Nature as a Model for Large-scale Planting Design

This study was undertaken to arrive at an objective design process to prepare planting designs for large areas of woodland, as found in regional parks, green belts around cities and hillsides along freeways. The method involves preparing a computer program consisting of: (1) a ‘Community Specifier Database’ (CSD), determining the suitable plant community for the project site, based on its climatic and overall soil characteristics; (2) a ‘Law Extracting Package’ (LEP), determining the laws governing the distribution of species within an existing native plant community, with respect to topographic and soil variation; and (3) a ‘Species Assigning Package’ (SAP), which uses the laws from the LEP to assign the suitable species to each location, with its specific topographic and soil characteristics, within the project site. The program is intended to be used as a decision support system for landscape architects in arriving at planting designs resembling natural plant communities.     

Nature as a Model for Large-scale Planting Design: Variable Classification Method

Two methods, the Regression Method and the Least Difference Method, for large-scale planting design resembling native plant communities had previously been developed. They involved selection of a plant palette from a native (model) plant community suitable for the site's climate and overall soil characteristics; followed by plant placement based on topo-edafic variables. The respective articles provided a basis for the development of software to be used by landscape designers. The Variable Classification Method proposed in the present paper is a simplified version that can be readily applied without requiring the development of special software. It involves: a) site analysis of the project site using the available site analysis software, b) classifying the topo-edaphic data of the grid cells on the project site along with those of the sample plots in the model community, and c) assigning species composition of the sample plots to the grid cells with matching topo-edaphic classes.     

园林意境的象征表达--临沂市双月园社区园林景点设计

传统园林的意境，往往在造园中通过置石、栽植、筑亭、楹联等小品来象征，有因时、因境、因人之异，来表达不同的象征主题，达到构景随机，形式多变的效果。文章以山东省临沂市双月园社区园林工程的实践，阐述象征手法在现代住区园林规划设计中的应用。     

Geochemistry and flooding as determining factors of plant species composition in Dutch winter-flooded riverine grasslands

Dutch water policy aims for more frequent, controlled flooding of river valley floodplains to avoid unwanted flooding elsewhere; in anticipation of increased flooding risks resulting from climate changes. Controlled flooding usually takes place in winter in parts of the valleys which had not been subject to flooding in the last decades. It may thus affect existing nature with its conservation values. The goal of this study was to clarify the geochemical and hydrological factors determining plant species composition of winter-flooded river valley grasslands. A correlative study was carried out in 43 sites in 13 Dutch river valley floodplains, with measurements of flooding regime, vegetation composition, soil nutrients and soil pH status. With the use of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) the plant species composition was investigated in relation to the geochemical variables and the winter winter-flooding regime. We found that the distributions of target species and non-target species were clearly correlated with geochemical characteristics and flooding regime. Clustering of sites within the CCA plots has led us to distinguish between four types of winter flooding in our areas: floodplains with (a) accumulating rain water, (b) low groundwater levels flooded with river water, (c) discharging groundwater and (d) high groundwater levels flooded with river water. Our major conclusions are (1) the winter groundwater level of winter-flooded grasslands was important for evaluating the effects of winter flooding on the geochemistry and plant species composition, and (2) winter winter-flooding effects were largely determined by the nature of the flooding. A high frequency of flooding particularly favoured a small set of common plant species. In areas with groundwater seepage, winter flooding may provide geochemical conditions suitable for diverse vegetation types with rare species. Rainwater flooded sites appeared less suitable for most target species.     

The Characteristics of Ecological Self-restoration in Urban Idle Lands: A Case Study of Beijing Forestry University

Natural plants would see a free growth in an idle land after an absence of management, leading to spontaneous biological processes that form the wildscape. Such vegetation demonstrates the characteristics of the ecological self-restoration. This paper studies the spontaneous species found on a site in Beijing Forestry University, inventories and analyzes the species, site conditions, possible maternal plants of them, and discusses the changes and characteristics of the community in its early establishment. The results show that several spontaneous plants sprout early, and cover nearly 1/3 of the site 3 years later. Most of spontaneous plant species are native, more of which are herbaceous, while little difference is found between the number of woody communities and that of herbaceous communities. Their distribution is obviously affected by soil conditions when the light is sufficient. This paper concludes that once the human disturbances are stopped or reduced, ecological self-restoration can occur rapidly with essential conditions for growth (light, soils, and seed sources), even poor as urban environment. At the early stage of ecological self-restoration, native plant species dominate obviously. It is worthy of attention to and further study on the spontaneous native woody communities as they emerge rapidly.     

