Selecting Serious or Satirical,Supporting or Stirring News? Selective Exposure to Partisan versus Mockery News Online Videos

The present investigation combines cognitive dissonance theory with entertainment-education frameworks to study selection and effects of news. Selective exposure to satirical and partisan news was examined with online clips to test hypotheses on overcoming resistance to persuasive messages. An experiment (n = 146) presented news choices, varied in stance (conservative vs. liberal) and format (serious partisan news vs. satirical news). Results show political interest fosters selection of serious partisan news. Clips with partisan alignment were more frequently selected; only for the satirical news clips, Democrats did not exhibit such confirmation bias. Selecting satirical news affected internal political efficacy, and selecting online news clips induced attitude reinforcement according to message stance.     

Partisan Paths to Exposure Diversity: Differences in Pro‐ and Counterattitudinal News Consumption

This study examines selective exposure to political information, arguing that attraction to proattitudinal information and aversion to counterattitudinal information are distinct phenomena, and that the tendency to engage in these behaviors varies by partisanship. Data collected in a strict online experiment support these predictions. Republicans are significantly more likely to engage in selective avoidance of predominantly counterattitudinal information than those with other partisan affiliations, while non‐Republicans are significantly more likely to select a story that includes proattitudinal information, regardless of its counterattitudinal content. Individuals across the political spectrum are receptive to predominantly proattitudinal content and to content that offers a mix of views, but the form these preferences take varies by partisanship. The political significance of these findings is discussed.     

Dynamic Spirals Put to Test: An Agent-Based Model of Reinforcing Spirals Between Selective Exposure,Interpersonal Networks,and Attitude Polarization

Within the context of partisan selective exposure and attitude polarization, this study investigates a mutually reinforcing spiral model, aiming to clarify mechanisms and boundary conditions that affect spiral processes—interpersonal agreement and disagreement, and the ebb and flow of message receptions. Utilizing agent-based modeling (ABM) simulations, the study formally models endogenous dynamics of cumulative processes and its reciprocal effect of media choice behavior over extended periods of time. Our results suggest that interpersonal discussion networks, in conjunction with election contexts, condition the reciprocal effect of selective media exposure and its attitudinal consequences. Methodologically, results also highlight the analytical utility of computational social science approaches in overcoming the limitations of typical experimental and observations studies.     

Partisan Selective Sharing: The Biased Diffusion of Fact-Checking Messages on Social Media

Using large Twitter datasets collected during the 2012 U.S. presidential election, we examined how partisanship shapes patterns of sharing and commenting on candidate fact-check rulings. Our results indicate that partisans selectively share fact-checking messages that cheerlead their own candidate and denigrate the opposing party's candidate, resulting in an ideologically narrow flow of fact checks to their followers. We also find evidence of hostile media perception in users' public accusations of bias on the part of fact-checking organizations. Additionally, Republicans showed stronger outgroup negativity and hostility toward fact checkers than Democrats. These findings help us understand “selective sharing” as a complementary process to selective exposure, as well as identifying asymmetries between partisans in their sharing practices.     

Selective Exposure: The Potential Boomerang Effect

This paper reports a test of selective exposure. Interviews with the audience of a film critical of American involvement in Vietnam revealed that the overwhelming majority shared the film's orientation and that eighty per cent knew about the film before entering the theater. Thus selective exposure occurred. Selective exposure, however, supposedly reinforces viewer attitudes; but for many respondents this did not occur, and for several viewers the film had a boomerang effect reducing their opposition to American policy. This effect may be explained by the different expectations members of the audience brought to the film. For those most disapproving, it violated their expectations of new information, insights, reason and logic.     

