三门峡地区黄土状粉土静力学特性试验研究

以三门峡地区黄土状粉土为研究对象,通过控制重塑土样的干密度及含水率制备不同状态的试样,在非饱和土三轴仪上采用不排水试验法,对试样的静力学特性进行试验研究.试验结果表明:试样的基质吸力、水分状态及密度对土的力学性质有着重要影响,相同围压下土体破坏偏应力随着基质吸力的增大而升高;试样的黏聚力随含水率的增加而减小,且减小幅度在不同含水率区间有不同的变化规律;内摩擦角随含水率的增加呈现出先增加后减小的变化规律,并且其变化曲线出现双峰值点;试样的黏聚力及内摩擦角均随干密度的增加而增大,但不同的是黏聚力与干密度的关系曲线可用双曲线模型拟合,而内摩擦角与干密度的关系曲线呈现出非线性的变化规律.     

正断层力学性质的构造应力分析

煤层正断层是地台区煤层中常见的一种构造类型,在矿井突水淹井、煤层瓦斯赋存和煤与瓦斯突出等矿井灾害研究及煤矿生产中具有重要意义.作者用力学分析的方法研究了正断层形成的两种应力状态,指出正断层具有张性和剪性两种力学性质,并以剪性为主;构造应力场的空间作用状态是影响断层性质的决定因素.     

正断层力学性质的构造应力分析

煤层正断层是地台区煤层中常见的一种构造类型,在矿井突水淹井、煤层瓦斯赋存和煤与瓦斯突出等矿井灾害研究及煤矿生产中具有重要意义.作者用力学分析的方法研究了正断层形成的两种应力状态,指出正断层具有张性和剪性两种力学性质,并以剪性为主;构造应力场的空间作用状态是影响断层性质的决定因素.     

煤的几项力学性质试验研究

煤的力学性质的研究可为煤矿采掘提供一定参数.本文对煤的几项力学性质作了试验研究,从煤层煤岩特征,到试样制备,煤的物理力学性质试验及其数据的大小作了基本的叙述,最后,对试验结果进行了初步分析。     

缩尺效应对砂砾石料力学特性及其本构模型的影响

针对三轴仪受颗粒尺寸的限制而存在缩尺效应的问题,以新疆阿尔塔什筑坝料为研究对象,通过大型三轴数值模拟试验,从宏细观角度开展缩尺效应对砂砾石料力学特性及其非线性本构模型影响的研究.结果表明,随着围压的增加,试样偏应力极值增大,剪缩程度显著而剪胀特性被抑制;随着试样尺寸的增大,其峰值强度提高,试样由剪缩向剪胀过渡.随着试样尺寸的增大,邓肯模型的内摩擦角分量、弹性模量参数、体积模量参数均明显增大,其他参数的影响可忽略不计.砂砾石料的内摩擦角分量与颗粒粒径呈对数型函数关系,弹性模量参数、体积模量参数与颗粒粒径均呈线性函数关系.随着试样尺寸的增大,变形集中区的范围更广泛,其形式逐渐由“X”型变为“X+x”或“X+x+x”型变形集中区.初始阶段配位数随着试样尺寸的增大而增加;加载过程中配位数增加,试样以剪缩为主,随着试样尺寸的增大其配位数逐渐呈减小趋势,剪缩性被抑制.     

小麦力学参数的三轴压缩试验研究

小麦力学参数是仓储结构设计的基础数据,采用三轴仪对小麦进行了三轴压缩试验,获得了小麦试样的应力-应变关系曲线,利用莫尔-库伦准则确定了其强度参数,并计算得到其弹性模量.试验表明:小麦在固结不排水阶段的应力-应变曲线大致分为线弹性、应力强化、剪切面滑动和破坏等4个阶段;随着围压的增大,小麦试样弹性模量增大,在围压为50~200 k Pa时,弹性模量为0.715~2.422 MPa,并拟合出了小麦弹性模量和围压的关系曲线.试验结果可以为仓储结构设计中小麦力学参数的选取及小麦的颗粒流(PFC)数值分析提供依据.     