Retrofitting with vegetation recent building heritage applying a design tool—the case study of a school building

Several researches show the environmental and microclimatic benefits of the integration of vegetation in architecture; however the potentialities of vertical and horizontal greening systems to retrofit buildings are still not much investigated. The retrofitting project of the Barsanti Institute of Camogli (Genoa, Italy) is presented, a building dated back to the sixties with serious architectural and efficiency problems, located in a considerable landscape area. The development and application of a design tool (process tree), for horizontal and vertical greened surfaces, allows to evaluate the potentialities of vegetation to retrofit and to relate the encountered efficiency problems and the climate characteristics with the choice of plant species, system, and technology more suitable for the specific situation (of which environmental and economic impact are also evaluated) and to define a design approach for the systematic consideration of the many parameters involved.     

Accumulation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in native plants growing on a contaminated Florida site

Contamination of heavy metals represents one of the most pressing threats to water and soil resources as well as human health. Phytoremediation can be potentially used to remediate metal-contaminated sites. This study evaluated the potential of 36plants (17species) growing on a contaminated site in North Florida. Plants and the associated soil samples were collected and analyzed for total metal concentrations. While total soil Pb, Cu, and Zn concentrations varied from 90 to 4100, 20 to 990, and 195 to 2200mg kg(-1), those in the plants ranged from 2.0 to 1183, 6.0 to 460, and 17 to 598mg kg(-1), respectively. None of the plants were suitable for phytoextraction because no hyperaccumulator was identified. However, plants with a high bioconcentration factor (BCF, metal concentration ratio of plant roots to soil) and low translocation factor (TF, metal concentration ratio of plant shoots to roots) have the potential for phytostabilization. Among the plants, Phyla nodiflora was the most efficient in accumulating Cu and Zn in its shoots (TF=12 and 6.3) while Gentiana pennelliana was most suitable for phytostabilization of sites contaminated with Pb, Cu and Zn (BCF=11, 22 and 2.6). Plant uptake of the three metals was highly correlated, whereas translocation of Pb was negatively correlated with Cu and Zn though translocation of Cu and Zn were correlated. Our study showed that native plant species growing on contaminated sites may have the potential for phytoremediation.     

Herbaceous Planting for Ecological Restoration of Urban Brownfields Based on Mechanisms of the Assembly of Plant Communities

Brownfield restoration has become a frontier topic in the research on urban ecosystem governance. Optimizing brownfield ecosystems through proper bioremediation approaches can provide urban landscapes and habitats with sound ecological potentials. Currently, the lagging theory and technique development of brownfield vegetation restoration, the species selection based on single causality, and the neglect of community structure and ecological functions formation have become major bottlenecks of brownfield restoration. Introducing the mechanisms of the assembly of plant communities for theoretical support, this paper proposes a novel technical framework of herbaceous planting for the ecological restoration of urban brownfields, which includes micro-topographic design, adaptive species selection, symbiosis structure design, building quasi-nature community structure, and in-situ planting. This research selected a brownfield site located in Hechuan District, Chongqing City for the application of the herbaceous planting, and evaluated the ecological benefits after restoration. Results showed that severely degraded brownfield vegetation has turned into an herbaceous community with a multi-species symbiosis and a stable structure, effectively optimizing its ecological functions such as stormwater retention and biodiversity conservation. This research can provide scientific evidence and a referable technical paradigm for urban brownfield restoration, and also contribute to the enhancement of urban ecological networks and ecosystem resilience.     

Urban Wilderness Construction: An Example of Shanghai Urban Biodiversity Education Base

One of the core values of urban wilderness construction is to restore the structures and functions of biological communities in fragmented urban habitats, and enable the stability and ecological succession of native communities with low human intervention. The paper discusses the design principles and technical methodologies in active urban rewilding by the example of Shanghai Urban Biodiversity Education Base project. Aiming to restore urban biodiversity and enrich the technical and theoretical research of urban wilderness construction and Nature-based Solutions, this project conducted habitat division, native species introduction, natural community construction, ecological benefit assessment, etc. In a year and a half, 260 native plant species, 255 insect species, 7 amphibian and reptile species, 71 bird species, and 6 mammal species were recorded within the 1.7 hm2 project site, showing higher biodiversity and density of animal populations than unrestored consructed forests surrounding. Along with the spontaneous progressive succession of the plant communities, the project has achieved good results. The technical approaches proposed in the project can be broadly applied in design and construction of country parks, wildlife habitats, ecological corridors / networks, and environmental education bases.     

