厚板对接接头多层多道焊有限元模拟研究

以X70钢厚板对接接头多层多道焊为研究对象,利用MARC软件中的生死单元技术对厚板多层多道焊焊接过程进行模拟,经分析得到了厚板多层多道焊取样点的热循环曲线、试样件的变形和应力曲线,然后对其进行分析,并采用塞尺测量验证仿真结果。结果表明,每个焊缝都会受到后焊接过程的热作用,有多次热循环;沿焊接方向对接接头的自由端发生了明显的角变形,焊接变形最大值为4.984 mm;焊接仿真变形结果与测量结果趋势一致,误差最大为4.54%;焊缝受到其后焊接的多次热循环作用,有多次应力循环,对生产有重要的指导意义。     

基于计算机有限元的厚板多层多道焊温度场研究

在建立Q460厚板多层、多道次焊接有限元模型时,考虑了板料厚度方向的温度场分布,研究接头热影响区的温度场和热循环特征。结果表明,建立的热源分析模型可以准确描述厚板多层、多道次焊接过程;焊接热影响区热循环高温停留时间和峰值温度受后续焊道的影响较大,因此需严格控制后续焊道的热输入和层间温度。     

Q690D低合金高强钢模拟焊接热影响区的组织和性能

使用Gleeble-3500热模拟机对Q690D低合金高强钢进行了焊接热模拟,得到了一次和二次焊接热循环时不同峰值温度和冷却时间下的热影响区组织,并进行了显微组织观察、硬度测试、冲击性能测试及断口形貌分析。结果表明,一次焊接热循环时,随着焊接热循环峰值温度的增加,试样显微组织逐渐粗化,并由粒状贝氏体组织向上贝氏体和板条马氏体组织转变,硬度增加,冲击性能恶化。热循环峰值温度为900℃时,冲击吸收能量最大为78.95 J;峰值温度为1350℃时,冲击吸收能量最小值仅为17 J。冲击断口由延性断裂向解理断裂转变。在同一峰值温度下,随着冷却时间t;的增加,试样硬度降低,而冲击吸收能量也随之降低。二次焊接热循环时,试样显微组织晶粒粗大,主要为板条马氏体,且硬度更高,冲击性能继续恶化,冲击吸收能量最低值仅为24.99 J,冲击断口主要为解理断离和准解理断裂,说明二次焊接热循环导致试样性能变差。     

焊接热循环对SA508-3钢临界粗晶区组织和性能的影响

针对核电设备用SA508-3钢临界粗晶区,采用热模拟技术研究了不预热下焊接热循环对临界粗晶区组织和性能的影响.结果表明,临界粗晶区在原奥氏体晶界上析出了项链状的隐晶马氏体组织,使其性能恶化,是焊接接头中最为薄弱的区域.临界粗晶区在经历峰值温度400~650℃的焊接热循环后,冲击韧性得到明显的改善,此时可以获得良好的强韧性匹配.在SA508-3钢多层多道焊接过程中,通过合理控制层道间焊接热循环条件,可有效改善临界粗晶区组织和性能.     

X120管线钢焊接热影响区的模拟研究

采用焊接热模拟技术研究了焊接热循环对X120管线钢焊接热影响区的组织和性能的影响。结果表明,经过一次热循环峰值温度1300℃后,随着t8/5的增加,韧性显著下降,发生严重脆化;当t8/5不变,二次热循环峰值温度为600℃和1200℃时,韧性得到明显改善;当二次热循环峰值温度为800℃时,在原奥氏体晶界处形成明显的"链状"结构的网状组织,韧性有所下降;而当二次热循环峰值温度为1000℃时,局部脆化现象严重,这与冷却时获得含有粗大M-A岛状组织的粒状贝氏体有关。     