平顶山矿区煤层气赋存特征及开发潜力

平顶山矿区二1煤层富含煤层甲烷气体,其资源量估算达302亿m3以上．本文通过对控制煤层气赋存的二1煤层的传层几何形态、地质特征、煤质变化、特别是物性特征的研究,指出本区二1煤层渗透性较好,渗透率随着围限压力增加而降低,且与判及发育程度、构造应力变化有密切关系．而二1煤层中的煤层气含量与煤层理深有着密切关系,随着深度增加而增加．通过综合分析指出了开发潜力较好的区块．     

单轴循环冲击下花岗岩力学特性与损伤演化机理

为研究循环冲击荷载下黑云母花岗岩的动态力学特性,利用改进的分离式霍普金森压杆,选取4种不同的入射波应力幅值对花岗岩试样进行等幅循环冲击,并对相关机理和试验现象进行探析.结果表明:入射波应力幅值为110.57和90.48 MPa时,随着冲击次数的增加,岩样的峰值应力逐渐降低,最大应变、平均应变率和损伤值均呈现增大趋势;入射波应力幅值为70.82 MPa时,花岗岩的峰值应力随着冲击次数的增加表现出先增强后降低的特性,而最大应变、平均应变率与损伤值则表现出相反规律;入射波应力幅值降为50.69 MPa时,岩样的力学性质基本不变,岩样未见明显的损伤.此外,研究还发现基于岩样静态压缩应力-应变曲线推求的静态裂纹起裂应力,经强度增长比例系数放大后可得到动态裂纹起裂应力,籍此能较好地解释上述循环冲击试验中所观测到的现象.     

古汉山井田煤层气赋存特征

以焦作煤田古汉山井田为研究区,通过定性分析与定量研究,探讨了煤层埋深、顶底板岩性、煤层埋深以及地质构造等因素对煤层含气性的控制;通过数理统计的方法,得出了埋深、有效埋藏深度以及煤厚与煤层含气量的回归方程,并对回归方程进行了显著性检验.研究结果表明,煤厚、断裂构造以及埋深是影响古汉山井田煤层气赋存特征的主要因素,并表现为:①随着煤厚的增加,含气量线形增大.②随着埋深和有效埋藏深度的增加,含气量先是急剧增大,到了一定阶段后,增大趋势变慢,之间具有对数正相关关系.③在断层尖灭端,含气量大,断裂带内含气量小;正断层的下降盘的含气量大于上升盘,同一正断层的上升盘附近,距离断层面越远,含气量越大.煤层的顶板岩性对含气量有一定的影响,但不是引起井田内煤层含气量变化的主控因素.     

冻融循环下含水率对粉质黏土力学性质影响试验

为研究初始含水率对土体力学性质冻融循环效应的影响规律,以青藏高原粉质黏土为对象,进行不同含水率、围压及冻融次数条件下的三轴试验.结果表明:冻融循环使得不同初始含水率试样的应力-应变曲线趋于接近,低含水率试样的力学性质表现为劣化,在一定范围内,含水率越高,劣化效果越显著;当含水率增加至某一值后,一般为接近塑限时,冻融循环效应则表现为强化;封闭条件下土体冻融循环中的水分迁移会引起含水率的增减分区分布,且初始含水率越高,水分迁移量越大;土体破坏强度随含水率的增加以非线性规律减小,因此试样冻融循环后含水率增大区和减小区的强度变化幅度不同,会引起破坏强度增大、减小及不变等3种不同的变化趋势;冻融循环下土体力学性质会受到干密度、水分重分布及土体结构改变等多方面的影响,初始含水率和冻融次数不同,占主导地位的因素也不同,冻融循环效应就相应地呈现出多样化特征.     

Influence of different mining layouts on the mechanical properties of coal

Non-pillar mining, top-coal caving and protected coal seam mining are the most popular mining methods in coal exploitation, and the different mining layouts will change the stress state and failure mechanism of coal in front of the working face. In this paper, mining-induced mechanical behaviors under three mining layouts have been simulated in the laboratory to investigate the effects of mining layouts on the deformation and strength of coal. Furthermore, the coal failure mechanism under different mining layouts is analyzed microscopically. The experimental results indicate that the stage characteristics of the coal deformation are obvious. Under the serial action of non-pillar mining, top-coal caving and protected coal seam mining layouts, the values of radial deformation, volume strain and Poisson’s ratio increase, while the peak strength and deformation modulus decrease at the same buried depth, and the peak strength under non-pillar mining, top-coal caving and protected coal seam mining is about 3.0, 2.5 and 2.0 times of the initial confining pressure, respectively. The results also indicate that the trend of the coal deformation decreases with the increase of the buried depth under the same mining layout, while the strength and deformation modulus increase, and the failure mechanism under three mining layouts is dominated with shear/tensile failure.     

