用热重法定量分析水泥硬化浆体中Ca(OH)_2的含量

一、引言 Ca(OH)_2是硅酸盐水泥及多种水硬性和气硬性胶凝材料的主要水化产物。不同品种的水泥、或同一种水泥在不同水/灰比条件下的水化,其硬化浆体中Ca(OH)_2含量各不相同。比如,某些胶凝材料是通过控制Ca(OH)_2含     

碱激发磷矿渣复合胶凝材料的水化特性

为研究碱激发磷矿渣复合胶凝材料的水化特性,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、热重差示扫描量热分析(TG DTA）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等对磷矿渣被Ca(OH)2、石膏激发后的水化产物以及磷矿渣复合胶凝材料的组成与微结构特征进行了研究.结果表明：在Ca(OH)2激发作用下磷矿渣能较好地发挥潜在活性,且其活性随着比表面积的增大和龄期的延长而逐渐增大;在Ca(OH)2和石膏的共同激发作用下磷矿渣能提前发挥潜在活性,提高其水化程度;磷矿渣可提高水泥的水化程度,且比表面积越大、龄期越长,对水泥水化程度的促进越显著.     

石膏与硅灰对钢渣水泥基胶凝材料复合改性效应

以钢渣和水泥为主要原料,加入少量石膏(CaSO4·2H2O)与硅灰,制备钢渣水泥基胶凝材料。探讨了CaSO4·2H2O与硅灰掺量对钢渣水泥基胶凝材料强度的影响,并通过XRD、SEM表征,研究钢渣水泥基胶凝材料的水化性能。结果表明：复掺1% CaSO4·2H2O和4% 硅灰的钢渣水泥基胶凝材料3 d抗压强度较未掺CaSO4·2H2O与硅灰提高了59.0%,28 d抗压强度提高了32.4%;CaSO4·2H2O与硅灰的加入不会影响钢渣水泥基胶凝材料水化产物种类;相同龄期内,加入CaSO4·2H2O与硅灰的钢渣水泥基胶凝材料中水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶和钙矾石(AFt)含量增多,Ca(OH)2晶体含量、晶体尺寸有所减小。     

海洋环境碱激发矿渣-石灰石粉净浆的微结构特性

采用X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、热重分析（TG-DTG）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）,研究了不同石灰石粉掺量碱激发矿渣-石灰石粉（AAS-LS）低碳胶凝复合体系在海洋环境大气区与水下区的水化产物相组成、官能团以及微结构特性.结果表明：在海洋大气区自然碳化过程中,AAS-LS净浆新增的碳化产物主要为CaCO₃的多晶型物相——亚稳态球霰石和文石;在持续的海水浸泡环境中,有Mg（OH）₂和微量Ca（OH）₂生成,且在浸泡12个月后,类水滑石相显著出现;石灰石粉在碱激发体系中具有潜在的化学效应.     

热处理5Mg（OH）2·MgSO4·7H2O晶须对硫氧镁水泥抗压强度的影响

为了提高硫氧镁（MOS）水泥早期抗压强度，向MOS体系中掺入热处理后的5Mg（OH）₂·MgSO₄·7H₂O（517）晶须，分析了热处理前后的517晶须对MOS水泥凝结时间、抗压强度、物相组成、微观形貌和孔结构的影响. 结果表明：5Mg（OH）₂·MgSO₄·4H₂O和5Mg（OH）₂·MgSO₄在MOS浆体中均可吸附水分子形成517晶须，并在体系中发挥胶结-晶种协同作用，促进517晶须生长，这缩短了MOS水泥初、终凝时间，优化了MOS水泥孔结构，提高了MOS水泥早期和后期抗压强度； MOS体系中517晶须的掺量不宜超过4%，且经100、150 ℃热处理的517晶须较未经热处理的517晶须对MOS水泥性能优化效果更强.     

超细矿渣粉水化反应特征及活性评价

比较并改进流行的矿渣活性指标的测试方法,测试了超细矿渣粉的活性,并研究超细矿渣粉-水泥胶凝体系的水化机理及水化产物。试验结果表明超细矿渣粉-水泥胶凝体系Na OH溶液浸泡养护模式激发效果最好,活性指数达到116%。XRD分析表明超细矿渣粉-水泥胶凝体系的主要水化产物是、钙矾石。水化早期钙矾石峰随着矿粉掺入量而增强,胶凝体系的早期强度主要来自AFt晶体结构网络。随着超细矿渣粉逐渐消耗水泥水化产生的Ca(OH)2,体系后期强度主要来自超细矿渣粉在Ca(OH)2激发下反应得到的CSH凝胶网络。     