Q690D低合金高强钢模拟焊接热影响区的组织和性能

使用Gleeble-3500热模拟机对Q690D低合金高强钢进行了焊接热模拟,得到了一次和二次焊接热循环时不同峰值温度和冷却时间下的热影响区组织,并进行了显微组织观察、硬度测试、冲击性能测试及断口形貌分析。结果表明,一次焊接热循环时,随着焊接热循环峰值温度的增加,试样显微组织逐渐粗化,并由粒状贝氏体组织向上贝氏体和板条马氏体组织转变,硬度增加,冲击性能恶化。热循环峰值温度为900℃时,冲击吸收能量最大为78.95 J;峰值温度为1 350℃时,冲击吸收能量最小值仅为17 J。冲击断口由延性断裂向解理断裂转变。在同一峰值温度下,随着冷却时间t_8/5的增加,试样硬度降低,而冲击吸收能量也随之降低。二次焊接热循环时,试样显微组织晶粒粗大,主要为板条马氏体,且硬度更高,冲击性能继续恶化,冲击吸收能量最低值仅为24.99 J,冲击断口主要为解理断离和准解理断裂,说明二次焊接热循环导致试样性能变差。     

焊接道数和层间温度对5083铝合金多道焊对接接头焊接残余应力和变形的影响

以5083铝合金多道焊对接接头为研究对象，构建了其热-冶金-力学耦合的三维有限元模型，在考虑相变情况下，对两道焊的焊接过程温度场、残余应力分布和变形进行数值计算与分析，并将结果与试验数据进行对比，验证了该模型的准确度。分析了焊接道数和层间温度对焊接残余应力分布以及焊接变形的影响规律，结果表明：随着焊接道数的增加，纵向残余应力逐渐增加，焊接道数对横向残余应力几乎无影响，焊接变形逐渐增加；随着层间温度的升高，纵向残余应力逐渐降低，横向残余应力先减小后增大，但层间温度对焊接变形几乎无影响，可采用100℃作为最佳层间温度进行焊接。     

Q345钢对接接头残余应力与变形的预测

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发了用于模拟多层多道焊接头温度场、残余应力和焊接变形的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法. 利用所开发的计算方法对板厚为16 mm的Q345钢平板对接接头的温度场、应力场和变形进行了数值模拟. 采用试验方法测量了对接接头的残余应力和角变形. 试验结果与数值结果比较吻合,验证了所开发方法的有效性. 结果表明,在板厚相同的条件下角变形和横向收缩随着焊接层数的增多有增大的趋势;焊缝附近的纵向拉伸应力区域分布范围随焊接层数的增加略有减小;焊接层数对纵向残余应力的峰值影响较小.     

焊接热循环峰值温度对10CrMo910钢硬度的影响

利用自行设计的焊接热循环测试系统,通过分别实时测试两块试板的三个不同位置点在不同焊接参数下的温度信号,研究焊接热循环峰值温度对10CrMo910耐热钢的硬度变化的影响规律.结果表明,焊接热循环峰值温度对10CrMo910耐热钢硬度值影响较大,当峰值温度小于1 150℃时,随着峰值温度的增高,硬度值增大;当峰值温度大于1 150 ℃时,随着峰值温度的增高,硬度值反而有所减小.     

厚板多层多道焊角变形分析方法

角变形一直是厚板多层多道焊过程中的突出问题，然而有关这方面的研究报道并不多见。作者对多层多道焊角变形的预测方法进行了分析，对已有的有关多层多道焊角变形经验公式进行了总结。在此基础上，提出了一种多层多道焊角变形的分析方法。应用基本的力学公式，结合焊接变形产生的原因，分析并推导出计算多层多道焊角变形的公式。最后，对厚板低碳钢单面V形坡口多道焊以及厚板高强铝合金双面V形坡口多道焊的角变形进行了实例分析。     

Microstructural characteristics in friction stir welded aluminium alloys

In order to elucidate distortion and residual stress generated by welding of high strength steel (HT780) by laser beam, a series of experiments and analyses were carried out. The angular distortion generated by bead-on-plate welding was V-shaped and its magnitude was about 2 mm. The longitudinal bending distortion was extremely small. On the surface of the plate, the residual stress component in the welding direction was tensile and it was smaller than the yield stress in the weld metal. The residual stress was almost zero outside the weld metal. The phase transformation range in the cooling stage and the temperature dependency of mechanical properties were obtained. The mechanical properties in the phase transformation range in the cooling stage could not be specified due to transformation expansion. Therefore, they were idealized by considering transformation expansion and transformation superplasticity. The validity of the idealized mechanical properties was verified by simulating the experiment by the thermal elastic–plastic analysis. It was elucidated that the welding out-of-plane distortion and tensile residual stress were largely controlled by phase transformation in the cooling stage, although the bead width of laser beam welding was extremely narrow.     

