Sustainable Development for River Catchments

This paper deals with some of the strategic issues arising from the consideration of the sustainable development of river catchments. Principles and best practice are discussed, both in general terms and as challenges to professionals involved with the coordinated planning and management of river catchments.
Points are illustrated with reference to experience in the highly developed River Thames catchment, where the many demands made on the water environment require complex multifunctional decision-making.
Sustainability offers a new paradigm and common language to support decision-making for sustainable development. The appropriate institutional and legislative framework will be supported by tools such as environmental appraisal, strategic environmental assessment and economic instruments. Within this context, the implicit partnership between asset management planning, catchment management planning and land-use planning has the potential to deliver sustainable development for the water environment, through a process which may be called 'total' catchment planning.
It is suggested that source control will play a major role in the search for 'prevention rather than cure' as a basic principle of sustainability.     

The Impact of the Water Framework Directive on Catchment- Management Planning in the British Isles (Abridged)

The water framework Directive is proposed as a mechanism for applying river-basin management across the European Union. Proposals for River-Basin Management Plans might have an impact on the present system of Local Environment Agency Plans and on schemes which are used in the British Isles to provide river management on a catchment basis. For this study, representatives from the Environment Agency, Scottish Environmental Protection Agency and European Parliament advisors were interviewed. In addition, Local Environment Agency Plans were assessed for compatibility with the requirements of River-Basin Management Plans.     

Factors Governing Macrophyte Status in Hampshire Chalk Streams: Implications for Catchment Management

Severe droughts in the late 1980s and 1990s have highlighted the fragility of many aquatic environments in southern England; in particular, declining river flows may be having an adverse affect on macrophytes in the chalk-fed streams of the Rivers Test and Itchen. Detailed macrophyte survey data which were collected from representative sites in both rivers during 1991–1995 are interpreted in the context of changing hydroclimatic, water quality and in-stream channel conditions. Multivariate statistical analyses support the assertion that river flow is the most significant parameter governing observed changes in macrophyte cover. During low flow years, filamentous algae have increased at most sites to the detriment of Ranunculus spp. These findings have catchment-management implications which should be addressed if the long-term integrity of such aquatic ecosystems is to be safeguarded.     

The Management of Sediment in Reservoired Catchments

The rates of sedimentation in Yorkshire reservoirs are high for the UK but low compared with those reported globally. Whilst not likely to jeopardize supply, the behaviour and properties of reservoir sediments have implications for the quantity and quality of the water.
Data suggest that the use of control and diversion structures reduces average sedimentation by 53m³/km² per annum in the case of residuum lodges, and also modifies the nature of the sediment considerably, tending to allow the finer, organic particles into the reservoir. Trapping may be minimized by the diversion of high flows where such facilities exist, or by maintaining water levels at the maximum possible in supply reservoirs.
Management strategies to reduce sedimentation would, in many cases, require fairly simple routine maintenance of existing structures. The short-term cost of discarded water must be weighed against the longer-term benefits of improved quality and reservoir capacity.     

日本的河流水管理

对日本的河流、河流水权和河流水源开发管理进行了介绍。日本的河流众多，但流程短、水流急，主要由地方政府通过完善的水权制度进行管理。水权通过申请获得，根据不同情况收取水权费。河流水源由水资源机构按计划开发，建设和运营资金通过多渠道筹集。     

水利工程管理措施的探讨

做好水利工程管理工作是发挥工程效益的主要手段。水利工程管理服务对象包含经济、政治、自然甚至军事等各个社会方面;管理内容包括安全管理和调度运行管理,及与之相应的机构管理和组织建设。     

Challenges to the Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Scotland: A Personal View

The Water Framework Directive was implemented in December 2000 and has to be transposed into Scottish legislation by 2003. The Directive provides a major opportunity to enhance the water environment of Scotland and to improve its management through the implementation of river-basin management planning with stakeholder and public engagement and the delivery of a programme of environmental-improvement measures to deliver good ecological status. Whilst the Directive provides unparalleled opportunities, there are significant challenges to its successful implementation in Scotland, where a step-change in managing the water environment will be required. This paper explores some of the challenges which include technical aspects, scale and timing issues, and capacity limitations.     

建筑表现图的色彩

建筑表现图在注重科学性的前提下，要以美的色彩形象增强建筑设计方案的竞争力．     

Some Environmental Aspects of the Management of Water Supplies for the Region of Madrid

In the management of water resources it is essential to ensure a pure, adequate and constant supply to consumers. In recent years, however, increasing attention has been directed to ensuring that water resources have no detrimental effects on the environment. The avoidance of adverse environmental effects becomes more difficult during the management of established systems; some, such as that of Madrid, were designed with old environmental requirements and are often complex in nature.
This paper analyses the effects of such a system upon the aquatic ecosystems and on the supply of drinking water.     

