大厚度TC4钛合金窄间隙焊接接头组织性能研究

围绕磁控窄间隙TIG焊接（MCNG-TIG）和真空电子束焊接（EBW）大厚度TC4钛合金接头微观结构不均匀性及其对接头力学行为的影响进行了对比研究。利用扫描电子显微镜对两种接头中部焊缝区和热影响区不同区域的微观组织进行了表征，并对接头截面显微硬度分布和室温拉伸性能进行测定。结果表明，两种接头焊缝区皆为网篮组织，但MCNG-TIG焊缝中α板条宽度比EBW焊缝更加细小。热影响区为初生α相+β转变组织构成的混合组织。随着距焊缝中心的距离增大，β转变组织含量降低。MCNG-TIG热影响区中β转变组织比EBW热影响区更加细小。MCNG-TIG接头平均硬度分布为：热影响区>母材>焊缝；EBW接头平均硬度值分布为：焊缝>热影响区>母材。两种接头的室温拉伸强度系数皆达到0.9以上，EBW接头强度和延伸率略高于MCNG-TIG接头。MCNG-TIG接头室拉伸断裂位置位于靠近母材的热影响区，而EBW接头断裂位置位于焊缝中心。拉伸应变演化结果表明，MCNG-TIG接头在拉伸早期阶段在焊缝中和靠近母材的热影响区同时出现了应变峰值区域。随着拉伸的进行，双应变峰值区特征消失，塑性应变主要集...     

AZ31B镁合金TIG焊接接头组织与性能

通过拉伸、弯曲和硬度等试验以及金相显微组织分析,研究4 mm AZ31B镁合金焊接接头组织和性能。试验结果表明:4 mm拉伸试件断裂位置位于热影响区;抗拉强度满足要求;所有弯曲试件的面弯和背弯均未出现断裂,弯曲性能良好;TIG焊焊缝区晶粒相对细小,组织为α-Mg固溶体,晶界弥散分布着黑色β-Mg17Al12沉淀相,热影响区组织晶粒较母材有所长大;母材硬度高于热影响区和焊缝,接头热影响区有软化现象;从4 mm AZ31B镁合金TIG焊对接接头(去掉余高)脉动拉伸疲劳试件宏观形貌可以看出,断裂位置为热影响区。     

薄板TC4钛合金TIG电弧和激光焊接接头晶粒尺寸与微观组织

对薄板TC4钛合金进行TIG电弧和激光焊接技术研究,重点分析了TIG焊接电流、焊接速度和激光输出功率对TC4钛合金焊接接头晶粒尺寸、微观组织和显微硬度的影响规律. 试验结果表明,在实现薄板TC4钛合金完全熔透的条件下,激光焊接具有更小热输入,接头焊缝区和热影响区宽度也显著降低. TIG焊接接头晶粒尺寸随热输入增加,呈现增加趋势. 随距焊缝中心位置增加,焊接接头晶粒尺寸均逐渐降低. TC4钛合金激光焊接接头焊缝区呈现魏氏组织特征,针状α'马氏体细小. 近缝热影响区组织为网篮状α'马氏体,而近母材热影响区为未转变α相和针状α'马氏体的双相组织. 随距焊缝中心位置增加,马氏体生成量逐渐减少,焊缝显微硬度值呈现降低趋势;同时相比于TIG焊接,TC4激光焊接接头具有更高的显微硬度.     

T91/P91窄间隙热丝TIG焊接工艺对接头力学性能的影响

通过对T91/P91窄间隙热丝TIG焊试验,对比研究了焊接接头各区包括焊缝、热影响区、母材的显微组织,以及各项力学性能比如常温拉伸、高温拉伸、硬度及冲击性能,从而探究窄间隙热丝TIG焊对T91/P91钢焊接性的影响.试验结果表明,焊接接头组织均匀,主要为回火马氏体;抗拉强度达到了母材水平甚至比母材更强;焊缝区域硬度分布比较均匀,硬度值高于热影响区和母材;焊缝的冲击韧性也与母材相当.研究结果表明,窄间隙热丝TIG焊可以改进T91/P91焊接接头的焊接质量,焊接接头各项力学性能均满足使用需求,从而获得了较高质量的焊接接头.     

