频率对高密度聚乙烯电树老化特性的影响

为了解频率对高密度聚乙烯电树老化特性的影响,在50Hz~90kHz较宽频率范围的交流电压作用下,研究了冰水淬火高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)薄膜的电树老化特性。结果表明,频率对电树起始形态具有重要的影响,随着电压频率的升高,树枝型电树的起始几率逐渐降低,丛状型电树的起始几率逐渐升高,电树逐渐由树枝型起始为主向丛状型起始为主转变,树干型和直击型为高频下所特有的电树起始形态。随着电树的生长,电树形态存在转换的可能,低频下,起始占主导的树枝型电树向丛状和树干型转变;高频下,起始占主导的丛状型电树则极易转变为树干和击穿型,导致绝缘的破坏。电树的发展可分为起始、滞长、生长和击穿期4个阶段。频率的提高加快了电树的发展速度且减少了电树的发展阶段,使发生击穿的几率大为增加。     

LDPE中介入聚合物阻挡层后其交流电场下的电树特性分析

为了研究低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)的电树老化特性,观察电树在LDPE中的生长情况,以及在频率50Hz交流电压作用下电树老化引起的破坏现象和电树生长过程中的形态变化,采用在LDPE样品的两电极之间介入阻挡层,且阻挡层分别选用不同材质的聚合物薄膜。对介入了聚合物阻挡层的LDPE与纯LDPE样品电树的生长形态及电树的生长方向进行比对,观察阻挡层对电树的影响情况,并探讨了不同阻挡层对电树阻挡作用的差异。结果表明,当在针-板电极中放入阻挡层时,可以减缓电树的生长,对于增加其击穿时间有一定的研究价值;对击穿时间的影响取决于阻挡层材料本身的性质和结构特点以及空间电荷的作用。     

频率对聚乙烯电树起始的影响特性研究

为研究电压频率对聚乙烯电树起始特性的影响,用冰水淬火冷却高密度聚乙烯试验50Hz～90kHz交流电压下的电树起始特性。试验发现电树起始电压值在50Hz～1kHz间变化不大,>5kHz时电树起始电压为先增后减;在试验频率范围内共存在7种电树形态,电树形态种类随频率提高而增多,每种电树形态对材料的绝缘破坏程度不尽相同,7种电树形态的起始电压存在较大差异。最后对高频电压对电子加速过程的影响及高频所引起的材料疲劳效应加剧的试验结果展开了讨论。     

脉宽调制电压对环氧树脂电树引发及生长特性影响研究

工作在脉宽调制电压下的电力电子器件承受高频脉冲电应力,其绝缘封装可靠性已成为制约电力电子器件向高频、高功率密度发展的重要因素。作为绝缘封装的重要材料,环氧树脂在脉宽调制电压下的绝缘性能值得关注。对此,在峰峰值12 k V的脉宽调制电压下,试验研究了脉冲上升时间、载波频率和热效应对环氧树脂电树引发和生长特性的影响规律。在温度20℃、上升时间70～150ns、载波频率0.5～2 k Hz条件下的大量电树引发和生长特性表明:一定电压幅值下环氧树脂电树引发概率受电压上升时间影响显著,上升时间越短,电树引发概率越高;上升时间减小可能引起电极注入载流子能量增加,从而提高了电树引发概率。电树引发后生长特性主要受载波频率影响,载波频率增大,单位时间内载流子复合次数可能增加,从而加速了电树生长。研究同时发现:上升时间对电树形态影响显著,较小上升时间下电树呈丛林状,随着上升时间增大逐渐演化为树枝状。在上升时间110 ns、载波频率1 k Hz、温度20～50℃的结果表明:温度升高既会增加单位时间内载流子入陷或复合释放的能量;也会降低聚合物局部链段松弛性,致使材料破坏应力阈值下降,从而影响电树引发、生长和形态。与相同频率和峰峰值的正弦电压相比,脉宽调制电压下电树引发概率和生长速度明显增大。表明相较于传统正弦电压,高频脉宽调制电压更易引发、促进绝缘电树老化,必须根据脉宽调制频率、上升时间和热效应加强绝缘或优化绝缘设计,以提升电力电子系统绝缘可靠性。     

硅橡胶热老化特性及其对电缆附件运行可靠性的影响

电力电缆大力发展,使得新型硅橡胶绝缘材料由于其优良的机电热性能得以广泛应用在超高压电缆附件绝缘领域,但是绝缘故障时有发生,成为电缆输电线路的薄弱环节.本文提出材料老化特性是影响超高压电力电缆附件运行可靠性的重要因素,对硅橡胶材料电树老化性能进行了深入研究,研究温度对电树起始电压、形态的影响规律和电树随着时间的发展规律.研究显示硅橡胶电树起始电压随温度的升高明显下降,电树形态从树枝状、松枝状向丛状树枝过渡,表明硅橡胶绝缘材料在电缆运行温度范围内存在明显的热破坏特性,对硅橡胶电缆附件绝缘可靠性造成不利的影响,而较高温度的丛状电树的滞长特性则将成为电缆附件的长期性故障隐患.在特性研究的基础上,对比分析了温度对硅橡胶和聚乙烯电树老化性能的差异,认为当前硅橡胶电缆附件故障频发的主要原因之一是对硅橡胶老化特性缺乏了解,造成现有的常规结构设计上冗余不足.     

