铝/钢异质金属搅拌摩擦焊研究进展

由于铝、钢的热物理性能差异较大,且铁在铝中的固溶度极低,铝/钢异质金属焊接已成为该领域研究的难点与热点。搅拌摩擦焊具有热输入低、热循环时间短等优点,能够有效控制铝/钢接头中金属间化合物的生长,从而获得高质量的焊接接头。文中综述了铝/钢异质金属搅拌摩擦焊国内外研究现状,涉及搅拌头材料选择与结构设计。此外,分析了对接、搭接与点焊三种形式接头的组织与性能,并探讨了铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊技术的未来研究方向。     

铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊金属间化合物调控研究进展

铝/钢异种金属的可靠连接是汽车行业实现轻质节能设计的重要途径. 铝和钢的热物理性能和化学性能差异大,采用固相焊方法连接较为适宜. 搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding, FSW)具有热输入低、高温停留时间短和焊接变形小等特点,在连接铝/钢异种金属上具有较大的优势和潜力. 铝/钢异种金属FSW高质量的核心技术之一为界面金属间化合物的调控. 基于铝/钢FSW固相连接机制,文中从焊接参数(焊接速度、焊具转速、偏移量、倾斜角和下压量)、焊具结构(搅拌针形貌、螺纹及锥角)和中间层(铝和锌等)设计等方面对界面金属间化合物调控的研究现状进行了综述,并围绕接头承载能力的提升总结了铝/钢FSW新技术(匙孔填充、自铆接及外源辅助FSW),并进一步展望了铝/钢FSW的发展趋势.     

铝/钢异质金属旋转摩擦焊研究进展

铝/钢旋转摩擦焊具有焊接质量好、焊接效率高的突出优势,特别适合轴类、管类结构的焊接制造。但是,由于旋转摩擦焊独特的旋转运动形式导致接头中微观组织与接头性能沿径向分布的不均匀性,成为制约其在关键领域应用的瓶颈之一。文中综述了铝/钢异质金属旋转摩擦焊国内外研究现状,主要分析了旋转摩擦焊工艺、微观组织与力学性能等,并探讨了铝/钢旋转摩擦焊技术未来研究的方向。     

搅拌摩擦焊接AA6061-AZ31B合金异质接头在搅拌区的电化学腐蚀行为（英文）

异质金属的连接在交通运输领域如燃料消耗降低、材料质量减轻、排放量减少等方面具有较多优越性。然而,采用熔焊工艺对铝、镁合金进行焊接是一个非常复杂的过程。搅拌摩擦焊接方法是一种对铝、镁合金进行连接的有效方法。在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,铝、镁合金在搅拌区混合,致使合金在该区的耐蚀性能变差。本文作者研究搅拌摩擦焊AA6061-AZ31B合金异质接头的耐蚀性能,通过改变氯离子浓度、Na Cl溶液的p H值和焊接时间对样品进行恒电位极化实验。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射技术对样品的腐蚀表面进行表征。结果表明,在所研究的3个参数中,焊接时间对搅拌摩擦焊AA6061-AZ31B合金异质接头耐蚀性能的影响最显著。     

异种铝合金焊接研究现状及展望

汽车轻量化应用过程中存在大量异种材料连接，针对国内外不同预制工艺、焊接工艺条件下异种铝合金TIG、MIG、激光焊接、搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微组织、性能及预测模型等相关研究进行综述和展望。异种铝合金激光填丝、激光复合CMT、铆接复合胶粘在薄板焊接领域具有广阔的前景，且通过微合金化及纳米颗粒化对焊丝成分进行调控是改善高强铝合金熔焊接头强度的有效方法。搅拌摩擦焊是2系/7系铝合金高质量连接的主要方法，且类似搅拌摩擦点焊、预制燕尾槽、预制孔中增加纳米颗粒、刀具偏移等新工艺可以为局部铝/钢，铝/铜，铝/碳纤维等其他异质材料高强度连接起到有效促进作用。     

铝/钢异种金属旋转摩擦焊接研究现状

根据铝/钢异种金属焊接冶金特点及旋转摩擦焊接工艺特点,分析认为旋转摩擦焊最适合铝/钢异种金属轴对称件焊接的工艺。分别介绍了连续驱动摩擦焊和惯性摩擦焊接工艺对铝/钢异种金属焊接接头的组织和性能的影响。总结了铝/钢异种金属摩擦焊接技术研发中亟待解决的主要科学问题,铝/钢旋转摩擦焊过程中摩擦界面及其附近剧烈的塑性流变对IMCs生成的影响规律和机制需要进一步的研究;需要开发相应的工艺措施促进铝/钢接头界面上形成以Fe-Al IMCs为标志的冶金结合,并使IMCs层厚度均匀化。最终指明,研究揭示铝/钢摩擦界面IMCs生成机理、相的组成、形态、分布等冶金行为,对铝/钢旋转摩擦焊接头的组织性能调控具有重要意义,也是铝/钢异种金属焊接结构性能保证的理论基础。     

