城市给水管网物理仿真模型研究

随着城市规模的不断扩大和给水管网改扩建范围的延伸,给水管网系统管理越来越复杂,管网系统运行风险也越来越高。为了保证供水系统的安全运行,建立与原给水管网等效的物理仿真模型,对于分析实际管网的运行工况和预测判断实际管网的风险,减少因管网事故带来的损失有着重要的现实意义。结合渭南市临渭区给水管网,运用管网简化理论对复杂的城市给水管网进行简化,以压力分布为约束限制,由管网理论计算与实际管网运行数据的对比结果,验证了该简化方法可较好地反映原管网的压力分布情况和整个管网的运行状态。     

供水管网优化调度决策支持系统开发与应用

供水管网优化调度的目标是运用数据采集、优化决策支持和调度执行等信息化技术,安全可靠地将符合流量、压力和水质要求的水供应给用户.供水管网优化调度决策支持系统包括供水系统的模拟、用水量预测、优化调度决策和运行状态评估.该决策支持系统包括宏观水力模型、微观水力模型、水质模型、考虑供水经济性和水质安全性的多目标优化决策模型.采用单目标优化决策模型与多目标评估体系相结合的方法来考虑供水经济性和水质安全性,开发了供水管网优化调度决策系统,并进行了实践应用.     

城市供水管网管理中GIS技术应用

城市供水管网管理中GIS技术应用是借助地理信息系统技术,收集和整理供水管网的相关信息,对其存储、处理和分析,并建立有效的数据管理系统,通过GIS的空间分析、模型分析,为管网规划设计、建设施工、各种运行状态下的优化调度以及事故抢修提供决策依据,使管理更加科学规范。     

供水管网动态模型分类及应用分析

当供水管网中发生启停泵、快速关阀等事件时,延时时段模拟(即准稳态模型)不能准确预测系统的瞬时动态变化,而需要采用更为准确复杂的瞬变流动态模型。为明确多种动态模型之间的差异,探讨和分析了供水管网动态模型的分类、模型理论以及在管网运行管理中的应用。结果表明,准稳态模型适用于水力状态缓慢变化的情况;弹性水锤模型可准确模拟系统的瞬时动态特性,包括流体惯性和系统弹性(即流体可压缩性和管壁弹性);刚性水柱模型只考虑了流体的惯性作用,可作为前两者的过渡。在实际应用中,3种动态模型应结合水力状态变化情况和模拟准确性需求合理选用,为供水管网系统提供更精细的运行管理方式。     

基于人工神经网络的供水管网爆管定位方法

供水管网发生爆管事故后,快速确定爆管位置,可以实现迅速抢修,有效降低事故的损失。针对爆管定位问题,本文基于人工神经网络(ANN),建立爆管位置与事故时压力监测点的压力变化率之间的非线性映射关系,构建了ANN爆管定位模型,并选取了一个供水管网案例,引入相关系数(R~2)指标评估模型的精度,验证了方法的可行性。此外,分析了不同监测点组合对模型定位精度的影响,发现监测点组合均匀分布在管网内部时,模型定位精度越高。     

浅谈城市供水管网智能调配系统

城市供水管网的智能调配系统是在保证供水安全可靠并且满足用户用水量要求的前提下,根据管网监测系统反馈的实时运行状态数据,利用科学的预测手段和最优化技术,从各种可能的调度方案中确定一种使系统总运行费用最省,可靠性最高的优化调度方案,获得满意的经济效益和社会效益。以克拉玛依市供水管网系统为例建设管网智能调配系统,结合地理信息系统建立给水管网水力模型,实现对给水系统中压力、流量等分布的全面了解并制定最优的调度运行管理方案和对突发事件的处置方案,提高水资源的利用率和自来水公司的管理水平。     

基于SCADA系统的供水管网模拟与综合管理系统设计与开发

针对我国目前供水管网管理自动化水平较低的现状,提出以管网SCADA系统为切入点,运用Delphi7可视化开发工具,建立供水管网模拟与综合管理系统。在介绍了国内外相关软件开发现状的基础上,对系统进行了整体的结构设计,并阐述了主要功能的开发过程。该系统不仅能够进行管网的建模、优化设计和信息管理,而且能够在实时模拟管网运行状态的基础上,对爆管等突发性事故进行检测与判别,为管网的优化调度及应急处理提供决策帮助。     

供水管网水力模型的维护

采用供水管网水力模型对管网运行状态进行模拟是全面了解管网运行状态的有效方法.管网模型建立后,经过一段时间使用,模拟精度会出现下降的趋势.为恢复模型模拟精度,适应实际给水管网的发展,需要对模型进行维护和管理,内容包括拓扑结构更新、节点流量更新、水泵特性曲线更新、供水系统现场测试以及模型校验等内容.通过实例说明,经过克服在建模和运行过程出现的问题,可以使模型模拟精度恢复到建模之初,而且由于在运行中积累了相关的信息和数据,能够使管网水力模型对管网现状的适应性上升到一个更高的水平.     

分区压力管理降低供水管网漏损率的应用

供水管网的分区压力管理,引入压力管理模型的概念,通过管网的水量微观模型计算,分析各区域的实际用水情况及压力状态,从而因地制宜地采取压力调控措施,以达到优化的管网压力分布,切实降低管网漏损率。     

城市供水管网数学模型综合研究

介绍了供水管网的微观模型和常用的宏观模型,并分析了各模型的优缺点及其适用范围.最后,以西安市供水管网的宏观模型建立为例,验证了供水管网数学模型仿真的实用性.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。