聚乙烯熔点对电树起始电压的影响

研究了不同热处理条件下聚乙烯熔点不同对聚乙烯薄膜材料起树电压的影响。对熔融状态下的聚乙烯薄膜材料采用 4种不同的冷却方式处理。电树起始试验和材料分析试验表明 ,材料熔点随冷却速度的减小而升高 ,其电树起始电压也相应升高 ,说明电树起始与材料的热稳定性有关。     

重频纳秒脉冲下有机玻璃电树枝老化特性的实验研究

介绍了高聚物绝缘材料中电树枝老化的现象、影响因素及研究现状。进行了重频(~300Hz)纳秒脉冲(半高宽70ns)下有机玻璃电树枝老化特性的试验研究。实验施加负电压。主要研究了在不同频率下、不同电场强度条件下有机玻璃中电树枝生长速度和生长形态。实验发现重频脉冲下在有机玻璃上施加电压越高,电树枝增长速度越快;电树枝的初始生长速度随着频率升高而变快;电树发展普遍存在滞胀期;频率高后,丛林状电树产生的概率增加;实验中还发现有的试样高频下针尖附近出现裂纹,然后生长出树枝。     

热处理对聚乙烯形态及其电树起始电压的影响

本文主要介绍了不同的热处理条件对聚乙烯（PE）薄膜材料电树的起始电压的影响,电树的起始电压很大程度上取决于半结晶高分子材料的变形结构。对低密度聚乙烯、线性低密度聚乙烯、高密度聚乙烯三种薄膜试样进行了测量。结果表明,重结晶处理后,试样的结晶度以及球晶以部晶层厚度明显提高,但是试样中球晶的尺寸却基本没有变化,同时还发现,经过重结晶后,电树的起始电压升高了,试验结果还表明,电树的起始电压是随着晶层厚度的增加而增加的。     

热处理对聚乙烯材料中电树发展的影响

电树与半结晶材料的形态结构有着密切的关系。在本文中,首先通过两种不同的热处理方式：（1）自然冷却,（2）急冷对高密度聚乙烯和低密度聚乙烯薄膜进行处理,然后,在不同的实验条件下测量电树的发展速度和长度。通过试验,我们发现尽管高密度聚乙烯比低密度聚乙烯有更高的结晶度和更大的球晶尺寸,并在电树起始阶段表现出高阻性,但电树在前者中的发展比在后者中容易。据此,我们推测,材料的形态结构对于电树的发生和电树的发展有着不同的影响。     

电树向水树转化过程中的生长特性

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电力电缆中生长的电树存在向水树转化的可能性。本研究依据观察到的电树向水树转化现象进行有限元电场仿真,对电树向水树转化的特性及其机理进行了讨论。将电缆样本在交流恒压下进行电树引发实验,在样本引发电树后对其进行加速水树老化实验,通过显微镜观察样本切片中电树向水树转化的特点。基于电场仿真结果并结合实际电缆运行情况,分析了电树向水树转化的特性和机理。结果表明:电树的分枝结构在电树发展过程中起到了一定的电场屏蔽作用。在极度潮湿的环境下,水分受介电电泳力作用向电树枝尖端迁移并填充电树通道,为较低场强下水树的生长提供了条件。湿润的水树包围电树后,水树尖端成为场强集中区域,但削弱了电树尖端电场,抑制了电树的发展,一定程度上减缓了电缆绝缘的劣化。     

针尖曲率半径对硅橡胶电树枝老化特性的影响

针对硅橡胶材料电树枝老化特性展开了试验研究。采用针板电极结构,测量了不同针尖曲率半径的起树电压和电树枝形态。结果表明,硅橡胶的起树电压较低,抗电树枝老化性能较差,导致了硅橡胶预制式电缆附件故障频发;硅橡胶中的起始电树枝多以单枝状的通道形成为标志,随后发展为4种不同的电树枝形态。进而提出了硅橡胶电树枝形态发展模型,并以此讨论了不同形态的电树枝老化特性。研究还发现,现场实际运行的硅橡胶预制式电缆附件故障解体后发现了单枝通道起始电树枝,其在运行电压作用下容易发展为细枝型形态,但同样会引发电缆附件的击穿。试验结果为现场故障分析提供了参考依据。     

高温下交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中电树枝测试系统设计

设计了高温下交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘中电树枝化的实验系统,在外施工频电压有效值为13 kV下,对不同温度下高压XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝生长及其局部放电特性进行研究,结果表明,温度对电树枝的生长具有重要影响,整个系统可以用于高温下电树枝生长过程的实时观测与局部放电连续测量,为研究高温下XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝引发与生长机理及其局部放电特性分析提供了实验研究平台。     