羟丙基甲基纤维素对硫铝酸盐水泥水化的影响

采用X射线衍射分析、热分析、等温量热法和电感耦合等离子光谱法研究了羟丙基甲基纤维素（HPMC）对硫铝酸盐水泥水化的影响，并从孔溶液的性质和组成方面分析了其对水泥水化的影响机理.结果表明：HPMC改变硫铝酸盐水泥的水化放热速率，增加钙矾石（AFt）、单硫型水化硫铝酸钙（AFm）和铝胶（AH₃）的含量，促进AH₃与CaSO₄和Ca（OH）₂反应，并促进AFt向AFm转变；HPMC降低硫铝酸盐水泥孔溶液的表面张力，增大孔溶液的pH值，降低孔溶液中SO42-的浓度，增加Ca²⁺和［Al（OH）₄］^-的浓度，进而增大AFt和AFm的离子浓度积，有利于水化产物的析出，从而促进水泥水化.     

水泥-粉煤灰基胶凝材料配比优化试验研究

以水泥-粉煤灰基胶凝材料为基础,研究胶凝材料各部分材料掺量对其性能的影响,确定出水泥-粉煤灰基胶凝材料性能最佳配合比,并对不同粉煤灰含量作用下胶凝材料的抗氯离子侵蚀能力、自缩性、水化特性进行了分析。结果表明：水泥-粉煤灰基胶凝材料最优配合比为氢氧化钠的含量为18 g,硅灰含量设定为116 g,水灰比设定为0.40,水泥含量为414 g,粉煤灰含量为276 g,水泥和粉煤灰比例为6∶4。随着粉煤灰含量的不断增大,水泥胶凝材料的自收缩不断减小,胶凝材料的电通量不断增大。而胶凝材料在水化反应过程中累积放热量的变化规律呈现出不断增大的趋势,并在同一水化反应时间作用下,随着粉煤灰含量的不断增大,胶凝材料的累积放热量不断减小。     

赤泥-粉煤灰稳定煤矸石基层强度特性及机理

以赤泥、粉煤灰、脱硫石膏及一种碱性固体废弃物外加剂为胶凝材料,煤矸石为骨料,制备得到环境友好型全工业固废路面基层混合料（RFDC）.研究了4个龄期（7、28、56、90 d）下,不同粉煤灰掺量RFDC无侧限抗压强度（f_UCS）和劈裂抗拉强度（f_STS）的发展规律,分析了抗压试件和劈裂抗拉试件的破坏形态,探讨了固废胶凝材料中3种氧化物摩尔比与RFDC 7 d f_UCS的相关性,揭示了RFDC的强度形成机理.结果表明：当粉煤灰掺量为15%时,RFDC的力学性能最佳,抗压试件为典型的中心抗压破坏,劈裂抗拉试件为煤矸石粗集料破坏;固废胶凝材料的n（CaO）/［n（SiO₂）+n（Al₂O₃）］值与RFDC 7 d f_UCS的相关性最高;钙矾石（AFt）、水化硅（铝）酸钙（C-（A）-S-H）凝胶及沸石类物质等水化产物是RFDC强度的主要来源.     

白云岩石粉-水泥胶凝体系水化特性研究(Ⅰ)——水化产物的XRD分析

采用X射线衍射测试方法,对7d、28d、90d三个水化龄期的白云岩石粉-水泥胶凝体系水化产物的晶体相进行了研究分析,并研究了粉煤灰对白云岩石粉-水泥胶凝体系水化的影响。结果表明:随着龄期的发展,白云岩石粉-水泥胶凝体系水化产物中CaMg(CO3)2晶体相的衍射峰强度有变化,且在90d龄期Ca(OH)2晶体相的衍射峰强度减弱,说明白云岩石粉在水化后期一定程度上参与了反应;但与粉煤灰相比,其活性较低。     

Toxicological and chemical characterization of organic micropollutants in river po waters (Italy)

River Po waters were collected at the end of the drainage basin, extracted by means of XAD-2 resins and tested for toxicity on aquatic organisms (Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum) and for mutagenicity with a modified Ames test. The extracts were analyzed by HRGC/FID and selective detectors for the determination of the most common classes of toxic compounds. The relationships between toxicological responses and analytical results are discussed.     

