纤维体积分数对W纤维/Zr基非晶合金复合材料压缩性能的影响

采用渗流铸造法制备了含不同体积分数W纤维的W_f/Zr基非晶合金复合材料,其中W_f体积分数分别为47%、66%、77%和86%。研究了W_f体积分数对Zr基非晶复合材料室温准静态压缩力学性能以及变形行为的影响。结果表明:随W_f体积分数的增加,W_f/Zr基非晶复合材料的屈服强度单调增大,塑性应变先增大后减小,W_f体积分数为66%时塑性应变最大,W_f/Zr基非晶复合材料塑性应变的变化主要取决于非晶基体和W_f相互作用的程度。随着应变量的增大,基体中剪切带的数量和密度也随之增大,主剪切带向大于45°方向偏转。由于压头的影响,W_f/Zr基非晶复合材料压缩过程中样品端部和中部的受力状态不同,导致两部分的剪切带方向也明显不同。随W_f体积分数的增大,W_f/Zr基非晶复合材料的断裂方式由剪切断裂向纵向劈裂转变,断裂行为符合摩尔库伦准则。     

钨丝/锆基非晶复合材料研究进展

钨丝/锆基非晶复合材料作为近20年新出现的穿甲工程材料,是一种极有可能替代具有放射性危害的贫铀合金和穿甲威力稍差的钨合金的新兴材料。自从钨丝/锆基非晶复合材料被制备出来以后,各学者先后对材料中钨丝和锆基非晶合金之间的界面接触强度、钨丝/锆基非晶复合材料中钨丝的参数、环境温度、应变率、仿真计算以及穿甲应用等方面进行了研究。研究表明,制备过程中保温温度,钨丝/锆基非晶复合材料中钨丝的排布方式、体积分数、直径,环境温度,应变率等因素都能对钨丝/锆基非晶复合材料的性能产生影响;随着计算机技术的发展,钨丝/锆基非晶复合材料的有限元仿真计算已经从等效模型发展到准细观建模,能够模拟其动静态压缩过程、侵彻过程,仿真结果和试验结果基本吻合;在应用方面,试验研究验证了钨丝/锆基非晶复合材料弹芯在侵彻过程中的"自锐"性能。文章概述了钨丝/锆基非晶复合材料在上述领域的研究进展并展望了该材料的发展方向。     

分子动力学模拟晶向对B2-CuZr纳米晶/Cu50Zr50非晶复合材料塑性变形行为的影响

采用分子动力学(MD)模拟研究在轴向拉伸下,B2-CuZr纳米晶的晶向对B2-CuZr纳米晶/Cu₅₀Zr₅₀非晶复合材料的力学性能和塑性变形行为的影响。在模拟中,采用EAM势函数表述原子间的相互作用。计算结果表明,晶向为[110]的B2-CuZr纳米晶/Cu₅₀Zr₅₀非晶复合材料在载荷作用下能够形成相互交错的剪切带,屈服强度得到提高,呈现出很好的塑性流动;而晶向为[100]和[111]的复合材料的塑性没有得到较大的改善,但是晶向为[111]的复合材料的屈服强度最高,弹性模量最大。晶向为[100]的复合材料的弹性模量最小,与Cu₅₀Zr₅₀非晶相差无几。晶向为[110]的纳米晶/非晶复合材料的弹性模量位于上述二者之间,整体呈现出更加优异的综合力学性能。     

内生非晶复合材料组织与力学性能调控研究进展

非晶合金因其独特的短程有序、长程无序原子结构特征, 使其具有了一系列优异的力学、物理、化学等性能, 在先进金属结构材料领域具有巨大的潜在应用价值。但非晶合金在室温承载变形时, 原子团簇发生剪切转变形成的大量自由体积会演化为高度局域化剪切带, 局域化剪切带由于缺乏介质的阻碍会发生失稳扩展, 导致非晶合金极易发生室温脆断, 特别单轴拉伸时基本无塑性。为克服这个缺憾, 研究者们提出将微米级尺寸的晶体相引入非晶来抑制剪切带的失稳扩展, 使得内生第二相增韧非晶复合材料具有了明显的拉伸塑性能力, 因此倍受材料学界的关注。近年来, 研究者们陆续通过成分设计、制备技术、热处理工艺等方法来实现非晶复合材料的塑性变形能力的提升, 使得非晶复合材料有望走向实际的工程应用。本文围绕内生第二相增韧非晶复合材料的微观组织调控这一关键科学问题, 从影响非晶复合材料微观组织结构的因素(合金成分设计、制备工艺参数、微观结构构筑等)到微观组织对其室温力学性能的影响机制两方面的研究成果进行了系统总结, 重点阐述了近10年来内生第二相增韧非晶复合材料领域组织调控及其室温力学性能关联性方面的研究进展, 并且对内生非晶复合材料研究领域目前的存在的问题和挑战进行了展望, 以期为高强高韧内生第二相增韧非晶复合材料的设计与制备提供理论参考。     

