硅源对纳米级ZSM-5分子筛结构及其对甲醇转化制丙烯与丁烯反应催化性能的影响

采用低温水热晶化法,以四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,分别使用98%粗孔固体硅胶和30%硅溶胶为硅源,制备不同硅铝物质的量比的纳米级ZSM-5分子筛,研究硅源对其物化结构及甲醇转化制丙烯与丁烯催化性能的影响。结果表明,硅源种类影响ZSM-5分子筛的结构及铝分布,进而影响其酸性和催化性能。固体硅胶为硅源,有利于形成弱酸性位点;硅溶胶为硅源,有利于形成强酸性位点。在相同硅铝物质的量比时,以固体硅胶为硅源的ZSM-5分子筛的总酸量小于以硅溶胶为硅源的样品。无论使用何种硅源,对ZSM-5分子筛的晶型结构影响不大,且ZSM-5分子筛颗粒形貌均呈现为由小晶粒堆积成(500~1 000)nm的类球形颗粒。以硅溶胶为硅源制备的样品颗粒尺寸大于以固体硅胶为硅源制备的样品。硅铝物质的量比为400时,两种硅源合成分子筛的丙烯与丁烯的选择性相近,但以硅溶胶为硅源的ZSM-5分子筛的寿命更长。     

原料硅铝比对ZSM-5分子筛形貌及其甲醇转化制丙烯催化性能的影响

固定晶化条件和合成原料参数,分别以四丙基氢氧化铵、偏铝酸钠、正硅酸乙酯为模板剂、铝源和硅源,考察了原料硅铝比对合成ZSM-5分子筛理化性能的影响。结果发现,随着原料硅铝比的增大,ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度降低;晶粒大小趋于增大,且其形貌由圆柱型向长条状转变;比表面积和孔容减小。在甲醇转化制丙烯过程中,原料硅铝比在280~360,ZSM-5分子筛的甲醇转化率为100%,丙烯收率高于43%,P/E比值为6.85~9.58。     

硅改性拟薄水铝石合成SAPO-34分子筛的研究

SAPO-34分子筛常用于甲醇制烯烃（MTO）反应中。以硅酸钠、硝酸铝和氨水为原料采用碱滴酸加料方式制备一种硅改性拟薄水铝石,再以硅改性拟薄水铝石为硅源和铝源、磷酸（H₃PO₄）为磷源、四乙基氢氧化铵（TEAOH）为模板剂采用水热合成法制备SAPO-34分子筛。采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR、NH₃-TPD等表征手段对合成的硅改性拟薄水铝石及SAPO-34分子筛进行表征并对其MTO催化性能进行评价。结果表明,在硅铝物质的量比为0.08~0.5时,硅的引入对合成纯相拟薄水铝石无影响,但硅的引入量对拟薄水铝石的结晶度及形貌有一定影响;在硅铝物质的量比为0.2~0.5时,以硅改性拟薄水铝石为硅源和铝源可以合成纯相SAPO-34分子筛,MTO催化反应甲醇转化率可达99%以上,双烯选择性最高达87%以上,并拥有较高的乙烯选择性。     

钙负载量对Ca/HZSM-5甲醇制烯烃催化性能的影响

以浸渍法制备不同负载量的Ca/HZSM-5催化剂,并采用NH_3-TPD和Py-IR对改性前后样品进行表征。在连续流动固定床反应装置上,详细考察了其甲醇制烯烃(MTO)的催化性能。催化评价结果表明,Ca改性提高了催化稳定性与低碳烯烃(C_2~=～C_4~=)选择性,但负载过多的Ca不利于甲醇制烯烃反应,Ca负载量存在最佳值,约为6%。关联评价结果与酸表征数据,发现HZSM-5上几乎所有的B酸与Ca物种作用后,催化性能达到最佳。通过与Na/HZSM-5和2Ca/1Na/HZSM-5催化性能的比较,探讨了Ca在催化反应中的作用,提出Ca物种与B酸结合形成了催化活性中心,参与甲醇的催化转化。     

SSZ-13分子筛无钠合成工艺与产物物性表征

以氨水弱碱代替NaOH作为碱源,铵型硅溶胶与硫酸铝作为不含钠的硅铝源,N,N,N-三甲基-1-金刚烷基氢氧化铵作为有机模板剂,一步水热法无钠途径合成了不同硅铝比的SSZ-13分子筛。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)、元素分析、热重分析(TG-DTG)和N_2等温吸附-脱附(BET)等手段表征产物,并以甲醇制烯烃反应(MTO)评价其催化性能。结果表明,采用氨水合成的不同硅铝比的铵型SSZ-13分子筛,粒径随着硅铝比增加而减小;合成产物直接焙烧后可用于催化反应,硅铝比为75较25的样品在甲醇制烯烃催化反应中寿命延长了2.6倍。     

导向剂法合成SAPO-34分子筛及其在甲醇制烯烃中的性能

在传统水热合成法基础上,采用预制晶种导向剂的方法成功合成SAPO-34分子筛,通过XRD、BET和SEM等手段对样品进行表征,并研究在甲醇转化制烯烃反应中的催化性能。甲醇制烯烃结果表明,催化剂的使用寿命延长,乙烯和丙烯总选择性较高,与传统方法相比,可大幅度降低模板剂用量,最大降幅约40%。     

