甲醛和丙醛Mannich缩合制备甲基丙烯醛

甲基丙烯醛（MAL）作为一种重要的有机合成中间体,在医药农药、香精香料、工业助剂、水泥减水剂等领域应用非常广泛。甲醛和丙醛Mannich缩合法合成MAL具有反应条件温和、操作简单、副产物少等优点。本文概述了MAL的工业应用、Mannich缩合反应机理,着重阐述了甲醛和丙醛的Mannich缩合催化剂及反应工艺的研究进展。文中指出,目前Mannich缩合制MAL采用的均相催化体系及工艺,催化剂用量大且难以分离和循环利用,环境污染严重,成本较高;多相催化体系的应用解决了催化剂的分离和重复利用问题,但目前催化剂活性和选择性较低。因此,未来的研究应该重点关注：①开发高效的新型均相催化剂以及相应的连续反应工艺,降低催化剂用量;②开发高性能的多相催化剂,提高催化剂的活性和选择性。     

Design of acid-base catalysis for the asymmetric direct Aldol reaction

Proper design of acid-base catalysis has been shown to be effective for achieving high reactivity and selectivity in the asymmetric direct aldol reaction during the development of diamine-Br?nsted acid types of catalyst. In this study, two principal approaches have been implemented to create a new type of catalysis and high catalytic efficiency: one is the creation of a highly viable acidic function within acid-base catalysts; the other is the creation of rather complicated but more cooperatively arranged hydrogen-bond networks that would be expected to stabilize a transition state, thereby promoting new reactivity and selectivity.     

合成气直接或间接制乙醇非铑基催化剂研究进展

乙醇作为一种清洁绿色能源,具有环境友好的特点,在能源领域显现了广阔的应用前景,研制高活性和选择性并适合工业化的合成乙醇催化剂具有重要的战略意义,非铑基催化剂具有相对较高的催化活性和选择性,并具有工业化的前景,近年来得到广泛的研究。本文介绍了国内外由合成气直接或者间接制乙醇的非铑基催化剂最新研究进展,分析了催化剂的活性组分、载体、助剂以及制备方法对催化活性和选择性的影响,指出了存在的问题,提出了高活性和选择性并且适合工业化的非铑基催化剂的研制是未来的发展趋势。     

含铁催化剂催化苯直接羟基化制备苯酚的研究进展

催化苯直接羟基化是开发绿色苯酚生产新技术的高原子经济性的挑战性课题,但该工艺存在芳香C-H键难活化、产物酚的选择性较低等问题,其中高效催化剂的研制是核心问题之一。根据含铁催化剂独特的化学结构和催化性能,本文从配合物均相催化剂、仿生催化剂、负载型非均相催化剂等方面综述了含铁催化剂催化苯直接羟基化制备苯酚的研究进展,并着重介绍了Fenton体系和仿生催化体系的反应机理。分析表明,以氧化物及天然矿物作为载体的含铁催化剂合成简单,活性高,有较大的研究及工业开发价值。此外,研究催化机理对设计合成高效苯羟基化的催化剂具有指导意义。     

Entwicklungstendenzen in der Technik katalytischer Fluid-Reaktionen

Development trends in catalytic fluid reactions . Problems associated with raw materials, energy, and the environment have had many repercussions on the industrial development of catalytic processes. Apart from efforts to increase the use of coal-based feedstock such as synthesis gas and methanol, particular attention is focussed upon improvements in the selectivity of industrial reactions. There appears to be a reversal of direction in the choice of phase: proven homogeneous catalysts are being heterogenized, and heterogeneous catalysts are being employed in homogeneous or liquid form. Other typical features are increased efforts to replace conventional multistep syntheses by direct syntheses, and high pressure syntheses by medium or low pressure syntheses. Finally, measures designed to regenerate or conserve catalytic activity and selectivity are becoming more and more important.     

