员会标准IEC61000-4-2静电放电抗扰度试验方法存在的问题,对影响空气静电放电的一个重要因素-电弧结构进行了讨论。在此基础上,利用新研制的静电放电模拟测试系统,分析了接近速度和放电电压对放电电流峰值、上升时间、感应电压峰—峰值以及试验结果重复性的影响。试验结果表明:放电电压一定时,放电电流峰值、感应电压峰-峰值随接近速度的增大而增大;上升时间随接近速度的增大而减小;在一定的接近速度和放电电压下,空气静电放电也可以实现较好的重复性。这些规律性的试验结果,为建立静电放电抗扰度试验新方法提供了依据。     

空气间隙固定和连续变化时的空气静电放电事件研究

为得到2种状态下空气静电放电（ESD）辐射电磁场与放电间隙间距、放电电压和电极接近速度之间的关系,在-30～30kV的宽电压范围和多种温湿度条件下,通过实验测量记录了两种状态的空气ESD事件;给出了空气ESD事件的解释;提出了空气ESD存在“增长间隙区”、“跌落间隙区”、“平坦间隙区”和“零放电间隙区”4个放电间隙区。...     

影响空气式静电放电特性的相关因素分析

为了提高静电放电特别是空气式静电放电试验结果的重复性,从理论和试验两方面对影响空气式静电放电(ESD)特性的相关因素进行了研究,结果表明:电弧长度是影响空气式ESD特性的一个最直接因素,不同电弧长度会得到差别很大的空气式ESD事件,相同放电条件下,电弧长度越短,峰值电流越大,上升时间越小;其它条件一定的情况下,电极的接近速度会影响到电弧长度而引入时间相关效应,进而影响空气式ESD特性,比如当放电电压一定时,接近速度越快,峰值电流越大,上升时间越小;不同的放电电极极性将产生空间极性效应或空间电荷效应,从而影响空气式ESD特性;不同的环境条件尤其是空气成分与空气湿度对空气式ESD的影响很大。这些研究成果将为空气式ESD的试验规律研究提供理论依据。     

静电放电抗扰度试验中放电电压对放电参数的影响

针对静电放电(electrostatic discharge,ESD)抗扰度测试中存在的重复性问题,利用建立的ESD模拟测试系统,试验研究了接触式静电放电和非接触式静电放电(又称空气式静电放电)这2种放电模式下的放电参数,比如放电电流、上升时间、半圆环天线上的耦合电压等随放电电压的变化关系。结果表明:接触式静电放电模式下,放电参数与放电电压呈现很好的线性关系,放电参数随着放电电压的增大而呈现增大趋势,基于这种线性关系建立了ESD模拟器的严酷度模型;非接触式静电放电模式下,放电参数与放电电压关系复杂,当放电电压较低时,放电电流和耦合电压随着放电电压的增大而呈现增大趋势,上升时间最初基本保持不变,随后也呈现增大趋势,当放电电压增大到一定值时,随着放电电压的进一步增大,放电参数呈现下降趋势。上述结果说明,放电电压在静电放电抗扰度试验中起着重要作用,在进行电子设备的静电放电抗扰度试验时,既要注重放电模式的选择,又要注重所选放电模式下放电电压的使用范围。     

脉冲等离子体反应器放电特性研究

脉冲放电等离子体被广泛用于气态污染物处理的研究,放电参数直接影响反应器内等离子体状态,进而影响污染物的去除效果,研究不同条件下的放电特性可为脉冲等离子体技术的应用提供参考.本文利用线板式脉冲等离子体反应器, BPFN型高压脉冲电源供电, 研究了电源电容、极板间距及介质阻挡对放电特性的影响.结果表明:增大电源电容可以有效地提高电源能量效率;增大极板间距,峰值电压VP增大,峰值电流IP减小,脉宽减小,波形更加理想;陶瓷板阻挡放电可解决间隙火花放电,使脉冲电晕放电空间分布均匀,在大范围内提高电源能量效率.     

空气式静电放电抗扰度试验方法

静电放电(electrostatic discharge,ESD)抗扰度试验作为电磁兼容(EMC)试验的一项重要内容,其执行标准IEC 61000-4-2还存在诸多问题,尤其是空气式ESD的重复性问题。为此,基于动能-势能转换原理,采用导轨带动电极运动结构和步进电机装置,用近似单摆结构的试验方法,设计和研制了2种新的ESD抗扰度试验平台,实现了空气式ESD抗扰度试验中对放电电极接近速度的准确控制。利用这2种ESD抗扰度试验平台对空气式ESD的重复性进行了研究。试验结果表明,ESD参数如放电电流峰值、接近速度和放电电压具有很好的规律性,并且在一定的放电电压和接近速度下,空气式ESD也可以具有较好的重复性。在相同放电电压和接近速度下,利用第2种ESD抗扰度试验平台得到的放电电流峰值和上升时间的变异系数均小于利用第1种ESD抗扰度试验平台得到的放电电流峰值和上升时间的变异系数,因此第2种单摆式ESD抗扰度试验平台的重复性要好于第1种ESD抗扰度试验平台的重复性。     

