适用于PEA空间电荷测量系统的高压脉冲发生器设计

电声脉冲法(PEA)是一种目前较为流行的空间电荷分布测量技术,使用该法的一个前提条件是必须产生一个高压脉冲。阐述了电声脉冲法(PEA)测量电介质中空间电荷的原理,并分析了高压脉冲波形对测量信号的影响。在分析传统高压脉冲发生器的基础上,介绍了一台新型带相位检测的高压脉冲发生器,从而使PEA空间电荷测量系统能够适合交流电压下的电缆绝缘测试,该发生器能够形成50 ns、100 ns和200 ns的5 kV陡脉冲电压信号。     

10kV交联聚乙烯电缆本体交流电压下空间电荷测量

由于交流电压下的空间电荷在交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘老化过程中起到非常重要的作用,采用新研制的基于电声脉冲(PEA)法的空间电荷测量系统,对10 k V XLPE电缆本体在工频交流电压下的空间电荷进行测量。提出一种采用最高频率为200 Hz的继电器产生高压窄脉冲以及控制脉冲施加到固定工频相位的方法,实现一个工频周波下每隔22.5°为1个测试点,共计16个不同相位的空间电荷信息采集。结果表明:在外施交流电压90°和270°相位处测得的PEA信号峰幅值最大,在0°和180°相位处峰幅值最小。     

工频电压下电缆本体的空间电荷测试

采用新的相位匹配方法,研制了交流电压下交联聚乙烯电缆本体的空间电荷测量装置。利用该装置进行了两组实验,以研究电缆的交流空间电荷特性。一是对电热老化90 d后的XLPE电缆进行2 h交流极化实验,二是对现场运行15年的电缆进行384 h温度梯度场下交流老化实验;在加压的过程中同时测量空间电荷。实验发现,工频50 Hz电压下电缆内部存在空间电荷;两组实验刚施加电压后,绝缘内部迅速出现随相位呈周期性变化的电荷;在第二组实验长时间老化过程中绝缘内部逐渐积累出不随相位变化的固定电荷。对于第一组实验,绘制总电荷量随交流相位的变化曲线,发现电压下降阶段的电荷多于对应相位的电压上升阶段的电荷,0°的电荷多于180°的电荷。该现象表明电荷复合滞后于电压下降,也间接证明了交流电压下空间电荷的存在。     

老化方式对交流交联聚乙烯电缆空间电荷分布的影响

为了研究高压交流交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆老化状态与绝缘空间电荷特征的关系,通过测量高压交流交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆不同位置绝缘的空间电荷特性,分析了老化方式对XLPE电缆空间电荷分布规律的影响。采用电声脉冲(PEA)法测量XLPE内空间电荷分布规律,发现未老化电缆铝电极附近积累同极性电荷,而老化后电缆的铝电极附近积累异极性电荷。沿电缆径向由内向外,未老化电缆及实际运行22a电缆电荷量增高,加速老化1a电缆电荷量降低。分析认为,加速老化电缆的老化可能起始于电缆绝缘内侧,实际运行电缆老化可能起始于电缆绝缘外侧。结果表明不同老化状态下交流XLPE电缆绝缘空间电荷行为明显不同,空间电荷测量可以作为评价交流XLPE电缆老化状态的有效手段。     

直流和工频电压下油浸纸绝缘系统空间电荷特性的差异

绝缘材料在交流电压下的空间电荷特性和直流电压下的空间电荷特性同等重要。输电系统中交流变压器的数量巨大,变压器内绝缘用油纸绝缘材料在交流电压下的空间电荷特性如何,尚未见研究报道。首先采用直流电声脉冲测试系统研究了油浸绝缘纸在正/负极性直流场强下的空间电荷特性,然后采用改进的基于电声脉冲法的空间电荷测试系统研究了油浸绝缘纸在工频电压下的空间电荷特性。结果表明:电场极性对油浸绝缘纸内部的空间电荷分布有决定性影响,在正极性直流场强下,积聚在靠近铝板电极侧绝缘纸-绝缘纸界面处的电荷极性是正极性,而在负极性直流场强下,其是负极性;在工频加压的正半周,铝板电极处的电荷极性为负,而在工频加压的负半周,铝板电极处的电荷极性为正,90和270相位下油浸绝缘纸内部界面处积聚的电荷极性相反;与直流电压下相比,工频电压下油浸绝缘纸内部积聚的电荷显著减少。     

空间电荷测量信号恢复中的频域反卷积技术及实现

电声脉冲法空间电荷测量系统的输出信号通常存在比较明显的过冲.本文分析了电声脉冲法空间电荷测量系统硬件结构造成信号畸变的原因,介绍了空间电荷测量信号恢复中反卷积处理技术及其问题.根据测量系统中高压脉冲及输出信号波形的特点,选取高斯滤波器对反卷积处理带来的病态问题进行了修正.基于上述改进设计了空间电荷测量信号恢复的频域反卷积算法,并采用LabVIEW实现了反卷积处理.通过实际对聚乙烯/纳米银复合材料空间电荷测量信号的恢复发现,高斯滤波器可以有效抑制恢复信号的震荡,提高测量空间电荷的分辨率.     