不同卸载速率下煤岩采动力学响应试验研究

深刻认识采动应力路径下岩体力学响应的加载速率效应,是科学界定实际工作面推进最优速率的重要基础。基于平煤矿区煤岩初始地应力环境,定量分析了千米级赋存深度煤岩保护层开采条件下应力演化特征,展开更为符合真实应力状态的不同加载速率下煤岩体力学行为实验模拟,同时与未考虑采动试验结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明：（1）常规三轴压缩试验,试样强度受加载速率影响较小,在1~4 MPa/min时并无明显变化,达到5 MPa/min时强度才有明显的上升,约为115 MPa。（2）随加载速率增加,采动过程中煤岩体强度呈现下降后上升再下降的趋势,1 MPa/min和4 MPa/min加载速率下煤岩体强度达到最大,其峰值应力约为64 MPa,较3 MPa/min提高了12%。（3）低加载速率下试件内部的微小裂隙可以充分发育、扩展,试样裂隙密度随加载速率增加呈减小趋势,其中1 MPa/min约为5 MPa/min的1.61倍,适当降低开采速度可提高瓦斯抽采效率。（4）不同开采速度煤岩在整个采动过程中体积应变不仅出现了相对初始状态的压缩现象,还出现了破坏阶段的体积膨胀,可将其作为采动特征,明显区别于未考虑采动下的体积压缩,且采动下煤岩强度明显偏小,破损程度更大。研究成果可为类似地质条件开展保护层开采设计奠定一定的理论基础。     

Effects of high temperature on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of hard coal

Coal is a common porous sedimentary rock whose microstructure and mechanical behavior are often affected by high temperature. In order to deeply investigate the effect of high temperature on the structure and mechanical properties of coal, six groups of coal samples with different heating temperatures were prepared. Various testing methods, including ultrasonic test, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and uniaxial compression test, were used in this study. The results showed that the physical and chemical change processes of coal samples under high temperature can be divided into two stages: the stage of drying and degassing and the stage of pyrolysis of the coal matrix. With the increase of heating temperature, the total porosity of coal samples increases, while the integrity and the deformation resistance of coal samples decrease. In addition, the elastic modulus and uniaxial compressive strength of the coal sample decrease with the increase of heating temperature. The Poisson's ratio decreases firstly and then increases with the increase of heating temperature.     

动载下层状岩体力学特性试验与数值模拟

为研究冲击载荷作用下层状复合岩体的动态力学性能和破裂机制,基于煤单体和白砂岩构成层状软硬煤岩复合体,利用分离式霍普金森压杆试验装置和LS-DYNA有限元分析软件,结合Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)本构模型,开展不同速率和不同冲击方向下层状软硬煤岩复合体加载试验。结果表明：静态载荷作用下,层状煤岩复合体的强度不会随加载方向变化,动态载荷下层状煤岩复合体的峰值应力和动态增长因子DIF都随冲击速度增加呈线性增大,并且波阻抗匹配效果更好的HS复合体力学性能始终优于SH复合体(S和H分别代表煤单体和白砂岩),随着冲击速度增加这种现象逐渐减弱;层状煤岩复合体耗散能密度与入射能密度呈二次增长关系,分形维数也随着速度增加而不断增大,其中,应力波由硬入软时得到的效果优于由软入硬;层状煤岩复合体破碎程度随冲击速度增加而愈发剧烈,HS复合体破坏程度大于同条件下的SH复合体,白砂岩多呈剪切状破碎,煤单体多呈粉碎锥形破坏;层状煤岩复合体交界处与其他区域强度不一致,造成复合体破坏顺序改变,复合体整体强度规律从小到大依次为煤单体非交界面区域、煤单体交界面区域、白砂岩交界面区域、白砂岩非交界面...     

表面自然腐蚀后带缺陷管钢的力学性能研究

针对腐蚀对管道钢的力学性能的影响问题，对不同腐蚀程度的管道钢进行拉伸试验，研究不同腐蚀程度的管道钢其力学性能与腐蚀损失度之间的关系。并基于试验结果建立数值分析模型，分析腐蚀坑处应力状态。轴向拉力作用下，带腐蚀缺陷管道钢的断裂位置发生在深宽比最大的腐蚀坑处；表面腐蚀缺陷管钢的屈服强度、弹性模量与腐蚀损失度相关度较低，而屈服荷载和等效弹性模量随着腐蚀程度的增加而明显降低；腐蚀坑的最大深宽比是影响管钢腐蚀坑处的应力集中系数的主要因素。研究结果可为在役管线力学性能进行评估预测，对预防管道泄漏及生命周期提供分析依据。     

Experimental study on the deformation behaviour,energy evolution law and failure mechanism of tectonic coal subjected to cyclic loads

Compared to intact coal, tectonic coal exhibits unique characteristics. The deformation behaviours under cyclic loading with different confining pressures and loading rates are monitored by MTS815 test system, and the mechanical and energy properties are analysed using experimental data. The results show that the stress–strain curve could be divided into four stages in a single cycle. The elastic strain and elastic energy density increase linearly with deviatoric stress and are proportional to the confining pressure and loading rate; irreversible strain and dissipated energy density increase exponentially with deviatoric stress, inversely proportional to the confining pressure and loading rate. The internal structure of tectonic coal is divided into three types, all of which are damaged under different deviatoric stress levels, thereby explaining the segmentation phenomenon of stress–strain curve of tectonic coal in the cyclic loading process. Tectonic coal exhibits nonlinear energy storage characteristics, which verifies why the tectonic coal is prone to coal and gas outburst from the principle of energy dissipation. In addition, the damage mechanism of tectonic coal is described from the point of energy distribution by introducing the concepts of crushing energy and friction energy.     

