County Planning in the Philadelphia Area

People, Jobs and Land 1955-1975 In The New Jersey-New York-Connecticut Metropolitan Region. Bulletin 87. Regional Plan Association, New York, N.Y., 1957.70pp. $15.00

The Negro Population Of Chicago. By Otis Dudley Duncan and Beverly Duncan. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1957. 367 pp. $6.00.

Urban Land Use Planning. By F. Stuart Chapin, Jr. Harper &; Brothers, New York, 1957. 338 pp. incl. maps, charts, tables. $8.00. $6.00 Student Edition.

Location and Space Economy: A General Theory Relating to Industrial Location, Market areas, Land Use, Trade and Urban Structure. By Walter Isard. M.I.T. and John Wiley, N.Y., 1956. 350 pp. $8.75.

Government Budgeting. By Jesse Burkhead. John Wiley &; Sons, Inc., New York. 1956. 498pp. $7.50.

Sydney's Great Experiment. By Denis Winston. Angus &; Robertson, Ltd., Sydney, 1957.146 pp. 37s 6p.

Town and Country In Brazil. By Marvin Harris. Columbia University Press, New York, 1956; 302 pp. $4.50.     

ARE BASKETBALL ARENAS CATALYSTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?

ABSTRACT: Academic researchers continue to challenge the popular perception that new or renovated stadiums are catalysts of economic development. Despite basketball arenas generally having lower construction costs and being more multipurpose, past studies have disproportionately examined professional baseball and football stadiums. Using the most recent data, this study investigates the economic impact of professional basketball arenas. After controlling for a range of covariates past research has identified as possible predictors, I find little evidence that basketball arenas are primary catalysts of development. I conclude that the context of the city, not the facility, is what drives the economic development capacity of basketball arenas.     

Trade and spatial economic interdependence

Abstract. Regional scientists have had a long fascination with spatial economic interdependence, initially stimulated by the development of a suite of models in Isard (1960). In recent years there have been two major developments; first, a movement towards greater integration in model development not only with large-scale models, but also with careful attempts to make more components of the system endogenous. The second development has been the pursuit of greater integration than in earlier studies between theory and applied regional economic modelling, most notably in the area of trade and economic development. We explore some of the recent developments of this latter approach and provide an assessment of the current state-of-the art of some future opportunities.     

Urban Interests and Campaign Contributions: Evidence from Los Angeles

Abstract: Political activity is a key determinant of group influence in urban politics. This article examines a form of political activity often ignored by urban scholars, namely, campaign contributions. Using data from the 2001 Los Angeles municipal elections, I explore contributions from various urban interests. Because of its ability to overcome collective action problems, I expect business to be the main contributors, and among corporate interests, I expect development concerns to predominate. Although business contributes the vast majority of funds, contrary to expectations, land use interests are not the most active contributors, a spot reserved for professional concerns. As a whole, non‐corporate interests, often allied against the business community, are as active or more active than many corporate contributors. And, in general, patterns of contributions reflect individual, rather than organizational, activity.     

Trade and spatial economic interdependence

Regional scientists have had a long fascination with spatial economic interdependence, initially stimulated by the development of a suite of models in Isard (1960). In recent years there have been two major developments; first, a movement towards greater integration in model development not only with large-scale models, but also with careful attempts to make more components of the system endogenous. The second development has been the pursuit of greater integration than in earlier studies between theory and applied regional economic modelling, most notably in the area of trade and economic development. We explore some of the recent developments of this latter approach and provide an assessment of the current state-of-the art of some future opportunities.JEL Classification: F2, O1, R0, R1     

Einheit von Wissenschaft und Kunst im Brückenbau: Hellmut Homberg (1909–1990) – Sein Beitrag zur Theorie des Brückenbaus (Teil II)

Aus dem baustatischen Œuvre Homberg s ragt sein Beitrag zur Theorie hochgradig statisch unbestimmter Trägerroste hervor, der im Folgenden im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung im Brückenbau und der Baustatik von den 1930‐er bis in die 1960‐er Jahre herausgearbeitet wird. Harmony between science and art in bridge‐building: Hellmut Homberg (1909–1990) – his contribution to the theory of bridges (part II). The one theory of Hellmut Homberg that stands out from the rest of his contributions to the theory of structures is that concerning grillages with a high degree of static indeterminacy. This is described below in conjunction with the development of bridge‐building and theory of structures from the 1930s to the 1960s.     

The “green book” twenty years on: A new look at the research program of Isard and Liossatos's “spatial dynamics and optimal space-time development”

The publication in 1979 of Isard and Liossatos's \textit{Spatial Dynamics and Optimal Space-Time Development} marked the culmination of a progression of papers in which the authors explored parallels between processes modeled in theoretical physics and the spatial development of social systems. While providing a rigorous, incisive and exhaustive treatment of the subject, the book has begotten little secondary scholarship. This research note revisits the research program of what the senior author called his “green book”, assesses it from the present perspective, and considers how it might be continued in the light of recent theoretical, methodological and computational developments. Received: 29 August 2000/Accepted: 15 October 2001 RID="*" ID="*"This note was originally prepared for the North American Meetings of the Regional Science Association International, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, November 11–14, 1999, in honor of Walter Isard's 80th birthday. The author would like to thank editor Jean-Claude Thill and two anonymous referees for helpful comments and constructive criticisms.     

