Alternative water sources, including effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTP) are necessary to meet increasing water demand. Advanced oxidation processes based on the Fenton reaction were applied to remove atrazine from the secondary effluents of a MWTP that uses activated sludge. Fenton, UV‐A photo‐Fenton, and UV‐C photo‐Fenton treatments were tested. Atrazine removal percentages were around 20 % for Fenton, 60 % for UV‐A photo‐Fenton and 70 % for UV‐C photo‐Fenton treatments, respectively. Organic matter mineralization by Fenton treatment was monitored and no significant reduction was observed. However, organic matter oxidation in terms of COD reduction of around 30 and 40 % were achieved by Fenton and photo‐Fenton processes, respectively. The photo‐Fenton process with UV‐C is a useful technique for atrazine degradation, leading to higher degradation than with UV‐A while also being more attractive in an economic point of view. 相似文献
The feasibility of using DSC as an analytical method to evaluate the autoxidation of olive oil at 50°C and thermal oxidation
at 93 and 180°C in 10-mL airtight vials was studied. DSC peak enthalpy and peak crystallization temperatures were compared
with headspace oxygen depletion and headspace volatiles in oxidized oil samples. A single crystallization peak was found in
olive oil. The crystallization peak shifted to lower temperatures, and the enthalpy associated with this phase transition
decreased as the exposure time increased at 93 and 180°C. DSC peak enthalpy in olive oil at 50, 93, and 180°C showed correlations
of 0.84, 0.91, and 0.95, respectively, with headspace oxygen depletion in sample bottles. Correlation of DSC initial peak
temperature with headspace oxygen depletion was 0.53, 0.87, and 0.95 at 50, 93, and 180°C, respectively. Correlations of DSC
peak enthalpy and initial peak temperature with headspace volatiles at 180°C were 0.95 and 0.97, respectively. These results
indicate that DSC is a good analytical method to determine the oxidative stability of olive oil at frying temperature. 相似文献
Results are presented from 2 series of ad hoc experimental programmes using the cone calorimeter to investigate the burning behaviour of charring closed‐cell polymeric insulation materials, specifically polyisocyanurate (PIR) and phenolic (PF) foams. These insulation materials are widely used in the construction industry due to their relatively low thermal conductivity. However, they are combustible in nature; therefore, their fire performance needs to be carefully studied, and characterisation of their thermal degradation and burning behaviour is required in support of performance‐based approaches for fire safety design. The first series of experiments was used to examine the flaming and smouldering of the char from PIR and PF. The peak heat release rate per unit area was within the range of 120 to 170 kW/m2 for PIR and 80 to 140 kW/m2 for PF. The effective heat of combustion during flaming was within the range of 13 to 16 kJ/g for PIR and around 16 kJ/g for PF, while the CO/CO2 ratio was within 0.05 to 0.10 for PIR and 0.025 to 0.05 for PF. The second experimental programme served to map the thermal degradation processes of pyrolysis and oxidation in relation to temperature measurements within the solid phase under constant levels of nominal irradiation. Both programmes showed that surface regression due to smouldering was more significant for PF than PIR under the same heat exposure conditions, essentially because of the different degree of overlap in pyrolysis and oxidation reactions. The smouldering of the char was found to self‐extinguish after removal of the external heat source. 相似文献
The kinetics of γ‐oryzanol degradation in antioxidant‐stripped rice bran oil were investigated at 180°C for 50 h. Ferric chloride was added to the oil at different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/kg‐oil) to determine the degradation reaction rate of γ‐oryzanol and the extent of lipid oxidation (peroxide value and p‐anisidine value). It was found that the losses of γ‐oryzanol and its four components (cycloartenyl ferulate, 24‐methylene cycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate, and β‐sitosteryl ferulate) could be described by a first‐order kinetics model. The degradation rate constant, k, linearly increased (p < 0.05) with the ferric chloride concentration, and increased about 1.5 times when 7.5 mg/kg‐oil ferric chloride was added. Ferric chloride addition also accelerated the lipid oxidation of rice bran oil significantly (p < 0.05). Practical applications: This paper describes the kinetic analysis of the degradation of γ‐oryzanol, a major phytochemical in rice bran oil, at its frying temperature. The results indicated that iron in the form of ferric chloride accelerated both the degradation of γ‐oryzanol and lipid oxidation. 相似文献
The hexagonal closed packed (hcp) nanocrystalline nickel (Ni), with an average diameter of 9.7 ± 2.27 nm was deposited uniformly on composite graphite (CG) by the rapid scanning (6,500 mVs–1) voltammetry technique. The hcp‐nano Ni‐modified CG electrode was investigated for the catalytic oxidation of methanol in alkaline medium through the formation of NiOOH. A high anodic current was obtained at peak potential of +570 mV vs Ag/AgCl. Both the scan rate and the methanol concentration affected the oxidation of methanol. The results showed that catalytic activity had increased with decrease in Ni particle diameter. It was also shown that the hcp‐nano Ni/CG modified electrode was the most efficient catalyst in the oxidation of methanol. 相似文献