偏振选择互注入半导体激光器的混沌同步

研究了偏振选择互注入条件下半导体激光器的同步和混沌滤波效应。将单模互注入速率方程扩展为包含两个偏振态的理论模型,并选择X偏振态作为互注入形式,不仅为激光器产生混沌和实现同步提供了条件,还可以完全抑制Y偏振光,实现了纯偏振模式同步。通过频率失调的引入,保持了激光器主从地位的稳定。研究结果表明,主从激光器实现了时差等于注入延时的混沌同步,输出功率表现出高频振荡并伴随有对称性破坏现象。对主激光器进行调制时,同步系统表现出与单向注入相似的混沌滤波效应;对从激光器进行调制时,系统的混沌滤波效应并不明显。     

Partisan Stereotypes and Policy Attitudes

Drawing from the literature on expectancy violations (A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & S. Chaiken, 1978) and recent work on stereotypes (J. T. Crawford, L. Jussim, S. Madon, T. R. Cain, & S. T. Stevens, 2011), we predict that party labels influence attitudes when they provide unexpected information. We predict that party labels will increase support for the relevant policy when attached to unexpected policies and will have no effect when attached to policies already associated with the party. Party labels operate as hypothesized by prior work, increasing support among identifiers of the party endorsing the policy and decreasing support among members of the opposite party, when there are no expectations about the party's position on the policy. In a series of 3 experiments, we find empirical support for each these predictions.     

Selective Exposure and Reinforcement of Attitudes and Partisanship Before a Presidential Election

Right before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, this 2‐session online field study examined consequences of selective exposure to political messages on accessibility of attitudes and of partisanship. In the first session, participants indicated attitudes toward political issues and their partisanship, which allowed measuring accessibility of attitudes and of partisanship. In the second session, participants browsed articles. Four issues were covered by 8 articles, with 2 articles featuring opposing perspectives. Selective exposure was unobtrusively logged. Finally, participants completed measures for attitudes and partisanship again. Selective exposure to attitude‐consistent articles was linked to greater attitude accessibility. The indirect impact of selective exposure on partisanship accessibility through attitude accessibility was significant.     

Politically Motivated Reinforcement Seeking: Reframing the Selective Exposure Debate

This article seeks to reframe the selective exposure debate by demonstrating that people exhibit a preference for opinion‐reinforcing political information without systematically avoiding opinion challenges. The results are based on data collected in a national random‐digit‐dial telephone survey (n = 1,510) conducted prior to the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Analyses show that Americans use the control afforded by online information sources to increase their exposure to opinions consistent with their own views without sacrificing contact with other opinions. This observation contradicts the common assumption that reinforcement seeking and challenge avoidance are intrinsically linked aspects of the selective exposure phenomenon. This distinction is important because the consequences of challenge avoidance are significantly more harmful to democratic deliberation than those of reinforcement seeking.     

Review on Polarization Selective Terahertz Metamaterials: from Chiral Metamaterials to Stereometamaterials

In this article, recent progress and development of terahertz chiral metamaterials including stereometamaterials are thoroughly reviewed. This review mainly focuses on the fundamental principles of design and arrangement of meta-atoms in metamaterials exhibiting chirality with various asymmetry and symmetry and 2D and 3D configuration. Related optical and propagation properties in chiral metamaterials, such as optical activity, circular dichroism, and negative refraction for each different chiral metamaterials, are compared and investigated. Finally, comparison between chiral metamaterials with stereometamaterials in terms of the polarization selective operation along with the similarity and the distinction is addressed as well.     

Reinforcement of the Political Self Through Selective Exposure to Political Messages

The idea that recipients prefer messages that reinforce preexisting attitudes and self‐perceptions has pervaded much communication research, but effects of selective exposure are rarely examined. This 2‐session experiment (n = 157) investigates such effects. The first session presented computerized questions on 12 political issue attitudes and political self‐concept. Accessibility data were collected based on response times. In the second session, participants browsed through an online magazine including 4 of the 12 issues, each issue being covered by 2 articles featuring opposing viewpoints. Selective exposure was logged and categorized as attitude‐consistent or counterattitudinal. Finally, a questionnaire repeated measures for attitudes and self‐concept. The results show that participants preferred attitude‐consistent over counterattitudinal messages, which strengthened the political self‐concept through increased accessibility.     

