一种新的QoS保证的快速组播路由算法

提出了一种新的服务质量保证的组播路由算法。算法使用了一个修改的斯坦利树近似算法来构建时延有界的低代价组播树，再通过最小时延路径与其他尚不在组播树的组内节点连接，并消除环路。理论和仿真表明，新算法与其他一些时延有界组播路由算法一样有较好的性能。并且有较小的复杂度。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的特定源组播算法

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有特定源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套新的特定源组播算法,即基于核心群的特定源组播算法(CSSM)和加权的CSSM算法(w-CSSM).CSSM算法以源节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,所得的树代价最小,从而大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和传输效率.在w-CSSM算法中,加权因子可以自适应调整以适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延,以支持某些有严格端到端时延要求的实时组播业务.通过与低轨卫星IP网络中典型特定源组播算法MRA的仿真比较,可以看出CSSM和w-CSSM算法的树代价性能比MRA有较大改善,不过端到端传播时延略高.     

一种改进的时延受限低代价光组播路由算法

针对光网络时延受限光组播路由计算复杂度高的问题,提出一种基于改进的和声搜索求解时延受限光组播路由的算法。论文通过引入自适应的和声记忆保留率及微调概率提高和声算法搜寻到全局最优光组播树的能力;算法设计了一个能够保持备选光组播树多样性的动态适应度函数以扩大光组播路由的搜索范围;同时,算法在初始化和声库时采用精英保留策略简化和声迭代过程。仿真结果表明,提出的改进算法能够求得代价更低的光组播路由,且算法在较大光网络规模下具有较好的收敛稳定性。     

一种基于拉格朗日松弛的时延约束多播路由算法

提出了一种基于拉格朗日松弛方法的时延约束最小代价多播路由算法(LR-DLMA)。该算法充分利用拉格朗日松弛方法的特点，通过构建封闭图，对封闭图进行拉格朗日松弛求得满足条件的多播树。仿真实验结果表明本算法性能稳定，其代价性能接近性能最好的BSMA算法，并具有快速、低时延的特点。     

组播路由调度的神经网络方法

本文探讨了在高速包交换计算机网络中，具有端到端时延及时延抖动限制的组播路由问题。首先给出了此类问题的网络模型及其数学描述，然后提出了基于Ｈｏｐｆｉｅｌｄ神经网络的组播路由优化算法。实验表明，本算法能根据组播应用对时延的要求，快速、有效地构造最优组播树，有较强的实时性。     

基于非精确状态信息的QoS组播路由算法

提出了一种在非精确网络状态信息下满足时延和带宽约束的最小代价组播路由算法。基于非精确网络下门限更新策略，提出一种将安全性和组播树代价相结合的路径选择函数。模拟多组播业务的仿真结果表明．该算法所得组播树的代价最优，而且请求接受率较高，反映了该算法同时具有较好的QoS能力和负载均衡能力。     

基于名字映射和解析系统的多RP组播

大量以信息为中心的应用使得组播再次受到关注。基于共享树的组播方法相较于基于源树的组播方法能够有效地减少组播转发状态,但仍存在一些问题,如RP管理复杂、RP负载过大、传输时延高和流量汇聚等。基于此,文中提出了一种基于名字映射和解析系统（NMRS）的多RP组播方法。针对RP管理复杂和过载问题,所提方法将所有路由器都作为候选RP,并使用NMRS管理候选RP以实现负载均衡。针对时延过高的问题,所提方法使用现场名字映射和解析服务维护局部源信息并为局部的源选择最近的RP,每个组播组建立多个以不同RP为根的共享树。实验结果表明,相较于现有基于共享树的方法,所提的组播方法在仅增加部分组播转发状态的同时能够有效减少RP负载、传输时延和流量汇聚。     

基于时延限制的分布式组播路由选择算法

本文基于最短路径算法提出了主树的概念,并且利用组播树的代价和时延限制的定义给出了一种分布式组播路由选择算法。可以在时延限制的前提下使组播树的代价接近最优。最后,给出了在ＯＰＮＥＴ环境中的仿真结果,并根据结果说明了本文方法的有效性。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的核心群合并共享树组播算法

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,该文提出了一种低树代价的组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)算法,包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法基于逻辑位置形成的虚拟静态、结构规则的网络拓扑选择核节点。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的传输带宽利用率和组播传输效率。最后,与低轨卫星IP网络中的其他几种典型算法进行了性能对比,仿真结果说明,CCST算法的树代价性能比其它算法有较大改善,而端到端传播时延略高。     

基于SSM的多源组播协议及其安全策略

为满足参与方同时为收发方的组播通信模式,本文提出了一种新的基于特定源组播的多源组播路由协议SSM-MSM,该协议利用特定源组播形成的单向组播转发树维护一个与之并行的用于每方通信的双向转发树,其路由状态、树建立、控制消息开销和转发时延较小。     