Supramolecular Self-Assembled Ligands in Asymmetric Transition Metal Catalysis

The design of novel chiral ligands is at the core of asymmetric catalysis. The catalytic characteristics of a transition metal catalyst such as activity, selectivity and stability can be fine-tuned by optimization of the steric and electronic properties of the coordinating ligands. In asymmetric transformations, catalyst optimization still relies to a large extent on trial-and-error and educated guesses. New strategies based on combinatorial screening and high-throughput experimentation have been introduced for the design and optimization of new ligands and catalytic systems. Supramolecular bidentate ligands that form by self-assembly of building blocks are particularly suited for this combinatorial approach as the potential number of catalysts grows exponentially with the number of building blocks synthesized. Catalytic systems based on supramolecular interactions have proven to be highly advantageous in creating large ligand libraries for high-throughput screening, which allows optimization of activity and selectivity for a variety of reactions. In this review we describe the progress in this field.     

Characterization by Mössbauer spectroscopy of trimetallic Pd–Sn–Au/Al2O3 and Pd–Sn–Au/SiO2 catalysts for denitration of drinking water

The reduction of nitrate using a catalytic process is one of the most interesting ways to solve the problem of drinking water pollution by this compound. The key parameter of this technique is the selectivity toward nitrogen formation. Palladium/tin-based bimetallic catalysts are well suited for this purpose, but the selectivity of these catalysts is not high enough for a direct application of this process. In the present study, alumina- and silica-supported catalysts were prepared by successive deposition of tin and gold onto palladium particles by using controlled surface reaction. The characterization of trimetallic Pd–Sn–Au catalyst evidenced that trimetallic catalysts supported on silica present a palladium/tin/gold phase. The catalytic test showed that this type of catalyst is very active and selective in nitrate and nitrite reduction. Moreover, the addition of gold improves the stability and the selectivity toward nitrogen formation of the catalyst compared to the parent Pd–Sn catalyst.     

Amine‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes

The direct organocatalytic enantioselective epoxidation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with different peroxides is presented. Proline, chiral pyrrolidine derivatives, and amino acid‐derived imidazolidinones catalyze the asymmetric epoxidation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. In particular, protected commercially available α,α‐diphenyl‐ and α,α‐di(β‐naphthyl)‐2‐prolinols catalyze the asymmetric epoxidation reactions of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities to furnish the corresponding 2‐epoxy aldehydes in high yield with up to 97:3 dr and 98 % ee. The use of non‐toxic catalysts, water and hydrogen peroxide, urea hydroperoxide or sodium percarbonate as the oxygen sources could make this reaction environmentally benign. In addition, one‐pot direct organocatalytic asymmetric tandem epoxidation‐Wittig reactions are described. The reactions were highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective and provide a rapid access to 2,4‐diepoxy aldehydes. Moreover, a highly stereoselective one‐pot organocatalytic asymmetric cascade epoxidation‐Mannich reaction, which proceeds via the combination of iminium and enamine activation, is presented. The mechanism and stereochemistry of the amino acid‐ and chiral pyrrolidine‐catalyzed direct asymmetric epoxidation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes are also discussed.     

不对称催化合成手性泛解酸内酯的研究进展

泛解酸内酯是合成D-泛酸钙和D-泛醇的重要中间体,国内主要采用生物拆分法,虽取得一定进展,但存在底物浓度偏低、反应条件苛刻、光学纯度不高和催化剂活性不强等问题。化学不对称合成法成为近年来制备手性泛内酯的研究热点。根据手性源的不同,介绍过渡金属配合物催化不对称还原酮基泛内酯,过渡金属配合物催化羟醛缩合反应,有机小分子及其衍生物不对称催化羟醛缩合反应并经还原内酯化合成泛内酯以及光学活性化合物作为反应底物或非手性底物中加入手性助剂的合成手性泛内酯工艺。其中,有机小分子催化乙醛酸酯与醛的反应表现出良好的催化效果,且催化剂易得,反应条件温和,操作简单。缩合产物的收率和对映选择性均不高,设计具有高活性和高选择性的有机小分子手性催化剂是今后研究的重点。     