侧向卸荷路径下天津滨海软土强度参数试验研究

针对侧向卸荷条件下软土变形、强度等典型力学特性,选取天津滨海新区9～18,m深度海相软土为研究对象,采用应力-应变控制式三轴剪切渗透试验仪,对试样进行了三轴不固结不排水试验(UU)、三轴固结不排水试验(CU)以及K0固结轴向卸荷试验(DEP).试验结果表明:UU、CU、DEP试验应力与应变关系曲线呈双曲线特性,UU与CU试验应力与应变关系曲线呈硬化特征,DEP试验应力与应变关系曲线呈软化特征.DEP试验对于总应力强度参数有影响,对有效应力强度参数影响较小.     

万福矿井深部人工冻结粘土层的力学性状

根据万福矿井400m以下巨厚粘性土层取样进行的冻土力学性状试验结果,深部冻结粘性土的应力应变 关系主要表现为应变软化特点,达到峰值应力之前显现较大幅度的屈服变形。从冻结效果看,-20℃是使深部 粘性土力学性状发生明显变化的冻结状态界限值,冻结粘土样的强度明显提高,而蠕变性则明显降低,达到 -20℃后,随着温度进一步降低,强度和蠕变性的变化则逐渐趋缓。     

Experimental research on coal seam similar material proportion and its application

In this paper, the optimization design of the low strength mechanical test and orthogonal test have been analyzed in order to simulate the mechanical properties of thick and extra-thick coal seam accurately in a similar material simulation test. The results show that the specimen can reach a wider range of strength when cement has been used compared to that of gypsum, suggesting that cement is more suitable for making coal seam in similar material simulation tests. The uniaxial compressive strength is more sensitive to cement than coal or sand. The proportion of coal and sand do not play a decisive role in uniaxial compressive strength. The uniaxial compressive strength and specimen density decrease as the mass percent of coal and aggregate–binder ratio rise. There is a positive correlation between uniaxial compressive strength and density. The No. 5 proportion(cement: sand: water: activated carbon: coal = 6:6:7:1.1:79.9)was chosen to be used in the similar material simulation test of steeply dipping and extra-thick coal seam with a density of 0.913 g/cm~3 and an uniaxial compressive strength of 0.076 MPa which are in accordance with the similarity theory. The phenomenon of overburden stratum movement, fracture development and floor pressure relief were obtained during the similar material simulation test by using the proportion.     

Mechanical behavior of coal under different mining rates: A case study from laboratory experiments to field testing

During deep mining, the excavation disturbance stress path is the domination factor for the stability of the surrounding rock mass as well as the ground pressure. One of the important parameters of the stress path is the loading or unloading rate of the disturbed rock or coal, which depended on the mining rate. To achieve a well understanding of the mining rate and its effect on the coal behavior, a preliminary case investigation of the mechanical properties of the coal at the various mining rates in both the laboratory scale and field scale was performed. Based on the uniaxial compression test and the digital image correlation(DIC) method, the mechanical behavior of the coal samples, such as the evolution of the strength,surface deformation, crack propagation, and elastic strain energy of the coal under the various loading rates were analyzed. A threshold range of the loading rate has been observed. The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) and releasable elastic strain energy(Ue) increase with increasing loading rate when the loading rate is below the threshold. Otherwise, the UCS and Uemay decrease with the loading rate.Under the low loading rate( 0.05 mm/min), the tensile deformation of the original defects could result in crack coalescence, whereas failure of the coal matrix is the key contributor to the crack coalescence under the high loading rate(greater than 0.05 mm/min). Afterwards, with the consideration of the bearing capacity(UCS) and energy release of the mining-disturbed coal mass(Ue), a power exponential relationship between the mining rate(MR) in the field and the critical loading rate(vc) in the laboratory was proposed. The application potential of the formulas was then validated against the field monitored data.Finally, based on the critical loading rate, the released strain energy, and the monitored pressure on the roof supports, a reasonable mining rate MRfor the Ji 15-31030 working face was determined to be approximately 3 m/d.