铝-钢异种金属搅拌摩擦焊研究

搅拌摩擦焊是一种新型的固相焊接方法,在异种材料连接方面有广阔的应用前景。本文从搅拌摩擦的工艺、性能及组织三方面分别介绍了铝-钢搅拌摩擦焊的研究进展,为其深入研究提供了依据。采用搅拌摩擦焊,异种金属铝-钢可以实现连接,但工艺参数选择范围较小,钢置于前进边时,铝-钢更易连接。由于铝一钢物理性能的差异,二者流动状态不同,焊核两侧呈现不同结构,接头的力学性能由于脆性金属间化合物的存在而降低。通过改变热输入或添加第三组元等微量元素的办法可以改善接头的力学性能。     

铝/铜异种金属搅拌摩擦焊研究

搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相焊接技术,它可以克服铝/铜在熔化焊接中的缺陷,提高接头质量,促进铝/铜异种金属在工业领域的应用。从搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺、接头组织与性能等方面,综述了铝/铜异种金属搅拌摩擦焊技术在近几年的研究进展,总结了有待深入研究的问题。     

铝钢异种材料搅拌摩擦点焊研究现状

铝钢异种金属的连接对能源与材料的高效利用受到汽车相关行业的重视,搅拌摩擦点焊作为一种固态焊接方法可以大幅减少金属间化合物的不利影响,在异种金属的连接领域有着广阔的应用前景。通过阐述铝钢异种金属连接的主要连接原理,分析解释相关工艺参数及组织对焊接结果的影响,归纳总结了国内外关于铝钢异种材料搅拌摩擦点焊的相关研究现状,并探讨了目前铝钢搅拌摩擦点焊中存在的问题以及未来可行的研究方向。     

铝/钢异种材料搅拌摩擦焊接研究现状及发展

铝/钢异种材料复合能同时发挥铝合金和钢的优点,铝/钢复合是实现"轻量化"的有效手段。归纳了铝/钢异种材料搅拌摩擦焊接的研究进展,综述了铝/钢异种金属搅拌摩擦焊的国内外研究现状。在对铝/钢接头内金属间化合物形成机理及控制方法,搅拌摩擦焊接过程中原子的扩散行为以及对于原子扩散的影响等方面的研究进行了论述,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

回填式搅拌摩擦点焊的研究进展

回填式搅拌摩擦点焊技术(RFSSW)是一种新型的固相点焊技术,它既拥有与搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)相同的效率高、能耗少、易操作和污染少等优点,又可消除匙孔,因此在航空、航天和汽车制造领域中有着广阔的应用前景。自发明以来,回填式搅拌摩擦点焊技术已被应用于各种铝合金、镁合金以及异种材料的焊接。文中综述了回填式搅拌摩擦点焊的研究进展,主要涉及回填式搅拌摩擦点焊的基本原理以及回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头常见的缺陷、显微组织、力学性能,以及同、异种材料的回填式搅拌摩擦点焊工艺等内容,可对实际工程应用中提高回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头性能以及合理选择回填式搅拌摩擦点焊工艺参数提供一定的借鉴作用。     

Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Similar and Dissimilar Alloys:A Review

Refi ll friction stir spot welding, also known as friction spot welding(FSpW), is a solid-state welding process suitable for spot joining of lightweight materials. Through the eff orts of improving joint quality for similar and dissimilar materials, for example, aluminum and magnesium, this joining technology is well developed. The joining mechanism and process characteristics of FSpW have been widely studied. However, the application of FSpW in industry has not been entirely successful. In this review article, the research of similar and dissimilar material joints, such as, Al/Cu, Al/Ti, Al/Mg and Al/Steel, is summarized. The microstructural features and mechanical properties of the joints, welding tool and the application development are discussed in detail.     