SAPO分子筛性能的研究进展

磷酸硅铝(SAPO)分子筛作为一种新型的微孔型晶体,具有适宜的酸性和孔道结构以及优异的选择性和热稳定性,是一种良好的新型催化材料,被广泛应于与甲醇转化制烯烃、烃类的异构化和汽车尾气净化催化材料等方面,具有很好的开发潜力和发展前景。本文介绍了SAPO分子筛中Si原子的取代机理,综述了SAPO分子筛的酸性、吸附性能、热稳定性能和催化性能,概述了影响SAPO分子筛结构和性能的主要因素,包括反应物的组成配比、模板剂、硅源、介质等,并对SAPO分子筛目前存在的问题进行了分析和展望。     

SAPO-34分子筛应用研究进展

综述了SAPO-34分子筛催化低碳物转化制低碳烯烃(甲醇、二甲醚、卤化烷烃制烯烃、乙醇脱水制乙烯)、C_4～C_8直链烯烃/烷烃裂解制低碳烯烃、烷烃氧化或直接脱氢反应制烯烃、催化烃类或H_2选择性还原NO_x、制备膜分离材料以及在发光体材料等领域中的应用。系统分析sAPO-34分子筛在各领域应用进展,有利于理解材料的物化性能对其催化性能、热稳定性及水热稳定性、选择性渗透和分子筛分离性能的影响,有利于实现对SAPO-34分子筛的认识取得突破性进展,拓展SAPO-34分子筛应用领域,并为其他催化材料的设计提供借鉴。     

C4和C5回炼对提高甲醇制烯烃(MTO)收率的研究

甲醇制烯烃(MTO)装置使用的催化剂SAPO-34分子筛具有较强的酸性催化特征,利用该性质对C_4和C_5进行裂解实验,文中通过实验得出在甲醇制烯烃催化剂的作用下能够部分裂解C_4和C_5,裂解产物中有目的产物质量分数约25%,不同的再生定碳对C_4和C_5的裂解程度也有差异,当再生催化剂定碳控制在1.3%—1.6%时,C_4和C_5的裂解程度最优。C_5回炼时,乙烯和丙烯的收率能提高0.49%;同时,未反应的C_4/C_5进入反应器后抑制了甲醇制烯烃反应中C_4/C_5的生成,进一步提高烯烃的收率。     

硅源对高岭土合成ZSM-5分子筛的影响

以煤系高岭土为原料,分别以水玻璃、气相Si O_2、正硅酸四乙酯和硅酸为硅源,氢氧化钠为矿化剂,四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,合成了ZSM-5分子筛。随后,在氯化铵氛围下离子交换合成HZSM-5分子筛。利用XRD、SEM、FTIR、NH_3-TPD、BET对HZSM-5进行了表征。最后,利用甲醇制汽油(MTG)反应测试HZSM-5的催化性能。结果表明:以硅酸合成的HZSM-5分子筛催化效果优异,在MTG反应43 h后开始失活,高碳烃(C_(5+))类产物的选择性为41.75%。     

Yield of gasoline-range hydrocarbons as a function of uniform ZSM-5 crystal size

Uniform ZSM-5 nanocrystals were synthesized by a single-templating procedure. The samples were then characterized by a variety of physical techniques such as XRD, SEM, BET, ICP and TPD. The dehydration of methanol over synthesized ZSM-5 zeolite was studied in a fixed-bed continuous flow reactor at 370 °C and WHSV of 2.6 gg⁻¹ h under ambient pressure. The effect of crystal size of zeolite catalysts on product distribution in methanol dehydration reaction was investigated. Good correlation was observed between catalytic performance, product distribution and size of ZSM-5 crystals. It was found that the decrease in crystal size significantly influences light olefins (ethylene and propylene) and paraffins (C₁–C₄) selectivity in methanol dehydration reaction. Furthermore, nanocrystal ZSM-5 showed long-term catalytic stability compared with conventional ZSM-5 provided that the reaction activity is strongly dependent on the crystal size in methanol dehydration process. The results indicated that crystal size significantly affects the catalyst lifetime and hydrocarbon distributions in product stream. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that the use of uniform ZSM-5 nanocrystals improves the yield of propylene and alkyl aromatics in methanol conversion reaction at mild conditions.     