Effects of inorganic fillers on withstanding short‐time breakdown and long‐time electrical aging of epoxy composites

Inorganic fillers were added to epoxy resin for preparing micro and nano filler/epoxy composite, and then the breakdown strengths, depths of erosion caused by partial discharge, and electrical tree experiments of composites were investigated. It was found that the loading of micro fillers usually decreases the short‐time breakdown strength (breakdown under a continuously rising voltage) of the composites. On the contrary, it increases the ability to withstand long‐time electrical aging (erosion or breakdown caused by electrical tree under a discontinuously rising voltage or constant voltage) of the composites. The effect of inorganic fillers in suppressing the electrical tree or erosion channel propagation in the composite is different during the process of withstanding short‐time breakdown and long‐time electrical aging. Defects are introduced during the mixing of fillers and epoxy resin, which play a role to decrease the short‐time breakdown strength and accelerate long‐time electrical aging. It is concluded that micro and nano inorganic fillers can suppress the electrical tree channel propagation and erosion caused by partial discharge, whereas defects play the opposite role in composites. Two opposite effects of inorganic fillers and defects exist simultaneously during the process of electrical aging and breakdown; whereas inorganic fillers play a primary role in long‐time electrical aging, defects play a primary role in short‐time breakdown.     

Barrier effect of treeing in composite insulating materials with heat-adhesive interfaces of different polymers

A polymer/polymer composite system is widely used in high-voltage equipment and power cables. The interface of this composite system plays an important role in the electrical degradation, such as electrical treeing or partial discharge, of the composite system. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of an interface on the electrical treeing of polymer/polymer-composite insulating materials. In this paper, we describe the tree growth and complete breakdown characteristics of specimens with a polymer barrier film layer molded in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), in which the interface of EVA and the barrier film is perpendicular to the electric field under an AC voltage. It is found that with a barrier film, the tree growth is retarded on the barrier film, which then punctures the film, or develops along the edge of the film. It is also found that the pressure of decomposing gas in the tree channels plays an important role in tree propagation.     

Electrical treeing characteristics in XLPE power cable insulation in frequency range between 20 and 500 Hz

Electrical treeing is one of the main reasons for long term degradation of polymeric materials used in high voltage ac applications. In this paper we report on an investigation of electrical tree growth characteristics in XLPE samples from a commercial XLPE power cable. Electrical trees have been grown over a frequency range from 20 Hz to 500 Hz and images of trees were taken using CCD camera without interrupting the application of voltage. The fractal dimension of electric tree is obtained using a simple box-counting technique. Contrary to our expectation it has been found that the fractal dimension prior to the breakdown shows no significant change when frequency of the applied voltage increases. Instead, the frequency accelerates tree growth rate and reduces the time to breakdown. A new approach for investigating the frequency effect on trees has been devised. In addition to looking into the fractal analysis of tree as a whole, regions of growth are being sectioned to reveal differences in terms of growth rate, accumulated damage and fractal dimension.     

交流叠加冲击电压下XLPE绝缘中电树起始特性

ＸＬＰＥ绝缘在交流叠加冲击电压作用下电树起始特性的试验研究表明,电树的冲击起始场强不仅与预加的交流电压的大小有关,还与冲击电压与交流电压的相对极性有关,并有明显的累积效应,起晕也有明显的时延现象。     

A versatile method to study electrical treeing in polymeric materials

Electrical treeing in high voltage cable insulation has been studied widely as it is one of the major breakdown mechanisms for solid dielectrics subjected to high electrical stresses. The most frequently experimental set-up used to study electrical treeing is utilizing needles to achieve a high divergent field to promote the initiation of electrical trees. In this paper a new type of electrode configuration is described, which will be beneficial when examining electrical treeing in terms of both the capability to follow the course of events in real time and the small amount of insulation material is needed. This new electrode configuration makes use of a thin tungsten wire as electrode to obtain the high divergent electrical stress needed to initiate electrical trees. Multiple electrical trees are at times formed at different points along the wire during the testing, this indicates that the field are homogenous along the wire. This allows for determining the tree initiation field and the rate of tree growth. It is also shown that this electrode configuration is able to distinguish the increased electrical tree inception obtained by the addition of voltage stabilizers.     

实际XPLE电缆模型下升压速度对电树枝生长特性的影响

电树枝化是影响交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电力电缆运行安全与寿命的技术瓶颈。笔者采用金属针缺陷模拟电缆中集中的电场应力,研究了在工频交流电压下(50 Hz),不同实验起始升压速度(0.1 kV/s,1 kV/s)对XLPE电缆中电树枝生长特性的影响。结果表明,在高的升压速度下电树枝起始快,同时电树枝形态会由纯枝状变为稠密枝状,分形维变大。