块体金属玻璃的加工硬化行为

块体金属玻璃(BMG)具有高强度、高硬度和大的弹性应变极限等独特的力学性能。然而由于缺乏位错、孪生等晶态缺陷,金属玻璃通过高度局域化的剪切带发生塑性变形,因此其通常不显示加工硬化行为,而发生应变软化和/或热软化。这导致了BMG早期灾难性失效,极大地限制了其广泛的工程应用。然而近年来,人们在一些单相BMG材料中观察到了明显的加工硬化行为。这引起了工程界学者的极大兴趣,也引发了关于金属玻璃加工硬化起源机制的讨论。目前人们对于金属玻璃的结构如何影响其性能和形变行为的理解还非常有限,BMG的加工硬化起源仍是当前颇具争议的研究热点。但总的说来,BMG的加工硬化行为与外加应力(能量)引起的内部结构改变,包括多重剪切带的形成、自由体积的演化和纳米晶化行为等密切相关,并最终涉及其变形过程中的剪切带行为。Cu47.5Zr47.5Al5是被最早报道的可加工硬化的塑性BMG。相关研究认为,合金中存在的不同尺度的化学和/或结构非均匀性促进了材料变形过程中多重剪切带的形成和增殖;而大量剪切带在三维方向上的交互作用导致了材料流变应力的增加,从而引起加工硬化。这就是BMG的加工硬化机理,该理论最早由Das等提出,后来被更多研究所证实。之后,研究者们在某些BMG加载-卸载循环纳米压痕试验中观察到了应变硬化-软化现象,并提出了BMG加工硬化的"自由体积模型"。他们认为,外加剪应力的改变导致了非晶结构内部净自由体积的变化,进而通过其对塑性变形微区剪切带行为的影响引起材料硬度的变化。Chen等在对均质结构的Cu50Zr50非晶条带进行弯曲变形后,检测到剪切带内原位纳米晶化,并基于对剪切带-纳米晶相互作用的实验观察,发展了形变诱导纳米晶化导致的应变硬化机制。这些工作丰富和发展了BMG加工硬化的基本原理及其研究方法。本文简要介绍了通常用来评估金属材料加工硬化能力的方法 /参数,并概述了金属玻璃中的剪切带行为;在此基础上,通过对几种典型的BMG加工硬化行为的分析,归纳性地讨论了BMG加工硬化起源可能的机制,以期为研究BMG的力学行为、开发性能优异的塑性BMG结构材料提供参考。     

W丝增强块状非晶基复合材料单轴压缩形变的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜，研究了室温单轴压缩下W丝增强块状非晶基复合材料的形变特征，结果表明：非晶基体内产生了大量的剪切带，剪切带分布特征与W丝密切相关；非晶基体的微观结构发生了改变，局域内自由体积显著增加。     

短纤维增强金属基复合材料应力分布的剪切滞后分析

使用弹性理论和剪切滞后分析, 推导出了基体和纤维应力场分布表达式, 研究了纤维体积分数、纤维长径比和基体屈服强度等对应力分布和应力传递的影响。研究表明, 基体和纤维应力分布及基体的塑性行为具有明显的不均匀性, 基体与纤维之间存在明显的应力传递和应变分配。关键词　金属基复合材料, 剪切滞后理论, 应力应变分布      

半固态等温热处理对Zr基非晶复合材料塑性变形机制的影响

通过添加不同体积分数的Nb,本工作设计了一系列Zr基非晶复合材料,主要研究了Nb含量对铸态、半固态非晶复合材料的微观组织及塑性性能的影响。结果表明:非晶复合材料塑性应变量随晶体相(β-Zr相)体积分数增加而呈现S型增强规律。半固态等温处理后的非晶复合材料塑性提升,但其塑性增长率随Nb含量增加而减小。当D_C(当量直径)/■(平均自由程间距)≥0.65时,β-Zr相体积分数出现最小临界阈值35%,此时材料塑性开始迅速提升;■时,β-Zr相体积分数超过54%后,材料塑性保持稳定,进一步说明非晶复合材料塑性与β-Zr相体积分数有关。     

Zr-Al-Cu-Ni-Ag非晶复合材料的显微硬度和剪切带形貌

使用差氏扫描量热仪、维氏显微硬度计和扫描电子显微镜研究了过冷液相区内不同温度等温退火处理对Zr-Al-CuNi-Ag块体非晶合金的显微硬度和剪切带形核、扩展的影响。结果表明,等温退火处理后非晶合金的初晶相为二十面体准晶相(I-相),其体积分数随着退火温度的升高呈现上升的趋势;复合材料的显微硬度随着晶化体积分数的升高呈现增大的趋势;界面压痕下方剪切带密度随着晶化体积分数的升高则呈现下降的趋势。这是等温退火导致非晶合金发生结构弛豫和第二相析出综合作用的结果。     

块体非晶合金剪切带温度的变化分析

通过对Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5(Vit 1)压缩实验,发现应力-应变关系曲线的锯齿流变特性随应变的增加而更为明显。并通过对简单剪切断裂面的分析,表明在剪切滑移过程中剪切带有一个形核和生长的过程。采用剪切带逐步扩展模型计算剪切带中温度的变化,通过计算表明剪切带形成中前期的温升不足以达到非晶合金的熔点,且剪切带温升与单个锯齿卸载部分形成过程所持续的时间和每次剪切滑移过程中载荷的变化量紧密相关。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to