低气压大体积等离子体发生及其电参数特性研究

低气压大体积的均匀等离子体在材料处理、催化剂的活化和再生等领域有很好的应用前景。为研究理想的低气压大体积等离子体发生装置,在自制的真空反应器中采用平行板电极,在10~100 Pa的气压下,利用脉冲宽度小于50μs、峰值电压小于3 kV、频率50~104 Hz的双极性脉冲源,发生了最大体积约为21 L的均匀等离子体。对放电时反应器的电压电流波形进行了测试,获得在不同压强的空气、氧气、氩气介质,不同的电极间距下,放电的起始电压,以及空气中等离子体功率随气体压强、电极间距、极板面积、脉冲频率及电压峰值等不同参数变化的数量关系。结果表明:在3种介质中均获得了大体积均匀等离子体,最大体积为21 L,且空气中气压50 Pa时,生成等离子体的均匀性和放电的稳定性较好;在20~100 Pa的空气中,电极间距为10~30 cm时,放电起始电压随着气压和电极间距增大而增大;放电的功率密度与极板面积无关,随气压、脉冲频率、电压的增大而增大,随电极间距的增大而减小。     

高频高压下介质阻挡放电的实验研究

利用介质阻挡放电实验装置和测量系统研究了不同的介质层厚度、外加电压以及空气间隙距离的等离子体助燃(PAC)激励器放电特性,并在实验数据的基础上,根据介质阻挡放电等效电路对空气间隙上的两端电压、放电电流等参数进行了计算。结果表明,介质层的厚度对放电脉冲的次数的影响很大;随外加电压的增加,脉冲放电增加,放电的起始时刻不断提前;随着空气间隙距离的减小,激励器放电强度明显增强,放电更加均匀。     

Effect of Moving Speed of Charged Metallic Spherical Electrode on Electrostatic Discharge

In this investigation, the nature of the electrostatic discharge (ESD) that occurs when a charged object moves toward a stationary grounded object is experimentally clarified. The spark lengths, discharge currents, and induced voltages in a magnetic probe were measured when a charged metallic spherical electrode connected to a 422 pF capacitor approached a stationary grounded object, which was the current target, for different moving speeds of the charged metallic spherical electrode in a range of 1 mm/s to 100 mm/s. The charge voltages of the capacitor were +6.5 kV and +10 kV. Based on the results, the average gap length shortened with the speed of the spherical electrode. The average peak values of the discharge current and the induced voltage were likely to increase with the speed of the spherical electrode. The average rise times of the discharge current and the induced voltage were likely to drop with the speed of the spherical electrode. The relation between the spark length and the discharge current due to the ESD can be explained qualitatively by using an equation derived from the spark resistance formula proposed by Rompe and Weizel.     

ESD发生器开关动作对抗扰度试验的影响

分析了人体-金属静电放电(ESD)发生器开关动作的基本过程;说明了在ESD抗扰度试验中ESD发生器开关动作的影响。通过空气放电模拟测试装置测量并记录了ESS-200 AX、SANKI NS61000-2A和NSG-435 3种ESD发生器开关动作的影响。由小环耦合电压的测量研究了ESD发生器开关动作产生的辐射场。结果表明,使用不同的ESD发生器开关动作的影响程度不一样,且使用相同的ESD发生器开关闭合和开关释放的影响存在差异。对小环耦合电压的频谱分析表明,开关动作会产生频谱范围较宽的电磁骚扰,影响对高速逻辑器件的ESD抗扰度试验。在进行ESD抗扰度试验时,需考虑ESD辐射场,尤其需要降低或控制ESD发生器开关动作产生的辐射场。     

ESD辐射场的计算及对传输线的耦合研究

为分析静电放电的辐射场及其对传输线与负载终端的影响,采用了一种基于脉冲函数的静电放电电流波形解析表达式计算了静电放电电磁脉冲辐射场并给出了近场和远场波形。结果表明放电电场包括由初始电荷引起的静电场和由放电电流引起的辐射场,在放电电极附近,静电场远大于辐射场,但静电场随空间距离衰减得很快,在远区场主要由放电电流引起的辐射场。利用传输线理论建立静电放电场对电长导线的耦合计算模型得出了静电放电辐射场在线上的感应电压和感应电流计算方程。     

Characteristic measurement of discharge current injected by the air discharge of an ESD gun onto a ground