Mullitization temperatures and mechanical properties of reaction-bonded mullite composites were investigated using silicon carbide (SiC) of two different particle sizes (180 nm and 2.5 μm) as one of the starting components. The smaller SiC particle size resulted in earlier mullitization, lower final densities, and lower strength of these composites. The sintering shrinkage of these composites was investigated. Low-to-zero shrinkage was rendered possible via volume expansions that were associated with the oxidation of SiC and aluminum in the green material. Green bodies that contained 55 vol% aluminum were compacted to 70% of the theoretical density. The materials showed a linear sintering shrinkage of <1% and had a four-point bend strength of 430 MPa. Samples that were made from precursors with the coarse (2.5 μm) SiC were covered by a porous outer layer after firing in air. This layer led to anisotropy in shrinkage. The porosity of this outer layer was attributed to the oxidation of residual SiC during sintering and the trapping of gaseous oxidation products. Samples that were made from the fine (180 nm) SiC did not exhibit such a layer and showed isotropic shrinkage. 相似文献
The oxidation mechanisms of stigmasterol at 100 and 180 °C were investigated by using the HPLC‐UV‐FL method. An overall picture of the oxidation status was achieved with a single HPLC analysis, enabling us to monitor the formation and decomposition of both primary and secondary oxidation products. The oxidation behavior of stigmasterol was different at the two temperatures. At 180 °C, the amounts of hydroperoxides increased sharply during the first 10 min and then began to decrease. At 100 °C, the amounts of hydroperoxides increased over the entire experimental period. At 180 °C, all major secondary oxidation products, except 7‐ketostigmasterol, reached a plateau after 40 min of oxidation, while at 100 °C their amounts increased constantly. The same oxidation products were formed at both temperatures, but their distribution differed. At 180 °C, the formation of free radicals at position 7 was more favorable than formation of radicals at position 25. The situation was the opposite at 100 °C; radicals formed more easily at the tertiary position 25. At 180 °C, 7‐ketostigmasterol was dominant after 40 min of oxidation, whereas at 100 °C it was the main oxidation product over the entire experiment. 相似文献
Hot‐spot models of initiation and detonation show that voids or porosity ranging from nanometer to micrometer in size within highly insensitive energetic materials affect initiability and detonation properties. Thus, the knowledge of the void size distribution, and how it changes with the volume expansion seen with temperature cycling, are important to understanding the properties of the insensitive explosive 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB). In this paper, void size distributions in the 2 nm to 2 μm regime, obtained from small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements, are presented for LX‐17‐1, PBX‐9502, and ultra‐fine TATB formulations, both as processed and after thermal cycling. Two peaks were observed in the void size distribution: a narrow peak between 7–10 nm and a broad peak between 20 nm and about 1 mm. The first peak was attributed to porosity intrinsic to the TATB crystallites. The larger pores were believed to be intercrystalline, a result of incomplete consolidation during processing and pressing. After thermal cycling, these specimens showed an increase in both the number and size of these larger pores. These results illuminate the nature of the void distributions in these TATB‐based explosives from 2 nm to 2 μm and provide empirical experimental input for computational models of initiation and detonation. 相似文献
Summary: The thermal stability of gamma irradiated low density polyethylene (LDPE) films in presence of various structures of hindered amine stabilizers (HAS) was investigated by the oxygen uptake method under constant temperature of 180 °C and normal pressure conditions. The thermo‐oxidation was run using air environment. The sigmoidal dependency of oxygen uptake allows the calculation of the main kinetic parameters: oxidation induction time and oxidation rate on the propagation step. The various steps involved in the thermal degradation process were detected by the derivative procedure applied to the dependencies of oxygen uptake on time. It was found that the kinetic parameters of the thermal degradation process, determined by oxygen uptake, revealed the antioxidant role of HAS in γ‐irradiated LDPE films by providing better stability, when compared with the unstabilized samples. Moreover, the results indicated that the dependencies of oxygen uptake on thermal degradation time involved two degradation stages: the former occurring in the ungrafted moiety and the latter taking place after the antioxidant depletion is achieved. The stabilization efficiency of these oxidation inhibitors provides satisfactory thermal resistance to LDPE films, especially those based on an alkoxyamine structure.
Dependencies of oxygen uptake on time at the thermal degradation of LDPE irradiated at 812 kGy. (‐□‐) free of additive; (‐○‐) Tinuvin 123; (‐?‐) Sanduvor PR 31; (‐?‐) Uvasil 299. 相似文献
In this study, oxidation kinetics of refined hazelnut oil heated at the temperature range from 80 to 180 °C was evaluated. The changes in peroxide value, p‐anisidine value, polymer triglyceride content, α‐tocopherol content, and color values during oxidation were best fitted to zero‐order kinetic model. The rate constants for the p‐anisidine value, polymer triglyceride content, and degradation of α‐tocopherol of hazelnut oil increased at the temperatures between 80 and 160 °C, while the rate constant for peroxide value decreased at the temperatures between 80 and 140 °C. The activation energies for the formation of peroxides (at 80–140 °C), secondary oxidation products such as alkenals, the polymer triglycerides, and degradation of α‐tocopherol were found as 47.49, 29.95, 52.65, and 14.22 kJ mol?1, respectively. The induction period of hazelnut oil was observed to reduce with increasing oxidation times. The increase in the b* value with the oxidation time and temperature was attributed to the fact that the heating process intensified the yellow color of the oil. 相似文献