浅谈既有住区海绵化改造中的植物选择与应用

在全国海绵城市建设和老旧小区改造大面积开展的形势下,针对既有住区现状特点进行海绵化改造,从植物在海绵建设中发挥重要生态和景观作用的角度出发,探讨如何进行植物应用和选择。首先按照项目所在地气候区进行植物品种选择,使植物生长状态最优;其次选择习性与不同海绵设施特点相匹配的植物,提高水资源的利用和经济效益;最后根据不同场所的特点选择形态特征与之匹配的植物进行搭配,营造出和场地氛围融合的植物景观。通过以上三个步骤逐一筛选,得出适用于既有住区各海绵项目的植物品种及搭配模式,帮助设计者在受限的种植条件下,形成体现地域特色、适宜场地特征且高效低维护的海绵植物景观。     

生态型绿化法在上海"近自然"群落建设中的应用

应用生态型绿化法建设"近自然"群落是城市植被恢复的种新途径.生态型绿化以生态学潜在自然植被和群落演替基本理论为依据,选择适生乡土植物,应用容器育苗和"近自然"苗木种植技术,超常速、低造价地营造具有群落结构完整、物种多样性丰富、生物量高、趋于稳定状态、后期完全遵循自然循环规律的"少人工管理型"绿地.生态型绿化法已在世界各地广泛应用,对于推动我国城市绿化也将起到重要作用.     

广州鸣泉居环境二期改造绿化设计

绿化设计要根据场地的环境,功能,确定种植的形式。然后根据土壤、气候等筛选植物品种。植物搭配考虑乔、灌、草结合,同时充分利用植物的色彩、花期,形成色彩缤纷,层次丰富的植物景观。     

绿化混凝土的植物相容性及亚热带草种选择

绿化混凝土又称植物相容型生态混凝土或植被混凝土。利用混凝土空隙部位的透气、透水等性能,渗透植物所需营养,生长植物根系的特点种植小草、低的灌木等植物。介绍绿化混凝土组成、结构特性、植物相容性及植物生长的营养元素;对比分析绿化混凝土与土壤的理化性能,阐述绿化混凝土的草种选择原则,列出适合亚热带地区绿化混凝土种植的部分草种,为绿化混凝土的研究提供参考。     

北京市门头沟区煤矸石堆积地不同恢复方式植被特征及植被恢复方法

调查北京市门头沟区东部自然恢复与人工修复的煤矸石堆积地植被特征,比较分析2种不同恢复方式以及不同恢复年限的样地植被恢复状况。植被调查采用样方法,共统计植物69种,隶属35科63属,其中禾本科、菊科、豆科、蔷薇科为优势科。自然恢复样地植物共25种,隶属17科24属;人工修复样地植物共63种,隶属32科58属。自然恢复群落中臭椿、榆树、荆条的重要值较高,是群落的建群种;人工修复的群落中榆树、油松的优势明显。草本层中猪毛菜、地肤、野古草、紫苜蓿和白莲蒿属于恢复的先锋植物,且在群落中优势地位明显。随着终止排矸年限和植被恢复年限的增加,植物群落物种丰富度将增加;人工修复群落的物种多样性整体高于自然恢复群落。提出煤矸石堆积地适生植物材料的选择原则,通过优势度等指标筛选出符合植被恢复要求的植物材料,构建恢复植被群落模式,并总结出适合煤矸石堆积地的立地条件改良技术和植物种植技术。     

Prototyping a Park—Landscape Design of Jubileumsparken in Gothenburg,Sweden

The design of Jubileumsparken in Gothenburg, Sweden runs on two parallel tracks—a permanent park will be completed and opened in late 2021, and before that a series of temporary parks and installations had been set up during several public workshops since 2014. The gradual evolution of the site allows ecosystems to adapt and invites the public to leave their imprint on the park through not only directly building and planting, but even more importantly, indirectly voicing their interests and desires which impacts the final design of the permanent park. With a focus on the existing fragile ruderal and coastal ecosystems, as well as the socio-cultural heritage of the site, a 1:1 scale landscape laboratory—the Shoreline Park—was built up together with the public. It allowed for testing new materials, work methods, planting and maintenance techniques that would then be used in the permanent Play & Learn Park. The design process also highlights the need for a closer collaboration between landscape architects and maintenance staff to achieve the sustainability goals and the aesthetic value of the park over a longer period, as well as the importance of landscape architects’ continuous involvement in park maintenance and the use of digital tools. The project also adopted geotechnic infrastructure to create a gently sloping wetland and proposed a mixed planting plan of indigenous species, natural succession and exotics to address climate change, and to create preconditions for high biodiversity even in the long term. Through such prototyping and testing, the wider public, maintenance staff, and experts got engaged in this project, which initiated a dialogue about the persistence in landscape between urban ecosystems, wildscapes, and aesthetics.     