An iterative algorithm for delay-constrained minimum-costmulticasting

The bounded shortest multicast algorithm (BSMA) is presented for constructing minimum-cost multicast trees with delay constraints. The BSMA can handle asymmetric link characteristics and variable delay bounds on destinations, specified as real values, and minimizes the total cost of a multicast routing tree. Instead of the single-pass tree construction approach used in most previous heuristics, the new algorithm is based on a feasible-search optimization strategy that starts with the minimum-delay multicast tree and monotonically decreases the cost by iterative improvement of the delay-bounded multicast tree. The BSMA's expected time complexity is analyzed, and simulation results are provided showing that BSMA can achieve near-optimal cost reduction with fast execution     

基于克隆选择的QoS组播路由优化

衡量QoS组播路由主要性能指标有延时,代价,带宽等,本文所提出的基于遗传算法的多约束QoS组播路由优化算法.引入了一个综合性能指标Q适应度函数,对延时、带宽、代价这3个性能指标进行权衡.以减小组播树的代价和延时,增大带宽,提高组播的服务质量.并对解决传统算法对于存在两组及以上的组播树,他们的代价都是最优的,延时和带宽都满足受限条件时无法选择的问题十分有效的.     

Multicast routing for multimedia communication

The authors present heuristics for multicast tree construction for communication that depends on: bounded end-to-end delay along the paths from source to each destination and minimum cost of the multicast tree, where edge cost and edge delay can be independent metrics. The problem of computing such a constrained multicast tree is NP-complete. It is shown that the heuristics demonstrate good average case behavior in terms of cost, as determined by simulations on a large number of graphs     

Distributed multicast routing for delay-sensitive applications

A distributed multicast algorithm for constructing minimum cost multicast trees with delay constraints is proposed. The proposed algorithm can always construct a delay-constrained multicast tree, if one exists, and exhibits superior tree cost performance compared to existing algorithms     

A new heuristic algorithm for finding minimum‐cost multicast trees with bounded path delay

This article presents a new heuristic algorithm called DDBMA (Dynamic Delay Bounded Multicast Algorithm) to construct a minimum‐cost multicast tree. The heuristic depends on (1) bounded delay along paths from source nodes to each destination node; (2) minimum cost of the multicast tree; (3) dynamic multicast tree status which is maintained by updating the existing multicast tree when nodes in the network request to join or leave. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Minimizing Cost and Delay in Shared Multicast Trees

Existing tree construction mechanisms are classified into source‐based trees and center‐based trees. The source‐based trees produce a source‐rooted tree with a low delay. However, for the applications with multiple senders, the management overheads for routing tables and resource reservations are too high. The center‐based trees are easy to implement and manage, but a priori configuration of candidate center nodes is required, and the optimization nature such as tree cost and delay is not considered. In this paper, we propose a new multicast tree building algorithm. The proposed algorithm basically builds a non‐center based shared tree. In particular, any center node is not pre‐configured. In the proposed algorithm, a multicast node among current tree nodes is suitably assigned to each incoming user. Such a node is selected in a fashion that tree cost and the maximum end‐to‐end delay on the tree are jointly minimized. The existing and proposed algorithms are compared by experiments. In the simulation results, it is shown that the proposed algorithm approximately provides the cost saving of 30 % and the delay saving of 10 %, compared to the existing approaches. In conclusion, we see that the cost and delay aspects for multicast trees can be improved at the cost of additional computations.     

A distributed algorithm of delay-bounded multicast routing formultimedia applications in wide area networks

Multicast routing is to find a tree which is rooted from a source node and contains all multicast destinations. There are two requirements of multicast routing in many multimedia applications: optimal network cost and bounded delay. The network cost of a tree is defined as the sum of the cost of all links in the tree. The bounded delay of a routing tree refers to the feature that the accumulated delay from the source to any destination along the tree shall not exceed a prespecified bound. This paper presents a distributed heuristic algorithm which generates routing trees having a suboptimal network cost under the delay bound constraint. The proposed algorithm is fully distributed, efficient in terms of the number of messages and convergence time, and flexible in dynamic membership changes. A large amount of simulations have been done to show the network cost of the routing trees generated by our algorithm is similar to, or even better than, other existing algorithms     

支持延时约束的覆盖多播路由协议的研究

研究有度和延时约束的覆盖多播路由问题,提出了一个新的覆盖多播路由协议-延时受限的树协议(DBTP)。该协议采用分布式和树优先的策略,使多播组成员之间能自组织地构建一棵基于源的覆盖多播树。DBTP协议采用了一种新的启发式局部优化算法,通过调节启发因子,能灵活地在延时和代价之间进行折衷。仿真实验表明,无论在静态还是动态节点模型下,选择适当的启发参数,DBTP都能获得较高的节点接纳率。     

时延受限低代价的一种组播路由动态算法

提出了一种适合目的节点动态加入的、时延受限低代价多播路由的启发式算法DLHMA算法。该算法基于MPH算法的基本思想进行扩展,在满足时延限制条件和多播树代价增加最小的基础上,逐步将目的节点添加到多播树上。最后,证明了算法的正确性,分析了算法的动态性,并进行了仿真实验。结果表明,该算法可以实现新加目的节点的动态加入,并保证所获得多播树的低代价。