不同脉冲注入方式下长电缆中空间电荷测量结果的等效性分析

国际上针对同轴电缆用电声脉冲(pulsed electro-acoustic,PEA)法空间电荷测量技术主要分为3种:高压导芯耦合脉冲注入法、外半导电层局部剥离耦合脉冲注入法和测量电极耦合脉冲注入法。该文基于本实验室现有的同轴电缆用PEA空间电荷测量系统,测量了3种脉冲注入方式下同轴电缆中空间电荷波形的变化规律,仿真计算了3种脉冲注入方式的影响因素及耦合效率的等效性。研究结果表明:相同注入脉冲幅值下,脉冲耦合效率越高,电荷声波信号幅值越大;在高压导芯脉冲注入法中,截面越大或电缆长度越长,脉冲耦合效率越低;在外半导电层局部剥离脉冲注入法中,电缆长度越长,脉冲耦合效率逐渐增加并达到饱和态;在测量电极脉冲注入法中,轴向阻抗越大,脉冲耦合效率越高。     

快速空间电荷测量用高压高频脉冲源的研究

采用电声脉冲法测量空间电荷时需要对试样施加脉冲激励,使试样中的空间电荷发生微弱位移产生机械波。为了获得足够高的信噪比,必须连续采集多个信号进行平均处理,对于多数测试系统平均次数至少需要40次。测量一次所需时间为脉冲频率和平均次数的乘积,因此脉冲源的频率决定了测量的速度。基于高压固体开关设计了高压高频脉冲源,可产生半峰宽5 ns至380 ns的窄脉冲,兼具连续脉冲模式和脉冲簇模式,脉冲重复频率可达3 k Hz,在脉冲簇模式下脉冲间隔最小为1μs,输出脉冲幅值最大为2.5 k V。经设备校验可知脉冲源可有效提高空间电荷测试速度,并适用于交流甚至任意波形下的空间电荷测试。     

全尺寸直流电缆脉冲电声法（PEA）空间电荷测量系统设计及声信号衰减与色散补偿

脉冲电声法（PEA）空间电荷测量是交联聚乙烯（XLPE）绝缘直流电缆材料选型与评价的主要技术手段,被广泛应用于直流电缆薄膜试样。但应用该方法测量厚尺寸平板试样和大尺寸同轴试样以研究材料体效应对空间电荷的影响时,声波信号在材料中传播时的衰减与色散将直接影响电荷密度测量的精度和空间分辨率。提出了在空间电荷校准过程中利用理论计算直流电场的方法确定内外电极表面的电容电荷密度,然后计算确定在绝缘介质中传播的脉冲声波信号传递函数（该函数含有衰减和色散系数）,再对原始信号进行反卷积分运算以去除系统响应。在频域利用测量信号乘以传递函数获得脉冲声波信号经过衰减、色散恢复后的信号,从而保证大尺寸直流电缆试样测量中电荷密度及空间分辨率的测量精度。同时,设计了全尺寸直流电缆空间电荷测量系统,并在LabVIEW环境下开发了数据采集与处理系统。     

交直流叠加电场下油浸绝缘纸的空间电荷特性研究

为了研究换流变压器中的油浸绝缘纸在交流电场及交直流叠加电场下的空间电荷特性,该文利用基于自动均分相移检测原理的快速空间电荷测量系统,分别测试了油浸绝缘纸试样在交流电场(有效值为15k V/mm)及交直流叠加电场(交流分量有效值与直流分量均为15k V/mm)下的空间电荷分布。研究表明:在交流电场下,油浸绝缘纸的空间电荷分布呈对称状,且内部空间电荷积累并不明显,仅在靠近下电极处积累了部分同极性电荷;而在交直流叠加电场下,油浸绝缘纸中的空间电荷积累相当明显,负极性电荷在整个交流周期中均占主导地位。因此,不同于交流电场,在交直流叠加电场的过零相位处下电极附近积累的空间电荷对油浸绝缘纸的内部电场有严重的扭曲作用,且由于电荷在电极界面处的注入、抽出对应的电场与时间不平衡导致空间电荷分布发生极大的改变。     

电声脉冲法中脉冲对空间电荷分布测量的影响

首先阐述了目前已广泛应用的电声脉冲法(PEA)测量电介质中空间电荷的原理,介绍了一台新型的PEA空间电荷测量装置(其电脉冲幅值和宽度可调),并利用此装置在相同的测试条件下测量了相同的试样。研究发现:对固定厚度的传感器来讲,空间电荷分布信号随脉冲幅值增加而增加,且其波形随脉冲宽度增加而展宽和增强。最后根据PEA测量空间电荷的原理合理分析了上述的现象。     

Portable space charge measurement system using the pulsed electrostatic method

The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method is used to measure space charge distributions in insulating materials. A high-resolution PEA measurement system and signal procedure has been discussed in previous papers. Since the signal procedure is necessary for high-resolution measurement, the system must include a computer. In this paper, a new PEA system without signal processing is introduced. In order to eliminate the inevitable signal distortion of the conventional PEA method, the new system employs a new voltage waveform generator, one that is different from the very narrow pulse generator used in conventional PEA systems. Using the new waveform, designed based on the impulse response of the measurement system; the output signal can show the space charge distribution directly, without the need to conduct deconvolution. Thus, space charge distributions can be measured on site, such as in a factory, with a portable oscilloscope. The spatial resolution of the space charge measurement of the system is 10 /spl mu/m, which is the same as that of conventional PEA systems. Such a portable PEA system can contribute to various industrial applications.     