大面积拼焊平台结构的焊接变形预测

为了对大面积厚板拼焊平台结构进行焊接变形预测,首先进行了缩比件焊接试验,并测试了焊接过程中的角变形,然后进行了实际焊道数量及焊道集中分组后缩比件的焊接数值模拟,验证了焊接有限元模型输入的准确性及焊道集中分组方案的合理性;最后根据建立的焊道集中规则建立了平台结构的焊接有限元模型,进行了焊接变形的预测.结果表明,实际焊道数量及焊道集中分组后缩比件焊接角变形的数值模拟结果与测试结果一致,角变形约为1.6°,验证了将实际焊接工艺中15层27道简化为5层5道的焊道集中方案的准确性;平台结构的焊接变形表现为局部下塌或上凸的面外变形,是由上下坡口不对称产生的焊接角变形及底部钢架支撑作用共同产生的,面外变形范围为−5.2 ~ 4.4 mm.     

Effect of Ti content on TiN morphology,microstructure and toughness in coarse‐grained heat affected zone of Ti‐containing steels

It is well known that weld distortion, which has a negative influence on material properties, structural fabricability and structural integrity, should be controlled appropriately. There are many methods to control or reduce weld distortion, but most of them involve some costly process in addition to welding. In-process control of weld distortion becomes more preferable than post-welding process or other methods, when manufacturing efficiency is considered. In recent years, in-process control welding by additional cooling has been proposed as one of techniques for reducing weld distortion and partially applied for thin-plate structure in industries. However, the effectiveness of additional cooling method has not yet been fully clarified. In this study, the effectiveness of additional cooling method and appropriate cooling condition for effective reduction in weld distortion are investigated by three-dimensional thermal elastic–plastic analysis. In addition, the effect of locally cooled temperature distribution on generation behaviour of plastic strain is discussed. As a result, it is concluded that the effectiveness of additional cooling and appropriate cooling condition for reduction in weld distortion are dependent on weld distortion under consideration and welding conditions. Especially, it is necessary for reduction in weld distortion to set the cooling torch at the appropriate position. For example, in order to reduce angular distortion effectively, the appropriate cooling position is dependent on the mechanical melting length during welding.     

基于Simufact的Q345钢-15℃时T形平角焊的仿真

在低温环境下焊接时,由于焊接部位受不均匀的加热及冷却,会导致焊接接头产生裂纹,为了提高焊接结构的制造质量和使用性能,减少焊接结构因焊接引起的破坏性事故。运用Simufact-Welding软件对T形接头用焊条电弧焊在环境温度为-15℃时进行焊接仿真。在其他参数相同的情况下,对比分析了焊件预热到150℃和未预热时的热循环、变形、等效应力和t8/5,结果表明:前者方法下同一采样点处的峰值温度值比后者方法下对应量的值大;同理,收弧处的变形量减小,焊缝处和近缝区的变形量略有增大;焊缝处采样点的等效应力减小;焊缝处采样点的t8/5时间增大。因此,合理地控制预热温度,减小晶粒脆化,适当增大t8/5时间,有利于缓解接头的冷却速度,减小淬硬倾向。     

在线测量薄板焊缝区的变形

针对薄板在堆焊过程中焊缝区发生较大塑性变形的问题,提出一种基于数字图像弱相关技术的光学非接触在线测量焊接变形的方法,在焊接及冷却过程对焊缝区域全场及关键点的变形状态进行跟踪测量,获取变形规律.对Q235薄板进行钨极惰性气体保护焊（TIG）堆焊试验,结果表明,垂直于薄板方向上的变形量远大于其余两个方向;薄板焊缝区在焊接过程中先呈凸起状,逐渐冷却后呈马鞍状;薄板焊缝关键点及焊缝区的面外变形量随焊接电流的增大而明显增大.此方法对验证薄板焊接变形的数值模拟预测和揭示焊接变形机理等具有重要的指导意义.     