The norwegian experience

This review, first presented at the Lisbon symposium of CIB working commission W67 by the Professor Emeritus of SINTEF, University of Trondheim, relates the conclusions from several studies on the contributions by windows and sunspaces to passive solar results in a tough climate. The economic case for sunspaces in particular has proved to be doubtful. Passive solar methods used in building renovation show promise, however.     

Trial-and-error urbanism: addressing obduracy,uncertainty and complexity in urban planning and design

This article argues that sustainable and communal neighborhoods could be significantly more common in North America if development practices addressed the barriers posed by sociotechnical obduracy and the inevitable limitations of expertise through expanded opportunities for experimentation. In reconceptualizing the problems faced by alternative urbanisms through the lens of science and technology studies, I explore how the intelligent trial-and-error (ITE) framework for governing emerging technologies could be extended to partially address the barriers of obduracy, uncertainty and complexity when pursuing alternative urban designs. An examination of how Baugruppen (cooperative building groups) were integrated into the planning process of Quartier Vauban, Freiburg, is used to illustrate both the potentials and a concrete application of an ITE-like approach. I then discuss some of the barriers to an ITE model of urban planning in North America and recommend further research at the intersection of urban studies and science and technology studies.     

The use of game theory in regional economics: A quantitative retrospective

One of the most powerful tools within social science in general and economics in particular is game theory. This methodology allows for the formal analysis of the interactions among economic agents and, therefore, it is particularly useful for the study of economic decisions regarding spatial issues. For this reason, a quantitative systematization of the use of this tool on regional economics research is a relevant topic in the agenda concerned with progress in regional science. In this paper we study research in regional economics and provide a quantitative retrospective of the use of game theory in this field. Our main goal is twofold. First, we intend to categorize the contributions in the use of this analytical tool – by main research subjects, by authors' affiliations, by journal, etc. – using a bibliometric approach. Second, by analysing co‐authoring and using social network analysis, we want to test the existence of structures of knowledge upon which distinct co‐authorship emerges. The results of this research provide a framework for analysing the potential use of game theory in regional economics, suggesting new future research directions.     

“We Cannot Not Know History”: Philip Johnson's Politics and Cynical Survival

In this essay, I analyze the extreme right-wing political philosophy developed and promoted by Philip Johnson between 1932 and 1940 and compare it to the Nietzschean architectural politics he has promoted in the postwar period. Johnson's intellectual legacy, in particular the architectural theory of Peter Eisenman, is discussed in terms of the “aestheticization” of politics and history. This analysis proceeds in light of German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk's conception of post-1945 “survival” through cynical reason in which one knows that what one is doing is wrong but does it anyway to survive and get ahead. In opposition to Eisenman and Johnson's cynical reason, I propose a return to what Sloterdijk describes as kynicism: the disclosure of the falseness of the cynic and the false structure of cynical society.     

The definition of partnering as a Wittgenstein family‐resemblance concept

This article on partnering and family‐resemblance makes two contributions to the debate about the definition of partnering in construction. The first is a distinction between general prerequisites, components and goals when discussing the concept. In order to understand what is specific about partnering the focus should be on the components, which are identified through a literature review. The second contribution is to apply Ludwig Wittgenstein's idea of family‐resemblance to the partnering concept. His idea is that a complex concept can be understood as a network of overlapping similarities. From the literature review it is concluded that there are two necessary components in partnering – trust and mutual understanding – and that a number of different components can be added to form a specific variant of partnering. This provides a new method to define the vague and multifaceted concept of partnering in a flexible and structured way.     

The effect of dredging in a polluted estuary on the physiology of larval zooplankton

The effect of water samples from three dredging locations in Charleston Harbor and its tributaries upon the physiology of larval or juvenile zooplankton was determined, Daphnia were used for Location 1 with a salinity of 0‰, Paleomonetes for Location II with intermediate salinities and Polydora for Location III with highest salinities. Water from the disposal area of each location was most toxic. Samples from 200 yd downstream were intermediate in effect, and the dredge site sample was least toxic.     

基于制造业区位商分析的中国三大城市群经济空间演变实证与解释

中国城镇化已开始进入快速发展期,正发生着结构性转型--由个体城市向城市群体的跨越,展开城市群研究具有理论与实践的双重意义.基于对城市作为区域主体的假设,以分工与博弈理论为基础,首先给出城市群经济空间演变的两个认知主线:①一种专业分工的生产网络:②一种竞合博弈的关系图式.继而研究选择长三角、京津冀与珠三角三大城市群为城市群产业经济空间演变实证案例,采用制造业区位商作为刻画城市基础产业部门与区域分工的基本变量,借助Excel与Suffer软件,进行1997、1999、2001、2003、2005共5个年份的定量化与图形化演变信息分析,初步发现:①三大城市群经济空间形态差异明显,显示出城市群发育程度差距;②城市群内部的制造业分工地位不断变化,重组明显;③制造业分工空间关联密切,核心组团空间连续格局明显等两个重要特征.以期通过研究工作有助于拓展与丰富的城市群研究相关理论与方法.     