Mg与聚乙二醇协同改性对ZSM-5催化剂裂解甘蔗渣性能的影响

采用水热合成法,在制备ZSM-5的过程中添加Mg或/和聚乙二醇（PEG）,制备了一系列原位改性的ZSM-5催化剂,并运用XRD、SEM、EDS-Mapping、BET、NH₃-TPD等大型仪器对所制备的催化剂进行表征分析。结果表明：改性后的ZSM-5催化剂在孔径、孔容、酸量和酸强度方面均有不同程度的提高。进一步将改性的ZSM-5催化剂用于甘蔗渣催化裂解反应。评价结果显示,相较于甘蔗渣直接裂解,催化裂解可以显著提高2,3-二氢苯并呋喃产物的选择性,而金属Mg的引入、酸型、孔径和孔容是影响2,3-二氢苯并呋喃生成的主要因素。同时,金属Mg和聚乙二醇之间存在一定的协同作用。金属Mg和聚乙二醇协同改性的ZSM-5催化剂催化裂解甘蔗渣得到的生物油中呋喃类选择性高达40.12%,其中2,3-二氢苯并呋喃的选择性达到23.16%。     

羰基化合物直接还原胺化合成伯胺催化剂研究进展

胺类化合物是一类重要的化工原料和中间体,在农药、医药、染料、高分子聚合物等领域有着广泛的应用。通过羰基化合物（醛或酮类）的还原胺化来制备胺类化合物是当前的研究热点。研究表明,贵金属基和非贵金属基的多相和均相催化剂均能够高效催化醛或酮类的还原胺化反应。本文对近年来羰基化合物直接还原胺化（或一锅法）合成伯胺的研究现状进行了综述,包括还原胺化反应、催化剂、反应条件、底物适用范围和催化作用机制等,其中重点阐述了直接还原胺化催化剂的研究进展。文章指出：通常多相催化剂具有活性高以及可重复使用等优点,而均相催化剂的优势在于催化效率高,伯胺选择性高;另一方面,以Pd、Rh、Ru等为代表的贵金属催化剂催化性能优异,但价格昂贵,因此可采用Co、Ni等性能同样优异但价格相对低廉的非贵金属催化剂以降低成本。文中提出,催化效率高、反应条件温和、普适性高的羰基化合物还原胺化催化剂应成为未来重点研究方向。     

Bifunctional asymmetric catalysis: cooperative Lewis acid/base systems

In the field of catalytic, asymmetric synthesis, there is a growing emphasis on multifunctional systems, in which multiple parts of a catalyst or multiple catalysts work together to promote a specific reaction. These efforts, in part, are result-driven, and they are also part of a movement toward emulating the efficiency and selectivity of nature's catalysts, enzymes. In this Account, we illustrate the importance of bifunctional catalytic methods, focusing on the cooperative action of Lewis acidic and Lewis basic catalysts by the simultaneous activation of both electrophilic and nucleophilic reaction partners. For our part, we have contributed three separate bifunctional methods that combine achiral Lewis acids with chiral cinchona alkaloid nucleophiles, for example, benzoylquinine (BQ), to catalyze highly enantioselective cycloaddition reactions between ketene enolates and various electrophiles. Each method requires a distinct Lewis acid to coordinate and activate the electrophile, which in turn increases the reaction rates and yields, without any detectable influence on the outstanding enantioselectivities inherent to these reactions. To place our results in perspective, many important contributions to this emerging field are highlighted and our own reports are chronicled.     

