基于电子鼻技术研究保鲜方法对鲜切菠萝贮藏品质的影响

采用三种保鲜方式对鲜切菠萝进行处理(有机酸处理、漂烫处理、酸+漂烫综合处理),通过电子鼻技术结合感官分析对鲜切菠萝的贮藏品质变化进行研究。感官评价结果表明:不同保鲜处理的效果从菠萝贮藏中期(3~5d)开始出现差异性(p0.05),酸结合漂烫处理在贮藏中后期(3~7d)分值较高,即酸结合漂烫处理能够更好的保持鲜切菠萝的贮藏品质;香气损失的线性判别分析(LDA)分析表明,酸结合漂烫处理能够有效延缓菠萝香气的损失;传感器贡献率分析(LA)表明,酸结合漂烫处理与对照组菠萝香气主要成分最为接近。总体来看,电子鼻分析结果与感官分析的结果基本一致,即电子鼻可用于快速评价菠萝贮藏品质;酸结合漂烫处理能够较好的保持菠萝原有特征香气及贮藏品质。     

漂烫对速冻苹果丁过氧化物酶活性及品质的影响

为了优化速冻苹果丁漂烫工艺,以新鲜富士苹果(切分为1.5 cm×1.5 cm×1.5 cm的小丁)为研究对象,采用响应曲面法,建立漂烫时间、漂烫温度、料液比对POD相对酶活影响的二次多元回归数学模型,并分析漂烫对其品质的影响。结果表明:抑制速冻苹果丁POD酶活性的最佳漂烫条件为:漂烫时间4.5 min、漂烫温度92℃、料液比1∶11(g/m L);未漂烫速冻苹果丁的ΔE值升高了36.10,感官品质降低了34.46,可溶性固形物、可滴定酸及VC损失率分别为28.25%、17.67%、20.13%,漂烫后速冻苹果丁的ΔE值升高了5.57,感官品质降低了7.27,可溶性固形物、可滴定酸及V_C损失率分别为24.42%、10.85%、12.16%。表明漂烫处理较好地保持速冻苹果丁的品质。     

几种化学试剂对菠萝品质及抗性的影响

探讨NaCl、MnSO4、NaH2PO4叶面喷施对菠萝巴厘品种果实品质和抗逆性的影响。于花后20d和30d分别叶面喷施0.2% NaCl、0.2% MnSO4、0.2% NaH2PO4进行处理,并以清水为对照。结果表明,不同处理均增大了菠萝果实的单果质量(对照相比,MnSO4处理提高了18.83%,NaCl处理提高了15.37%,NaH2PO4处理提高了10.01%)。3个处理均提高了菠萝中可溶性固形物和VC含量,MnSO4处理提高的幅度最大。MnSO4处理降低了可滴定酸含量,但对总糖的含量没有影响,同时提高了SOD和POD活性。总体看来,MnSO4和NaH2PO4处理对菠萝果实的品质发育有一定的促进作用,MnSO4处理优于NaH2PO4处理。     

微波烫漂对速冻怀山药品质的影响

采用不同的微波烫漂水平处理怀山药,通过测定过氧化物酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性、失重率、可溶性固形物含量和游离氨基酸总量5项指标,研究微波烫漂对速冻怀山药品质的影响。同时对护色剂处理、热水烫漂、微波烫漂3种不同处理条件下怀山药解冻后的硬度、质地以及感官特性进行比较。结果表明：微波烫漂怀山药短时间内即可达到灭酶效果,而且营养成分损失少,解冻后品质较好。最佳的微波功率及相应的处理时间为407.6W和60s。     

漂烫对速冻苹果质地的影响

采用质地多面分析（TPA）试验方法,研究了速冻苹果不同漂烫过程中的漂烫时间、漂烫温度、料液比对质地的影响,并对其过氧化物酶（POD）活性、感官品质的变化以及其硬度、内聚性、回复性、弹性和咀嚼性等相关性进行了研究。结果表明,漂烫对速冻苹果质地有显著影响,适度漂烫在其速冻加工中至关重要,最佳漂烫工艺为漂烫时间4～5 min、漂烫温度87～92 ℃,料液比为1∶10～1∶12（g∶mL）。     