建成环境道路绿带生境特征研究

绿地自身及其所处空间的形态特征对于植物生境的塑造具有重要的影响。以建成环境道路绿带为研究对象,通过数字化模拟与实地采样调查,分析和总结包括光照因子、局地风环境、土壤水因子、土壤理化属性在内的主要生境因子特征及其与道路绿带空间因素之间的关系。研究发现:光照因子、局地风环境与街谷形态、绿带位置关联密切;土壤水因子、pH值与绿带宽度存在显著相关性。生境分析为绿带植物营造提供科学依据,指向种植设计与场地设计之间的双向适应。     

一种应对气候变化的适应性城市植物 配置方法

全球气候变化威胁着本就脆弱的城市生态系统。探索具有气候适应性的植物配置方法,是应对气候变化、保护城市生物多样性和稳定城市生态系统的有效手段。介绍一种能够在气候变化大背景下持续稳定地提供生态系统服务的适应性城市植物配置方法。以苏南地区为例,首先对植物材料的物种特性与适应性进行研究与编码,再根据植物群落的抵抗力稳定性、结构多样性以及场所审美文化和成本因素的综合考虑进行配置。为城市植物群落应对气候变化,提升城市植物群落的生态系统服务功能提供新思路。     

球根花卉的园林应用与发展前景

球根花卉种类丰富、适应性强、栽培容易、管理简便,加之球根种源交流便利,非常适合园林应用.针对目前园林应用中球根花卉种类单调、配置单一的现状,在简要分析我国球根花卉种质资源的基础上,探讨球根花卉在园林植物造景如花境、地被、水景等的应用,提出应加强在园林建设中应用球根花卉,尤其是中国原产的球根种类和新优球根类园艺品种,以丰富植物多样性和园林景观,并建议着重解决种球的资源利用和国产化问题.     

城市再生：长春水文化生态园

长春水文化生态园是城市再生项目,项目原址是一座具有80年历史的水厂,通过改造及功能置换成为文化艺术社区。设计中,最大程度保留了原生态自然环境、尊重历史痕迹、融入当代生活方式。设计突出3方面特色:1)以景观思维统筹规划、建筑、景观、艺术装置等多专业;2)景观设计突出系统性,形成了慢行系统、原址动植物生态系统、水生态自净化系统;3)严格控制设计强度,突出功能化、人文感。     

Plant tolerance to diesel minimizes its impact on soil microbial characteristics during rhizoremediation of diesel-contaminated soils

Soil contamination due to petroleum-derived products is an important environmental problem. We assessed the impacts of diesel oil on plants (Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne) and soil microbial community characteristics within the context of the rhizoremediation of contaminated soils. For this purpose, a diesel fuel spill on a grassland soil was simulated under pot conditions at a dose of 12,000 mg diesel kg^− 1 DW soil. Thirty days after diesel addition, T. repens (white clover) and L. perenne (perennial ryegrass) were sown in the pots and grown under greenhouse conditions (temperature 25/18 °C day/night, relative humidity 60/80% day/night and a photosynthetic photon flux density of 400 μmol photon m^− 2 s^− 1) for 5 months. A parallel set of unplanted pots was also included. Concentrations of n-alkanes in soil were determined as an indicator of diesel degradation. Seedling germination, plant growth, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m), pigment composition and lipophylic antioxidant content were determined to assess the impacts of diesel on the studied plants. Soil microbial community characteristics, such as enzyme and community-level physiological profiles, were also determined and used to calculate the soil quality index (SQI). The presence of plants had a stimulatory effect on soil microbial activity. L. perenne was far more tolerant to diesel contamination than T. repens. Diesel contamination affected soil microbial characteristics, although its impact was less pronounced in the rhizosphere of L. perenne. Rhizoremediation with T. repens and L. perenne resulted in a similar reduction of total n-alkanes concentration. However, values of the soil microbial parameters and the SQI showed that the more tolerant species (L. perenne) was able to better maintain its rhizosphere characteristics when growing in diesel-contaminated soil, suggesting a better soil health. We concluded that plant tolerance is of crucial importance for the recovery of soil health during rhizoremediation of contaminated soils.