The Role of Actors' Race in White Audiences' Selective Exposure to Movies

Movie producers are often reluctant to cast more than a few minority actors in otherwise race‐neutral movies for fear that the White audience will largely avoid such films. Two experiments were conducted to test the idea that the racial makeup of a cast could influence White audiences' selective exposure to movies. Results revealed that actors' race does influence selective exposure in certain contexts. For nonromantic movies, participants' racial attitudes moderated the relationship between race and selective exposure. For romantic movies, regardless of racial attitudes, White participants showed significantly less interest in seeing movies with mostly Black casts than in seeing movies with mostly White casts. These findings are discussed in light of both social identity theory and social cognitive theory.     

The Gender News Use Divide: Americans' Sex-Typed Selective Exposure to Online News Topics

To examine psychological origins of sex-typed news preferences, an online newsmagazine was presented to 196 American participants in an experimental setting. The presented articles featured the same portions of social/interpersonal and achievement/performance topics. Newsreaders' selective news exposure was unobtrusively logged. Results show that, in line with gender stereotypes, women favor social/interpersonal topics and men prefer achievement/performance issues. Newsreaders' affiliation motive, self-esteem, and, to a small extent, gender schemata influenced what news content was preferred.     

极化调制假目标干扰的鉴别

采用数字射频存储器(DRFM)技术的转发式假目标干扰对雷达构成了日益严重的威胁,利用极化信息对真、假目标进行鉴别进而剔除假目标,是对抗假目标干扰的一种有效途径.目前的极化鉴别方法只对脉内极化恒定的假目标干扰有效,为此,本文专门研究了真实目标和脉内极化调制假目标的鉴别方法.首先设计了一种对来波极化矢量进行张量积接收的处理方式,目标回波矢量经此处理后,汇聚于四维复空间中一点,而假目标干扰则无规律地散布在该空间中,利用这种差异,以矩阵间的散度作为鉴别统计量设计了鉴别算法.仿真实验结果及分析结论表明,本文方法对真实目标和脉内极化调制假目标均具有较高的鉴别率.     

雷达极化问题和铁氧体变极化技术

描述了雷达极化问题的基本概念,提出了两类铁氧体全(变)极化器的机制。从理论上解决了这种器件的收发功能,并介绍了它在极化雷达中可实现极化扫描和接收的功能。     

长波红外偏振图像及其误偏振信息分析

给出了长波红外偏振图像融合的结果,对融合的偏振图像进行了定性分析和定量评价.研究表明,偏振图像的融合方法有多种,能产生多种图像融合结果.融合后的长波红外偏振图像凸显了目标的形状,细节更加清楚,边缘更突出,立体感更强.与原始红外图像比较,长波红外偏振图像灰度均值提高168％、灰度标准差提高194％,梯度提高468％.处理后的偏振图像和原始的红外图像比较说明了长波红外偏振成像能明显提高目标和背景之间的对比度,更加有利于目标的识别.和中波红外偏振图像相比,给出了长波红外偏振图像误偏振信息的来源,这些误偏振信息在后续的偏振信息处理中是要消除的,说明了中波红外偏振成像的效果好.     

A New Advance in Circular Polarization Selective Surface—A Three Layered CPSS Without Vertical Conductive Segments

Investigations into a surface that reflects one sense of circularly polarized electromagnetic wave but transmits the other, namely a circular-polarization selective surface (CPSS), were carried out. This paper presents CPSS using simple planar structure without any vertical conductive segments. Couplings, through the use of L-shaped traces, were produced to replace the vias. Operational principle and design procedure are developed, thus the optimal design parameters are found. Also presented are the results of numerical computations and measurements for "isolation" and "transmission loss". A 30 GHz example demonstrates the performances of the design and the attractiveness in millimeter-wave circular polarization selectivity applications     

Polarization Scattering Property of Cascaded Polarization Controllers

The relation between the allowed range of variation of polarization controller wave‐plates angles and the respective polarization scattering properties is investigated. It is demonstrated that a nearly uniform polarization scattering over the Poincaré sphere is obtained using a concatenation of three polarization controllers with angles randomly changed between ‐π/4 and π/4. It is also shown that an improvement of the scattering properties is obtained if the configuration angles are allowed to change between ‐π/2 and π/2.