表面活性剂对SAPO-34晶体形貌的调控研究

分别以拟薄水铝石为铝源,磷酸为磷源,硅溶胶为硅源,三乙胺和四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,在反应体系中添加十八烷基三甲基溴化铵(STAB)合成板层状小晶粒SAPO-34分子筛。通过XRD、SEM、FT-IR、NH_3-TPD和N_2吸附-脱附等手段对样品进行表征。并且考察了样品在甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应中的催化性能。结果表明,由于STAB长链分子的存在,在反应中形成了特定的有机序列,可以使分子筛样品的粒径变小,厚度变薄,强酸量略微增加,对比与传统方法做出的分子筛样品,具有更高的催化寿命和双烯(乙烯+丙烯)选择性。     

Control of acid-site location of ZSM-5 zeolite membrane and its application to the MTO reaction

ZSM-5 zeolite membrane, which shows high selectivity toward olefins in the methanol conversion, was developed by controlling the location of the acid sites. First, the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst membrane without pinholes was successfully prepared by synthesizing a ZSM-5 zeolite layer on an outer surface of a cylindrical alumina ceramic filter. The membrane was used as the catalytic membrane reactor to recover olefins from methanol. Though the olefins were successfully produced from methanol with high selectivity (ca. 80%), production of paraffin and aromatics was observed at the feed side of the zeolite membrane. To prevent the such production, the location of the acid site of the ZSM-5 zeolite membrane was controlled by a new method called the catalytic cracking of silane (CCS) method. Selective deactivation of acid sites at the outer surface of the zeolite membrane (feed side of reactant) by the CCS method allowed us to increase the selectivity of the olefins by 10% as compared to the untreated membrane.     

Swift and Selective Reduction of Nitroaromatics to Aromatic Amines with Ni–Boride–Silica Catalysts System at Low Temperature

Various nitroaromatics are successfully reduced to amines with 100% conversion and selectivity in methanol at low temperature (≈5 °C), by using versatile system of 5% Ni–SiO₂ catalyst and NaBH₄ and in situ generation of Ni boride. The catalytic efficiency of Ni loading (5%, 10% and 15%) with silica or titania as support materials is investigated for reduction of nitrobenzene. The Ni–titania/NaBH₄ system recorded lower conversion and selectivity. The IR studies indicate that silica support does not have free –OH group on its surface. Thus the nickel boride is anchored to the silica to facilitate the catalytic process.     

双金属改性ZSM-5-USY复合分子筛催化裂解正己烷制备低碳烯烃

为了获得催化裂解制备低碳烯烃的高效催化剂,以等体积浸渍法制备了系列单金属(Ce, Y, Zr, Mn, Cu)及双金属(Zr-Ce, Mn-Ce, Y-Ce, Cu-Ce)改性ZSM-5-USY复合分子筛催化剂,通过XRD, NH3-TPD, BET等方法表征了其物理化学性质,并将所制备催化剂用于催化裂解正己烷。结果表明,催化剂的弱酸量越多,正己烷转化率及C2~C4烯烃选择性越高,Zr-Ce共改性分子筛的催化活性较优。水蒸气处理对Zr-Ce/ZSM-5-USY催化剂的酸性及催化裂解产物分布有较大影响,经水蒸气处理的催化剂性能更稳定,可将裂解产物中低碳烯烃的选择性由20.02% (催化剂未经水蒸气处理)提高到57.55% (催化剂经水蒸气处理4 h)。研究了0.25% Zr-0.5% Ce/ZSM-5-USY催化体系的裂解反应动力学,正己烷裂解为一级反应,裂解活化能为88.93 kJ/mol。     

液相晶化法合成SAPO-34分子筛

分别以吗啉(Mor)和吗啉-四乙基氢氧化铵(Mor-TEAOH)为模板剂,采用液相晶化法合成SAPO-34分子筛,考察晶化温度、晶化时间和模板剂对合成SAPO-34分子筛的影响和SAP-34分子筛催化甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO)的性能.结果表明,合成SAPO-34的适宜晶化温度和时间分别为140～180℃和96～120 h,采用吗啉-四乙基氢氧化铵(Mor-TEAOH)为模板剂合成的分子筛晶粒较小.MTO反应的较佳条件为甲醇与水的体积比为2,质量空速5 h-1,催化剂8 g,常压,380℃.该条件下,甲醇转化率达98%以上,C2H4与C3H6总的选择性达84.01%.     

城市污水污泥催化快速热解制备芳香烃和烯烃

将城市污水污泥干燥处理,在小型热解分析系统中使用沸石分子筛进行催化快速热解实验,研究热解条件对芳香烃和烯烃产率及选择性的影响。结果表明：污泥快速热解产物中,烃类物质和含氮化合物较多,这些组分主要源自污泥中的蛋白质和油脂成分;添加催化剂后,芳香烃和烯烃的产率明显提高;在热解温度500℃、催化温度600℃条件下芳香烃和烯烃的产率分别为24%和19%。另外,污泥中大部分的N、P、Na和K等元素依然保留在炭粉中。     

Effect of reaction temperature on Fe–Al analcime formation

The effects of reaction period, temperature, and iron species on the zeolite framework type were studied in this work. Gismondine (GIS) is usually synthesized by hydrothermal method at 80°C from sodium metasilicate and aluminum nitrate as starting materials preferentially independent of the presence/absence of iron source. However, the present work revealed that pure analcime (ANA) could be formed at temperatures more than 120°C. A large polyhedral ANA crystal with a diameter of 180 μm was obtained even at a comparatively low temperature such as 150°C at a short reaction period of 1 week. The presence of iron source promoted the formation of pure ANA. Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and ICP-OES analysis suggested that the iron component added as a reactant was incorporated into the ANA framework through the isomorphous substitution for Al.