水利工程运行与建设管理的有机结合

水利工程将运行与建设管理相结合,可以大幅度提升工程的经济和社会效益。本文介绍了水利工程运行管理意义,将运行与建设管理结合的必要性,指出了运行与建设管理存在的弊端,实施有效对策促进运行与建设管理相结合。     

城市供水管网水质的数字化调控途径与应用

针对大型城市供水管网水质信息的间隙性、被动性和延迟性特征,提出了管网水质数字化调控理念.从供水管网水质数字信息收集、管网水质信息的在线数字评估和管网水质模型构建方面对实现管网水质数字调控途径进行了分析.介绍了管网水质数字化调控技术在上海世博园区供水管网优化运行信息化平台中的应用.     

镀膜玻璃色差研究

分析了镀膜玻璃产生色差的原因，利用分光光度计对镀膜玻璃进行了光谱拓射比的测量，讨论了视场，色空间和标准照明体对色差计算值的影响，提出了一种镀膜玻璃色差测定值的确定方法。     

Evaluation of the FEH Rainfall-Runoff Method for Catchments in the UK

The Flood Estimation Handbook, which was published in 1999, has substantially replaced the Flood Studies Report for design flood estimation in the UK. Although there are substantial differences between the handbook and the report, the philosophy of the rainfall-runoff method has been retained in the handbook. However, there are differences in the equations that have been used to estimate parameters of the rainfall-runoff method.
This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the Flood Estimation Handbook rainfall-runoff method for flood-frequency estimation, using data from eighty-eight catchments in the UK. The performance is evaluated by reference to the flood quantiles obtained from single-site frequency analysis, and comparison is made with the performance of the Flood Studies Report methodology. In general terms, the handbook over-estimates flood quantiles, with respect to (a) those estimated from observed records and (b) the report's quantiles. The paper explores the causes of these over-estimations and seeks linkages with particular catchment characteristics.     

上海市水环境生态安全现状与建设管理

上海市水环境生态安全涉及水资源短缺、水体污染和经济发展压力等问题,为维护水环境生态安全的可持续发展,应建立起完善的安全维护体系,从水利工程建设维护、水环境监测、水污染治理、水资源的可持续利用和管理等方面进行针对性、区域性的建设。     

The Use of Economic Instruments for Water Management in Selected EU Member Countries

The use of economic instruments for environmental management is being encouraged by the European Commission for the management of water abstractions and effluent discharges. Economic instruments are being applied increasingly by EU Member States to complement the traditional 'command and control'approach, based on the licensing system. However, the design and the purpose of the charging schemes, and the levels of charges raised in the different EU Member States, vary widely.
This paper (a) discusses the use of abstraction and effluent charges applied in France, Germany, The Netherlands, and England & Wales, (b) assesses the impact of the schemes on water abstractions and effluent discharges, and (c) evaluates the feasibility of the application of incentive charging schemes.     

Reservoir Sedimentation and Colour Problems in Southern Pennine Reservoirs

A study of two major environmental issues in upland water management is presented. Discolouration and reservoir sedimentation are seen to affect water managers on different timescales and to different degrees. Rates of reservoir sedimentation, adjusted for empirically derived trap efficiency, are measured and found to be higher than previously believed. A link between sediments found within the reservoir basin and the generation of colour is described.     

关于水利工程建设质量管理的研究

文章针对水利工程质量管理展开了论述,详细分析了现代化水利工程质量管理的重点和难点,为更好地实现水利工程建设项目质量管理水准的增强奠定了坚实基础,稳步地了加强项目的实际效益。     

Statutory Water Quality Objectives on the River Cam

The Government has announced its wishes to gradually introduce statutory water quality objectives in pilot catchments, commencing in late 1993. The River Cam is one of the catchments under consideration.
The paper describes the main physical features of the River Cam and its uses, which include salmonid and cyprinid fisheries, agricultural and industrial abstraction, and recreational pursuits.
Significant sewage and industrial discharges in the catchment, and their impact on water quality, are discussed, and current river quality is compared with established river quality objectives, EC requirements and proposed statutory water quality objectives. Procedures for setting the latter objectives are considered, together with monitoring and compliance assessment. Future effluent discharge standards are proposed, and options to achieve long-term water quality targets are suggested as part of a catchment management action plan.     

Predicting the Mean Annual Flood for Small Catchments: Experience in Northern Ireland

The paper describes six alternative equations for predicting mean annual flood from catchment characteristics, developed in and subsequent to the UK Flood Studies Report and tested for ten small catchments in Northern Ireland. The most satisfactory equation was found to be one developed in the mid-1980s for large catchments in the Province. Equations which were developed using small-catchment data from elsewhere in the UK performed less well. The paper considers whether there is a real difference in the behaviour of small and large catchments in Northern Ireland, and examines alternative methods of estimating the mean annual flood in partly-urbanised areas.     

关于水利工程建设质量管理的研究

文章针对水利工程质量管理展开了论述,详细分析了现代化水利工程质量管理的重点和难点,为更好地实现水利工程建设项目质量管理水准的增强奠定了坚实基础,稳步地了加强项目的实际效益。