An immunity testing method for electrostatic discharge (ESD) is being specified in IEC 61000‐4‐2, in which the contact discharge of an ESD gun is being normally specified. Air discharge testing is known to be a severe immunity test compared to contact discharge testing, while the discharge current injected is not well reproduced. Grasping the behavior of the current injected by the air discharge would be helpful in establishing the worst‐case ESD immunity testing. We previously measured the discharge currents for air discharge testing onto the IEC‐recommended current transducer with a commercially available ESD gun, and showed that there exists a specific relationship of Ip·tr^ξ/V_c=constant (ξ=0.75), between rise time tr and current peak Ip. The current transducer, however, has a frequency‐dependent transfer impedance which should affect the measured current waveform. In this study, we investigated whether the above‐mentioned specific relationship can be obtained for air discharge of an ESD gun onto a ground that assumes a metal enclosure of electronic equipment under test. A method was presented for estimating the discharge current from simultaneously measured magnetic fields with two magnetic field probes regardless of the distance between the gun discharge‐point and the probe position. This method was validated for contact discharge of an ESD gun to an SMA connector. With this method, we estimated the discharge currents injected onto a ground for air discharge testing of an ESD gun with intentionally fast and slow approaches. As a result, we could confirm a specific relationship between rise time tr and current peak Ip of Ip·tr^ξ/V_c=constant with ξ=0.57 independent of charge voltages and gun approaches. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 51– 59, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20454     

Calculation of magnetic near field generated by the contact discharge of an ESD gun

An ESD (electrostatic discharge) testing is specified in the IEC 61000‐4‐2, in which the detailed waveform of the discharge current injected by an ESD gun is prescribed. However, due to lack of understanding of the discharge process, it is difficult to confirm whether or not the IEC current waveform can be injected onto actual equipment. We thus previously proposed an equivalent circuit model for the ESD gun based on its geometrical structure, and showed decisive factors for the discharge current. In this study, in order to confirm the feasibility of the above equivalent circuit model, we measured with a 6‐GHz wide‐band digital oscilloscope the discharge current through an SMA connector and the resultant magnetic near field for the contact discharge of an ESD gun. As a result, we found that both measured waveforms approximately agree with those calculated from our equivalent circuit model. We then measured with respect to charge voltages the magnetic near fields for the contact discharge of the ESD gun to the ground, which revealed that the measured waveform around the first peak is in fair agreement with the calculated one. Furthermore, we found that the magnetic field peak increases with increasing charge voltage, whose dependence can be predicted from our equivalent model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(1): 17–24, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20194     

Variations in discharge current waveforms and their power spectra injected from contact discharges of ESD‐gun with different arrangements

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has prescribed an immunity test (IEC61000‐4‐2) of electronic equipment against electrostatic discharges (ESDs), in which a discharge current to be injected onto equipment under test is specified. As for the waveform, however, not the whole waveform but only the rise time, the first peak, and the current amplitudes at 30 and 60 ns are given in the time domain together with their uncertainties, which are required to check on the condition that an ESD generator (ESD‐gun) shall be arranged vertically to an IEC‐recommended calibration target and its earth return wire is kept away as far as possible from a vertical ground plane (IEC standard arrangement). In this study, to clarify how arrangements of an ESD‐gun and its earth return wire affect discharge currents, we measured discharge current waveforms for contact discharges of an ESD‐gun onto an IEC calibration target with respect to various inclinations of the ESD‐gun and arrangements of its earth return wire, and also calculated their current power spectra normalized to that of the discharge current for the IEC standard arrangement. As a result, we found that inclinations of the ESD gun affect the first peak current, which increases current power spectra by 14 dB at frequencies over 300 MHz, and that arrangements of the return wire influence the current waveforms between the first and second peaks, which provides variations in power spectra by ±12 dB in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 200 MHz. This finding suggests that arrangements of an ESD‐gun and its earth return wire are likely to cause different immunity test results. It was also found that in comparison with measured discharge currents for the standard arrangement, the calculated waveform of a discharge current from a formula, which has been included in the recent standard, has a more gentle falling waveform, and produces power spectra of +15 dB in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 200 MHz and –12 dB at frequencies over 300 MHz. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 180(1): 9–14, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21270     

Insulated ground wire capacitive currents for tower discharge warning lamp supplying

In order to supply warning discharge lamps installed atop towers, the insulation of ground wires in HV and EHV can be used. The paper describes a simplified yet efficient matrix procedure which allows both to compute the capacitive induced voltages and to determine the equivalent circuit supplying such non-linear loads. In addition, the waveform of the conduction currents and voltages and the average power on the lamps are determined by a fast analytical procedure. The analytical results have been compared with laboratory experimental results giving a really good agreement.     

Discharge Current From Coated Wire to GMR Head

The giant magnetoresistive (GMR) head used in magnetic recording is an extremely sensitive device that is sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). A generally available coated wire that is electrified on its surface can increase the potential of the copper core. When the wire is touched to the GMR head terminal, the discharge current can damage the sensor of the GMR head. Four types of wires were measured for three lengths each. Resin-coated wires were electrified from 20 V to more than 1 kV. The peak current discharging to the GMR head ranged from 100 mA to more than 1000 mA. A resin-coated wire as short as 5 cm was found to damage the GMR head. Among the wires examined herein, only the enameled wire is recommended to connect the GMR head because no charge or discharge currents were observed for this wire. When an ionizer is used to neutralize the tribocharge on the surface of the wire, the remaining charge in the copper core depends on the effectiveness of the neutralization process. A wire with an antistatic coating is required in order to reduce the ESD threat to sensitive devices such as the GMR head