Experimental study on relationship between heat parameter and angular distortion

It is well known that weld residual stress and distortion should be controlled appropriately for structural integrity. Recently, it has become much more necessary to control weld distortion to highly improve manufacturing efficiency. Various studies on control of weld distortion had been conducted based on clarification of influential dominant factors for that. The influential dominant factors had been studied from a viewpoint of temperature distribution in plate thickness section. Without considering moving the weld heat source, the temperature distribution is controlled by weld heat input (Q_net) per weld length. Angular distortion, which is controlled by temperature distribution along the direction of plate thickness (h), is controlled by heat input parameter (Q_net/h²). However, it has recently become known that the conventional results cannot be applied to all welding processes because such processes are becoming more diversified. It is significant for more accurate control of angular distortion to investigate once again the relationship between the heat input parameter and angular distortion. In this study, a series of experiments on the relationship between heat input parameter and angular distortion are carried out. The effects of welding current and welding speed are investigated individually in both TIG and MAG welding. The difference between these welding methods is also investigated. Based on the result, the effects of them are discussed in relation to temperature distribution during welding. It is considered that angular distortion is affected by temperature distribution not only in plate thickness section but also along welding direction. So, angular distortion is not always controlled by only the conventional heat input parameter because the heat input parameter is proposed as the influential dominant factor for temperature distribution in plate thickness section. It is concluded that generation characteristics of inherent strain should be considered in relation to three-dimensional temperature distributions during welding for more accurate control of angular distortion.     

电渣焊接头焊接残余应力与变形的数值模拟

为研究电渣焊接头焊接残余应力的分布规律及变形特征,基于有限元分析软件MSC. Marc,开发了用于模拟电渣焊接头温度场、残余应力与焊接变形的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法. 在所开发的计算方法中,采用全椭球等密度体积移动热源模型来模拟电渣焊的热输入,并以生死单元技术考虑焊缝成形,数值模拟了箱型柱中的腹板与隔板处电渣焊接头的焊接残余应力与变形. 同时,采用试验方法实测了电渣焊接头的横向收缩及角变形. 结果表明,横向收缩和角变形的计算结果都与试验值比较吻合,验证了所开发的数值计算方法的妥当性. 此外,利用数值模拟方法详细研究了电渣焊接头焊接残余应力的分布特征.     

Effect of welding conditions on reduction in angular distortion by welding with trailing heat sink

Abstract

The effectiveness of welding with a trailing heat sink in reducing the angular distortion of a weld has been experimentally investigated with focus on the cooling position. A numerical model of welding with a trailing heat sink is constructed through the comparison of measured values of weld penetration, thermal cycles and angular distortion with those calculated. On the basis of this model, the effect of welding heat input conditions on the reduction in angular distortion is discussed to evaluate the versatility of welding with a trailing heat sink. The results indicate that the choice of an appropriate cooling position behind the welding heat source is essential for the effective reduction in angular distortion. The reduction in angular distortion by the heat sink at the appropriate cooling position increases with the heat input parameter Q_net/h, where Q_net is the weld heat input and h is the thickness of the plate.     

线能量对TC4钛合金激光焊接残余应力和变形的影响

利用有限元分析和实验测试，研究了TC4钛合金平板激光焊接线能量对变形和残余应力的影响规律，并通过焊缝金相实验分析了线能量与焊接残余应力和变形的内在关系。结果表明：钛合金激光焊接产生的纵向残余拉伸应力约700MPa～850MPa，而横向残余拉伸应力只有50MPa～80MPa。激光焊接线能量增加时，纵向残余应力拉伸区域变宽，峰值应力降低，而横向残余应力随线能量的增加而升高。在临界焊透规范以上焊接时，角变形随线能量的增大而减小，但横向收缩变形增大。试件被完全穿透焊接时，线能量对角变形的影响作用降低。     

动态控制的低应力无变形焊接新技术

在成功地研究并开发了薄壁构件低应力无变形焊接新技术的基础上，把靠预置温度场静态控制焊接应力与变形的方法发展到动态控制法。这一新构思所形成的动态控制焊接应力与变形的新技术的原理在于：不再依赖预置温度场，而是直接利用电弧在薄壁构件上所形成的焊接温度，建立一个特殊构造的热潭跟随电弧，板成“热源－热潭“多源系统，在熔池后的高温焊缝区产生强烈的局部急冷拉伸作用，控制和补偿焊接时产生的压缩塑性变形，达到薄壁构