香菇速冻前漂烫预处理工艺优化研究

本文旨在建立最大限度地保持香菇微观质构的速冻前预处理工艺.采用响应面方法研宛香菇的漂烫温度和时间对香菇品质的影响.通过中心优化组合设计得出速冻香菇最佳预处理工艺为:漂烫温度93.61℃、瀑烫时间2.32min.香菇经此漂烫预处理工艺,并于-35℃冻结7 min,解冻后透射电镜结果显示香菇微观质构良好.建立了漂烫温度、漂烫时间与过氧化物酶酶活相关性的数学模型,可充分预测瀑烫预处理对过氧化物酶酶活的影响.     

低温漂烫处理对甜瓜品质的影响

主要对新鲜甜瓜进行漂烫处理,处理水的温度分别为常温(23.7℃)、50℃和65℃,浸泡时间1 min。甜瓜漂烫后沥干,放置在常温(23.7℃)条件下,每隔5天测定甜瓜的各项生理指标。结果表明,漂烫处理能很好的延缓甜瓜果实衰老,其中50℃漂烫的甜瓜品质最好。     

蕨菜速冻前预处理工艺的实验研究

就蕨菜冻结前预处理工艺(漂烫和添加剂处理)进行了研究,分析了漂烫时间、温度及添加剂种类、浓度对速冻原料的影响,得出了漂烫工艺的最优参数。     

响应曲面法优化脱水豇豆的烫漂工艺研究

为了改善脱水豇豆品质,优化脱水豇豆漂烫工艺,采用漂烫处理对新鲜豇豆过氧化物酶钝化,通过单因素试验考察漂烫温度、漂烫时间以及NaCl浓度3个主要因素对豇豆过氧化物酶(POD)活性、色调角的影响。在此基础上通过响应面分析得到优化组合条件:漂烫温度100℃、漂烫时间110 s和NaCl浓度0.77%,POD活性和色调角预测值分别是10.032 U/(min·g FW)和129.833°,实际测量值分别是9.9 U/(min·g FW)和128.275°,相对误差分别为-1.3%和-1.2%。研究建立了脱水豇豆漂烫工艺的回归模型,可为豇豆的深加工提供一定的参考依据。     

生姜速冻前热烫工艺的实验研究

对速冻籽姜冻结前的热烫工艺进行了研究,分析了漂烫温度、时间对原料过氧化物酶活性、Vc含量及感官品质带来的影响,确定了漂烫工艺的最佳参数。     

菠萝-香蕉复合纯果汁生产工艺及冻藏研究

为了研究菠萝-香蕉复合纯果汁饮料的生产工艺,以菠萝和香蕉为主要原料经打浆、过滤和调配后,添加适量的纯奶,以蔗糖为调味剂配制成复合纯果汁。通过正交试验确定了该复合纯果汁的最佳配方为：菠萝：香蕉为6：1,纯奶添加量为10％,蔗糖添加量为8％,果汁具有色泽美观、甜酸可口和风味独特等特点。但对最佳配方产品进行冻藏试验,发现产品在冻藏期问褐变程度增大,香气变淡,口感略微变差。     

Freezing Rate and Frozen Storage Effects on Color and Sensory Characteristics of Pineapple Fruit Slices

This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of freezing process (cold room –18°C and air-blast freezer –50°C) and frozen storage (–18°C for 0 to 12 mo) on color and sensory quality of pineapple fruit slices (Smooth Cayenne and Red Spanish cultivars). L, –a and +b color parameters showed differences (P ≦ 0.05) with cultivar, but not with freezing rate. No differences (P ≥ 0.05) were found in sensory analysis (color and appearance) between the cultivars, frozen at different rates, compared to fresh product, or after 1 yr frozen storage. The two cultivars are suitable for freezing.     

PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITY OF MICROWAVE-BLANCHED SNOW PEAS

Snow peas were blanched using four methods [conventional boiling water (BW); steam (ST); microwave (MW); and microwave blanched in heat sealable bags (MWB)], then held frozen at (～18C) for four weeks. Immediately after blanching, MWB‐blanched snow peas retained more reduced ascorbic acid (RAA; 72%), than other treatments. Blanching treatment had no effect on lightness [L* value). With the exception of BW‐blanched peas, blanching significantly altered color. After frozen storage, MWB‐ and MW‐blanched samples both contained about 26 mg/100 g RAA, significantly more RAA than other treatments. MWB‐blanched peas generally had as high or higher sensory appearance, aroma, flavor, texture and general acceptability scores than other treatments. These results imply that blanching snow peas in a heat‐sealable microwave bag, prior to frozen storage, produces a product of equivalent sensory quality and superior nutritional quality compared with more conventional blanching methods.     

Effects of some thermal treatments on polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities of banana (Musa cavendishii,var enana)

Polyphenoloxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activities were evaluated during cold storage of banana (Musa cavendishii, L var enana). The effects of some thermal treatments (blanching of peeled bananas, microwave treatment of banana slices and storage of banana slices at ?24°C) were studied. Inactivation of both enzymes by blanching was very effective (96–100 %) at all maturity levels. Microwave treatment showed differing efficiency depending on banana ripeness, and produced non-enzymic darkening due to Maillard reactions mainly in green and full-yellow bananas. Freezing of fruit slices without previous thermal treatment produced different effects in polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities. It was concluded that immersion in boiling water of peeled bananas with 70 % green/30% yellow peel colour maturity index is the optimal pretreatment for the preservation of frozen banana slices.     

Effect of freezing rate and frozen storage on the texture and sensory analysis of two pineapple fruit cultivars

The effects of freezing rate (in a cold room at –18°C and in an air-blast freezer at –50°C) and frozen storage (at –18°C for 0–12 months) on texture and the sensory quality of pineapple fruit slices of Smooth Cayenne and Red Spanish cultivars were examined. The texture of pineapple fruit slices was evaluated by sensory and instrumental measurements. Sensory texture was highly (P0.05) and positively correlated with overall fruit acceptability and appearance and negatively correlated with flavour in the two cultivars studied. Sensory analysis showed no significant differences (P0.05) in the appearance, colour, odour, texture, flavour and overall acceptability between the two varieties studied when frozen at different rates, as compared to the fresh product and after 1 year of frozen storage at –18°C. The two cultivars are suitable for freezing.     

超高压与热烫预处理对克氏原螯虾肉冻藏品质的影响

本文研究采用超高压(200 MPa,5 min)、热烫(100 ℃、4 min)两种预处理对克氏原螯虾冻藏(-18 ℃)期间品质变化的影响。贮藏期0、4、8、12、24周分别进行理化(挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA))、感官(pH、质构、色泽)与蛋白(肌原纤维蛋白、巯基、羰基、Ca2+-ATPase酶、表面疏水性、内源性荧光强度)等指标测定,综合评价两种预处理对克氏原螯虾冻藏期间品质变化影响。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的推移,TBA与TVB-N值显著性上升(P<0.05),pH整体呈下降趋势,理化品质明显下降;其中处理组的色泽、质构均优于对照组,且热烫组色泽较稳定,对质构值影响大。超高压预处理对样品质构与色泽影响小于热烫组,表明样品经热烫处理后感官品质最佳。由于虾热烫时间过长,导致热烫组的肌原纤维蛋白未提取成功。超高压处理一定程度上促进肌原纤维蛋白的氧化,整个贮藏期中,蛋白类指标:肌原纤维蛋白、巯基、Ca2+-ATPase酶活显著性下降(P<0.05),羰基、表面疏水性显著上升(P<0.05),而肌原纤维蛋白内源性荧光强度前4周λ_max增大,发生红移现象,随贮藏时间的推移λ_max下降,产生蓝移现象。综上所述,与热烫预处理效果相比,超高压预处理能够在一定程度上促进蛋白的氧化,而且各项理化指标均表明,热烫预处理能够延缓肌原纤维蛋白的氧化。     