Joining of dissimilar materials with friction stir welding

The welding and joining of dissimilar metals which have very different properties, such as aluminium and carbon steel, is considered to be a subject for research and development in the welding/joining sector continuing into the 21st century. There are also huge requirements and expectations for this sector.¹ Due to the aforementioned, the research and development of welding and joining of dissimilar materials have been carried out over many years; for instance, eutectic bonding of copper pipe and aluminium pipe was developed 30 years ago and this process is still applied for the heat pipes of refrigerators. Recently it has even progressed for applications in joining of wide plate materials of aluminium alloy and stainless steel by means of the vacuum rolling process² and also for weldments of aluminium alloy and carbon steel joined by means of friction welding and employed as automobile components.³ However, there are problems from aspects of cost and restrictions concerning the configurations for which joining is feasible using conventional welding and joining processes and these techniques have not yet reached the stage where they can be applied in a number of industrial sectors. Accordingly, an extensive programme of research and development has been deployed in recent years using fusion welding processes, such as electron beam and laser welding and brazing, diffusion bonding and also friction stir welding (FSW).⁴     

Joint characteristics and dissimilar materials joining of pure-Al/5083 by friction stir welding

Friction stir welding (FSW)^1,2, developed in 1991 by The Welding Institute, UK is a joining process which overthrew welding concepts which existed at the time; its application has been progressed not only for soft alloys including aluminium, but also, in recent years, for steel.³ Sato and others carried out friction stir welding on 1080-O and 5083-O materials and investigated variations in the hardness.⁴ Ten years or so have passed since the development of friction stir welding, the process has been globally investigated and widely employed in various sectors such as vehicles, ships and the aerospace industry. Furthermore, investigations have also been carried out into the manufacture of dissimilar metal joints. For example, Enomoto studied 2024/AC4C cast alloy and reportedly obtained satisfactory joints.⁵ Li and others have investigated 2024/6061 and reported that both alloys are distributed at the weld zone in a stratified and complex manner.⁶     

Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of stir zone of friction stir welded dissimilar joints of AA6061 aluminium–AZ31B magnesium alloys

Joining of dissimilar metals will offer many advantages in transportation sectors such as fuel consumption, weight reduction and emission reduction. However, joining of aluminium (Al) alloys with magnesium (Mg) alloys by fusion welding process is very complicated. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a feasible method to join these two dissimilar alloys. Mixing these two metals together in stir zone (SZ) leads to poor corrosion resistance. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to understand the corrosion resistance of SZ of FSWed dissimilar joints of AA6061 Al alloy and AZ31B Mg alloy. Potentiodynamic polarization test was conducted by varying chloride ion concentration, pH value of the NaCl solution and exposure time. The corroded surfaces were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and XRD techniques. Of these three factors investigated, exposure time is found to be the most significant factor to influence the corrosion behaviour of SZ of friction stir welded dissimilar joints of Al/Mg alloys.     

铝合金与钢的点连接技术

介绍了铝合金与钢的点连接技术的研究现状,主要分析了工艺垫片法电阻点焊、搅拌摩擦点焊和超声波点焊技术等点连接工艺方法,其中工艺垫片法电阻点焊能在相对低的焊接电流务件下获得具有高强度的点焊接头;搅拌摩擦点焊和超声波点焊属于固相连接,在异种金属焊接领域优势明显.可根据技术条件和具体要求选择点连接方法.     

Methods of eliminating pollutant emissions from the work environment in welding and related processes

Abstract

The welding and joining of dissimilar metals which have very different properties, such as aluminium and carbon steel, is considered to be a subject for research and development in the welding/joining sector continuing into the 21st century. There are also huge requirements and expectations for this sector.¹ Due to the aforementioned, the research and development of welding and joining of dissimilar materials have been carried out over many years; for instance, eutectic bonding of copper pipe and aluminium pipe was developed 30 years ago and this process is still applied for the heat pipes of refrigerators. Recently it has even progressed for applications in joining of wide plate materials of aluminium alloy and stainless steel by means of the vacuum rolling process² and also for weldments of aluminium alloy and carbon steel joined by means of friction welding and employed as automobile components.³ However, there are problems from aspects of cost and restrictions concerning the configurations for which joining is feasible using conventional welding and joining processes and these techniques have not yet reached the stage where they can be applied in a number of industrial sectors. Accordingly, an extensive programme of research and development has been deployed in recent years using fusion welding processes, such as electron beam and laser welding and brazing, diffusion bonding and also friction stir welding (FSW).⁴     

On the Critical Technological Issues of Friction Stir Welding T-Joints of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys

In this article, friction stir welded T-joints of innovative dissimilar aluminum alloys have been produced and tested with the aim to investigate the feasibility of using this joining technique, in this configuration, in the aerospace field with the final aim to save weight. The introduction of both this new welding technique and innovative alloys, such as AA 2198 and AA 6056, could allow making lighter and stronger structures. Some experiments, carried out previously, have shown that the fixturing device, the tool geometry, and the tilt angle play a significant role in the joint soundness. A wide experimental characterization has been carried out on FSW T-joints of AA 6056 T4 extrudes to AA 2198 T3 rolled plates. The results attained allow to put in evidence some critical issues on the investigated configuration and can be considered as a further acquired knowledge in the understanding and the design of friction stir processes.