Phase-resolved pulsed electro-acoustic technique to detect space charge in solid dielectrics subjected to AC voltage

The PEA technique has been modified to study the space charge development in solid dielectrics subjected to AC electric field. Narrow (5 ns) electrical pulses are applied at various phase angles of the AC waveform. Special software, developed to precisely synchronize the pulse generator with the high voltage supply, applied the narrow pulses at 0deg phase angle and then in steps of 10deg till 360deg. By processing the PEA data at various phase angles of the AC waveform, without resorting to complex mathematical analysis, the electric field at which charges are injected into the polymeric insulation was determined. The phase resolved PEA technique can also provide the dynamics of space charge development under AC fields     

Space charge in XLPE power cable under dc electrical stress andheat treatment

It is well known that the existence and accumulation of space charge in insulation can be harmful to polymer power cable. Although there is much research done on space charge distribution in various samples, there are still some important problems left unsolved, such as the mechanism of formation and elimination of space charge in dielectrics. Because of its superiority, the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) measurement method is used widely in the measurement of space charge in various geometries of samples such as the multiple layer plate and cylindrical cables. The space charge in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) power cable under dc voltage and heat treatment is investigated by the PEA method in this paper. After heat treatment, the space charge, which previously formed in cable insulation under the applied voltage, disappears. If electrical stress is applied to the insulation again, space charge will appear once more. However, after the cable is heated and degassed in vacuum for a long time, no matter how long the dc voltage is applied to the cable, no more space charge will be formed in the cable. The mechanism of formation and elimination of space charge under the effect of electrical and thermal stress is discussed     

温度梯度下电缆绝缘中空间电荷特性的研究现状

系统介绍了国内外温度梯度场下用PEA空间电荷测量方法及温度梯度效应对绝缘内空间电荷的影响,提出了温度梯度场下PEA法测量空间电荷的发展趋势。     

基于电声脉冲法的空间电荷测量装置

为了从微观角度分析绝缘材料老化和击穿的原因,研制了一套基于电声脉冲法(PEA)直接测量聚合物中空间电荷分布的试验装置。分析了电声脉冲法测量空间电荷的原理;设计了一种基于测试系传递函数的陡脉冲(幅值600V,脉宽10ns),以消除由系统硬件引起的过冲;讨论了各种干扰对测量结果的影响,设计了前置宽带高频小信号放大电路(增益34dB,带宽340MHz)和压电传感器。试验表明,该测量装置的分辨率可达到30μm,输出波形能直接反映试样中空间电荷分布,避免了复杂的数学处理,并以此装置实测了变频电机绝缘用聚酰亚胺膜中空间电荷的分布。     

High repetition rate PEA system for in-situ space charge measurement during breakdown tests

In order to investigate transient space charge phenomena, it is essential that the space charge profile be observed at a high repetition rate. We have developed a new space charge measurement system using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method, which can measure the space charge profiles every 10 /spl mu/s. It employs the most recent digitising oscilloscope model and a semiconductor switch. The effect of prestressing on impulse breakdown voltage of a low-density polyethylene sheet was investigated by using the new system. Experimental results suggest that positive charge injection was dominant immediately before the breakdown, and charge injection during the prestressing causes distortion of the electric field near the electrode, and enhances the subsequent charge injection due to the impulse voltage.     

Three-dimensional PEA charge measurement system

The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method already has been used widely to measure the space charge distribution in the pulsed electric field direction of sheet specimens. We have developed a new PEA measurement system which can observe the space charge distribution in three dimensions. Since the PEA system is not damaged if the specimen breaks down, the new PEA system can measure the space charge distribution of dielectric materials safely and nondestructively within a short time     

基于脉冲电声法的同轴塑料电缆空间电荷测量技术的研究进展

空间电荷现象严重制约着高压直流塑料电缆的发展。目前,脉冲电声法（pulse electric acoustic,PEA）是国际上常用的测量固体电介质中空间电荷分布的非破坏性的方法之一。首先从高压脉冲的注入方式出发,简述了几种基于PEA法的同轴塑料电缆空间电荷测量技术;同时,提出了一种基于高压脉冲从测量电极注入电缆试样的改进测量装置,在该装置中通过蓄电池、环氧底座以及光电转换器等将采集数据的示波器进行对地隔离,从而提高了测量系统测量信号的频带宽度;然后,介绍了同轴塑料电缆空间电荷波形的恢复方法;最后,概述了空间电荷测量技术在评估电力电缆老化程度中的应用和未来在线测量空间电荷的可行性及发展方向。