Upland landscapes and the landscape image

In my brief for the state‐of‐the‐art review, 1 was asked to provide a summary of research which addressed the question of what role the mass media were playing in influencing people's attitudes and values towards landscapes and nature. This paper is not, however, an edited version of my original submission. There are two reasons why I have taken the opportunity to write a new essay. First, much of the work I reviewed formed a substantial part of my paper in the edition of Landscape Research which focused on Landscapes as television and popular culture(Burgess, 1987). Second, in the last eighteen months there has been new work I would like to discuss.     

Jane Jacobs' Ideas on Big,Diverse Cities: A Review and Commentary

Over the last quarter-century Jane Jacobs has developed the argument that the dense central areas of large cities are both quality living environments and the indispensable hatchery of new jobs and economic advances for society as a whole. Her most recent book, Cities and the Wealth of the Nations, extends her earlier urban design and economic thought to the regional, national, and international scales, and it completes the sketch of a general theory of planning. Despite her great popularity, her many formulations have not been summarized for professional planning audiences, located in the context of other planning ideas, or assessed for theoretical quality. This article addresses each of those topics. I find her theoretical strengths to be originality, emotional force, style, and timeliness. I give her mixed reviews for completeness, consistency, equity, technical design, and impact. Her weakest areas are in strategic detail, empirical verifiability, and documentation.     

INSTITUTIONAL CREATION AND DEATH: URBAN DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS IN CANADA

ABSTRACT: Urban development agreements (UDAs) in Canada represented an innovative governance approach that involved all three levels of government and civil society organizations jointly deliberating and setting policy to address enduring and seemingly intractable issues like homelessness and economic development. By 2010, however, all UDAs in Canada had been terminated. This article applies a new institutionalism framework to analyze and explain the creation and termination of UDAs in Canada. First, I argue that the creation and termination of these institutions are most productively explained by applying both historical institutional and discursive institutional analytical frameworks. Second, I examine the specific UDAs in Vancouver and Winnipeg to illustrate the historical, institutional, and ideational context under which they emerged. Finally, I consider the institutional termination literature to frame a discursive institutional analysis of the “death” of UDAs in Canada, concluding that there was an ideational or discursive turn stemming not simply from political turnover, but cognitive (how to do it) and normative (what is appropriate) ideas.     

规划“不可能三角”——一个关于规划价值的新视角

借鉴西方经济学中的"不可能三角"模型,提出高度的市场经济、充分的社会民主和稳定的规划秩序构成了规划的"不可能三角",其内在逻辑是城市发展过程中市场理性与社会理性的矛盾,以及这对矛盾的协调界面——规划秩序。围绕这一模型,可以对规划地位、规划理性、规划价值、规划实践展开新视角下的讨论,主要观点包括:(1)对于城市发展,规划秩序应与经济社会发展拥有对等的影响权重,而不是简单地随动、从属于经济社会的发展和变革。因此,规划地位应予以加强并在空间秩序的构建中回归人的本质。(2)规划理性首先应知"有不可为",要把握好"度";其次,秩序的要义是"各适其位,各尽其才"。(3)规划价值体现在明确"是非"问题、不较"长短"问题、慎对"有无"问题,要构建一个兼具原则性、程序性和包容性的规划秩序。(4)在规划实践中必须重视规划的技术制度二象性,加强空间规划与政策设计的结合。     

Unimaginable Change

Problem: Planning aspires to intervene and make positive change. However, our ideas about how to create institutional reform need to be revisited because they do not fully account for the changes we have witnessed.

Purpose: This article assesses the state of our knowledge about institutions and of how we construct and change them. It identifies the major deficiencies in new institutionalism in planning theory and searches for ideas about how to influence positive institutional change.

Methods: I analyzed over 90 publications in the planning literature and other social sciences that discussed “institutions,” and identified the varying definitions and underlying epistemologies and philosophies that are at odds with each other. I then examined empirical studies of successful economic development cases in order to critically appraise the efficacy of different theories to account for the observed changes.

Results and conclusions: Disparate new institutionalism theories in the social sciences have been starting to converge by focusing on social cognition. The unimaginable, fundamental changes that have occurred in our lifetimes have not been the result of rational state planning, manipulation by political elites, or activist organizations. A society-wide process of tacit learning from peers and exemplars built new paradigms and practices, ultimately normalizing new realities.

Takeaway for practice: Planning practice that aims toward large institutional changes rather than incremental ones should incorporate the empirical lessons of contemporary history and the latest findings in cognitive science. Knowing more about the social cognition process can help planners to more effectively engage in fundamental change. Furthermore, if it retains its strengths in empirical research and multiscalar, interdisciplinary analysis, planning practice and research can make policy-relevant contributions to our understanding of social cognition change.

Research support: None.