焊接电流对TC4钛合金窄间隙TIG焊缝成形及组织的影响

对30 mm厚的TC4钛合金板材进行窄间隙TIG单层填丝焊试验,研究了焊接电流对焊缝成形的影响,分析了焊接接头的显微组织和显微硬度。试验结果表明:随着焊接电流的增加,焊缝熔深、熔宽增加,焊缝表面下凹程度增大,但是焊缝熔宽增加幅度较小;焊缝区晶粒发生严重粗化,主要为粗大的柱状晶,其显微组织均为针状马氏体α'组织;靠近焊缝区侧的热影响区晶粒比靠近母材侧的粗化程度大。焊接接头显微硬度分布相似,焊缝区硬度稍高于母材硬度,并未存在明显的软化区;峰值硬度出现在热影响区,随着焊接电流增加,热影响区峰值硬度降低。     

7 mm厚TC4钛合金电子束焊接头组织和性能

采用真空电子束焊对7 mm厚TC4钛合金板进行焊接,利用光学显微镜对焊接接头显微组织进行表征,分析不同区域显微组织,通过显微硬度、拉伸试验、冲击试验、弯曲试验对力学性能进行测试,借助扫描电镜对拉伸、冲击断口形貌进行观察,对焊接接头显微组织演变规律和性能进行研究。结果表明,真空电子束焊焊接接头成形良好,TC4钛合金母材组织由α相和β相组成,焊缝区组织由原始的β相转变而成α′相（针状马氏体）,为粗大的柱状晶组织,热影响区组织由均匀且细小的针状马氏体α′相及原始的α相和β相组成;焊缝区显微硬度高于热影响区和母材区,从焊缝顶部到根部显微硬度逐渐下降;焊接接头抗拉强度高于母材抗拉强度;V形缺口在焊缝区的冲击试样具有较好的韧性。     

SMA490BW耐候钢窄间隙激光填丝焊接头组织与性能

采用窄间隙激光填丝焊的方法并选取优化的焊接工艺参数焊接了高速列车转向架用16 mm厚的SMA490BW耐候钢,焊后通过拉伸、弯曲试验、显微硬度测试及微观组织观察,分析了窄间隙接头的组织与性能。试验结果表明:焊接接头成形良好,未见明显缺陷;填丝焊的焊缝中心组织由针状铁素体和少量粒状贝氏体组成,冲击韧性良好;热影响区主要有针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体及魏氏组织,接头的最高硬度值出现在焊接热影响区的细晶区。接头拉伸试样断于母材,试样弯曲180°未开裂,在-40℃进行冲击试验,冲击性能良好,因此焊接接头的力学性能良好。     

高强钢摆动电弧窄间隙GMAW组织与性能研究北大核心

采用摆动电弧窄间隙GMAW方法对42 mm厚的10Ni5Cr Mo V钢进行了焊接,并对其接头形貌、显微组织、硬度分布、拉伸性能和冲击韧性进行了测试分析。结果表明,该方法得到了成形良好、无任何宏观缺陷的窄间隙焊缝;焊缝组织由针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体及少部分马氏体组成;热影响区中的过热区以粗大的板条状马氏体组成,是整个焊接接头最薄弱区域,但其宽度较窄;窄间隙焊接接头具有较好的强度和韧性,无软化及脆化现象,满足使用要求。     

高强钢摆动电弧窄间隙GMAW组织与性能研究

采用摆动电弧窄间隙GMAW方法对42 mm厚的10Ni5Cr Mo V钢进行了焊接,并对其接头形貌、显微组织、硬度分布、拉伸性能和冲击韧性进行了测试分析。结果表明,该方法得到了成形良好、无任何宏观缺陷的窄间隙焊缝;焊缝组织由针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体及少部分马氏体组成;热影响区中的过热区以粗大的板条状马氏体组成,是整个焊接接头最薄弱区域,但其宽度较窄;窄间隙焊接接头具有较好的强度和韧性,无软化及脆化现象,满足使用要求。     

TC4钛合金窄间隙激光填绞股焊丝焊接接头组织及性能

采用实心绞股焊丝,通过窄间隙激光填丝焊对TC4钛合金进行焊接,分析了激光填丝焊接头各区域的微观组织及形貌,并测试了焊接接头的显微硬度、室温拉伸性能及冲击性能等力学性能。结果表明,焊缝截面整体成形良好,无明显未熔合和气孔等缺陷;母材由等轴α+β相组成,热影响区晶粒比母材稍大,热影响区由针状α′马氏体+初生α相组成,焊缝由粗大的原始β柱状晶和内部网篮状α′马氏体组成;焊接接头的抗拉强度平均值达940 MPa,拉伸断裂在母材,断口韧窝较浅,主要表现为韧性断裂特征;焊缝的显微硬度平均值为375 HV,高于母材及热影响区。 创新点： 采用高熔敷效率的绞股焊丝作为填充金属,对 20 mm 厚 TC4 钛合金板进行激光填丝焊,探究了厚板钛合金焊接接头的组织与性能分布规律,为厚板钛合金焊接结构的实际应用提供基础数据支撑。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.