Non-Volatile Organic Acids,pH and Titratable Acidity Changes in Pineapple Fruit Slices During Frozen Storage

Effects of freezing and frozen storage on pH, titratable acidity and non-volatile organic acids of two pineapple fruit cultivars, Smooth Cayenne and Red Spanish, were studied. Pineapple fruit was frozen as slices in a cold room at −18°C and stored at this temperature for a 12 month period. A negative correlation was found between pH and titratable acidity in the two cultivars throughout frozen storage ( r =-0·67 for Smooth Cayenne and r =-0·71 for Red Spanish). Non-volatile organic acids were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The major components were citric and L-malic acids. A high correlation was found between these two acids during frozen storage ( r =0·75 in Smooth Cayenne and r =0·78 in Red Spanish). There were significant differences ( P⩽ 0·01) in pH and titratable acidity between the two studied varieties after a year of frozen storage. Significant differences ( P⩽ 0·05) were found in pH values during frozen storage in cv Smooth Cayenne and in citric and L-malic acids in cv Red Spanish. Freezing preservation of pineapple fruit slices led to minimal chemical changes after a year of frozen storage.     

Modeling of pre-treatment protocols for frozen pineapple slices

Optimization of pretreatments - blanching and additives was carried out for frozen pineapple slices using response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of pre-treatments viz. blanching medium (10-20° Brix sucrose solution), calcium chloride (1000-2000 ppm) and ascorbic acid (200-400 ppm) was studied on hardness (N), colour (L*), syneresis (%) and sensory attributes (colour, aroma, taste, overall acceptability) of the frozen slices after thawing. A Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was used with six experiments at the central point. The data obtained were analysed employing multiple regression technique to generate suitable mathematical models. Quadratic models were found to fit well (R², 96.72-99.99%) in describing the effect of variables on the responses studied. Optimization of the pretreatments was carried out by maximizing the hardness, L* and sensory responses while keeping the syneresis at minimum level. Compromised optimum values for blanching medium, calcium chloride and ascorbic acid levels were found to be 17° Brix, 1493 ppm and 300 ppm; respectively. The experimental and predicted values showed high correlation coefficients. The optimized pretreatment was found to be helpful in maintaining the quality of frozen pineapple slices in terms of texture, colour and syneresis.     

Lipoxygenase as Blanching Index for Frozen Vegetable Soybeans

Blanched samples of frozen vegetable soybeans using peroxidase (POD) and lipoxygenase (LIP) as blanching indices were compared with unblanched samples during storage by sensory evaluation, vitamin C determination and remaining enzyme activity. Samples using LIP and POD as blanching indices showed no significant differences in sensory quality during 160-day frozen storage, while both treatments were significantly different from unblanched samples. Vitamin C in samples using LIP as blanching index was higher than that in unblanched ones but not significantly different from that in samples using POD as an index. Samples using LIP as blanching index had 11.5% POD activity but no LIP activity, while blanched samples using POD as blanching index had no LIP or POD activities during storage.     

The effect of preliminary processing and period of storage on the quality of frozen Boletus edulis (Bull: Fr.) mushrooms

This paper investigates the effect on the quality of frozen Boletus edulis (Bull: Fr.) mushrooms of blanching or soaking and blanching in aqueous solutions containing combinations of added substances safe for human consumption, or period of frozen storage. During 12 months of storage, sensory evaluations, instrumental colour measurements and chemical analyses of the frozen products were carried out every four months. Based on the results of the sensory evaluation, a maximum storage period of four months was set for the frozen product obtained from unblanched mushrooms. Frozen products having undergone preliminary processing retained good sensory quality for up to 12 months. Soaking, blanching and freezing resulted in the appearance of colours, such as yellow, honey and pink–violet. As a result of freezing, decreases in the contents of thiamine, riboflavin and vitamin C were noted. Blanching in water, as a method of pre-processing, was sufficient for maintaining acceptable sensory quality.