甲醇直接脱氢制甲醛催化剂研究进展

简要叙述了甲醇直接脱氢制甲醛催化剂的研究进展情况,介绍了甲醇脱氢反应所用3类催化剂：金属及其氧化物、碱金属盐和分子筛催化剂。讨论了各类催化剂对甲醇直接脱氢制甲醛的选择性及转化率的影响,并从催化剂的活性、寿命和经济性等方面分析了其优缺点及应用前景。     

双功能有机硫脲催化剂在不对称合成中的应用

综述了双功能有机硫脲催化剂的发现,及其在Michael加成反应、Mannich反应及其它不对称合成反应中的应用,并展望了其应用前景。     

Catalytic Enantioselective Hydrophosphonylation of Aldehydes and Imines

In this review, recent advances in catalytic asymmetric hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes and imines are discussed. We also summarize several proposed mechanisms for the different possibilities of asymmetric induction and the application of this catalytic methodology to the enantioselective synthesis of α‐amino and α‐hydroxy phosphonates. A variety of metal‐based chiral catalysts as well as several organic catalysts have been exploited as suitable systems for the preparation of enantiomerically pure phosphonates. The recent evolution and future trends of those and other catalytic systems are described.     

铁基沸石类催化剂催化苯酚羟基化制备苯二酚的研究

铁基沸石分子筛催化苯酚直接羟基化制备苯二酚反应,具有原料低廉、反应条件温和、合成路线简单和过程绿色环保等优势,近些年来逐渐成为研究的热点.主要分析苯酚羟基化反应中诱导期、催化活性、选择性和稳定性等与铁基沸石催化剂结构性质之间的关系.比较苯酚羟基化反应的各种机理.探讨反应温度、反应时间、溶剂、催化剂用量、过氧化氢与苯酚物...     

Titanium-catalyzed enantioselective additions of alkyl groups to aldehydes: mechanistic studies and new concepts in asymmetric catalysis

The catalytic asymmetric addition of alkyl groups to aldehydes is an important reaction in the enantioselective synthesis of secondary alcohols. This reaction can be catalyzed by zinc- or titanium-based catalysts. While the mechanism of the zinc/amino alcohol catalysts has received significant attention, the titanium-based catalysts have been less studied. This Account summarizes our mechanistic studies with bis(sulfonamide) and BINOL-derived titanium catalysts. It also describes our use of this reaction in the development of new approaches to asymmetric catalysis, including applications of diastereomeric catalysts and optimization of asymmetric catalysts with achiral and meso ligands.     

铑催化剂催化烯烃不对称加氢反应研究进展

不对称催化氢化反应具有完美的原子经济性和清洁高效等特点,是最受青睐的不对称合成方法之一。C=C、C=O、C=N的不对称加氢反应仍主要依赖过渡金属催化剂。过渡金属催化剂,尤其是铑催化剂,催化碳碳双键的不对称加氢反应仍是一个不断发展的领域。本文对近年来利用铑催化剂催化烯烃进行不对称氢化反应的研究进展进行了综述,着重介绍了铑-双膦配体催化体系催化烯烃不对称加氢反应的催化机理,以及铑催化剂在烯胺、不饱和羧酸及衍生物、烯醇酯和非官能团烯烃不对称氢化中的应用,并通过对现有文献的总结指出了今后铑催化剂催化烯烃氢化反应的研究重点,即:①铑-单膦配体催化烯烃不对称氢化反应的作用机理须待提出;②非官能化底物不对称催化氢化反应的手性配体亟待拓宽。     

Photodegradation of pentachlorophenol on ZnO

The photocatalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol on ZnO catalysts is reported. The studies were carried out in a conventional photoreactor at 298 K using 30 ppm of pentachlorophenol. Appropriate catalytic activity and high selectivity to mineralization products were found. A significant increase in the conversion was achieved at higher temperatures. No direct relationship between catalytic activity and specific area or bandgap was found. © 1998 SCI     

Attempts to Fill the Gap Between Enzymatic, Homogeneous, and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Bio-inspired and single site metal complex catalysts have been discussed to direct towards a rational design of solid heterogeneous catalysts. When concepts derived from catalytic antibodies, molecular imprinting and molecular recognition, and site isolation and modification by appropriate ligands are combined, with new techniques to prepare, tailor made solid materials, catalysts can be prepared that improve reaction rate and selectivity by increasing the concentration and activation of reactants in the vicinity of the active sites, and by stabilizing transition states or intermediate products. It is also shown that enzymatic, homogeneous and hetergeneous catalysts can be combined to perform “one-pot” cascade reactions.