The use of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis to control the nuisance fly Sylvicola fenestralis (Anisopodidae) in sewage filter beds

The effectiveness of using the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) to control the nuisance fly Sylvicola fenestralis at Rossendale Sewage Works, Lancashire, was investigated. Following a provisional trial in 1987, the whole Works (28 filter beds) was treated with a two-stage application of Bti in 1988; the first application in late April was separated from the second in late May by about half the length of the Sylvicola life-cycle. The Bti treatment was timed to reduce fly nuisance in June, the month when most complaints (71%) had been received. For each application, 0.161. of the Bti preparation, containing nearly 10¹⁰ spores·cm⁻³, was applied per square metre of bed surface. An 80 and 98% kill of Sylvicola larvae was recorded following the first and second applications respectively. The lower kill achieved by the first application was believed to be due to insufficient mixing of the Bti with the settled sewage prior to dosing. Nuisance caused by the flies was considerably reduced; there were no complaints from the public during June, although a few were received in late July, early August. Sewage purification efficiency was not affected by Bti treatment. The maximum concentration of Bti spores in the Works' effluent was 7 × 10⁴ spores·cm⁻³. This concentration did not appear to affect the already impoverished macro-invertebrate fauna of the receiving river.     

Aquatic microbial activity and macrofaunal profiles of an Oklahoma stream

A toxicity assessment was conducted on Skeleton Creek, near Enid, Okla. This creek received effluents from an oil refinery, municipal waste treatment facility, and a fertilizer processing plant. Microbial activity assays, which focused on sediments, included: dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, glucosidase, amylase and protease activity. Microbial electron transport system activity was also measured in overlying waters and sediments. Results were compared to a study conducted at the same time by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which measured in-stream fish, plankton and benthic communities. In addition, EPA conducted 7-day Ceriodaphnia reproductive toxicity tests and 7-day larval fathead minnow growth tests. Effects occurred below the 3 discharges and similar response patterns were noted between surrogate microbial assays and stream communities. These results highlight the importance and feasibility of multi-tiered test schemes in aquatic toxicity assessments.     

Life history responses of Daphnia magna feeding on toxic Microcystis aeruginosa alone and mixed with a mixotrophic Poterioochromonas species

The toxic effects of a mixotrophic golden alga (Poterioochromonas sp. strain ZX1) and a cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa grazed by Poterioochromonas to a cladoceran were investigated through life history experiments using Daphnia magna. Poterioochromonas cultured in two ways (fed M. aeruginosa in an inorganic medium or grown in an organic medium) both induced starvation-like effects on D. magna, indicating that Poterioochromonas is neither acutely toxic nor a good food for D. magna. Despite a microcystin-LR content of 10⁻⁸ μg cell⁻¹ in M. aeruginosa, no toxins were accumulated in Poterioochromonas fed the cyanobacterium. The toxic effect of M. aeruginosa to D. magna was significantly reduced in the presence of Poterioochromonas, which may be performed in two ways: decrease M. aeruginosa cells ingestion of D. magna by grazing on M. aeruginosa; and decrease the toxicity of the medium by degrading the toxins released by M. aeruginosa. This study provides new information on the interactions between a cyanobacterium and its grazer under laboratory conditions and may increase our understanding of the ecological significance of such interactions in the aquatic food webs.     

Influence of land use and watershed characteristics on protozoa contamination in a potential drinking water resources reservoir

Relative changes in the microbial quality of Lake Texoma, on the border of Texas and Oklahoma, were investigated by monitoring protozoan pathogens, fecal indicators, and factors influencing the intensity of the microbiological contamination of surface water reservoirs. The watershed serves rural agricultural communities active in cattle ranching, recreation, and is a potential drinking water source. A total of 193 surface water samples were tested over a 27-month period to determine levels of parasite contamination. The overall occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was higher in both frequency and concentration than Giardia cysts. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 99% and Giardia cysts in 87% of the samples. Although Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrence were significantly but not strongly correlated, all other correlation coefficients including turbidity and total dissolved solids were non-significant. Statistically supportable seasonal variations were found suggesting that Cryptosporidium and Giardia were higher in summer and fall than in other seasons of the year. While Cryptosporidium levels were correlated with rainfall, this was not the case with Giardia. The maximum numbers for both protozoan parasites were detected from a site impacted by cattle ranching during calving season. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used for confirmation of Cryptosporidium in surface waters influenced by agricultural discharges. As we had expected, oocysts were of the bovine type indicating that the Cryptosporidium parvum detected in surface waters perhaps came from cattle living in the watershed.     

Previously uncultured β-Proteobacteria dominate in biologically active granular activated carbon (BAC) filters

Bacteria colonizing BAC filters used in drinking water purification from lake water were characterized by morphology, physiological tests, whole cell protein profiles and PLFA (phospholipid fatty acid) composition, and identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Epifluorescence revealed prothecate bacteria to dominate in BAC. The majority of the isolates belonged to order Burkholderiales of β-Proteobacteria, a few to Comamonadaceae but the majority to an undescribed family and the related sequences belonged mainly to uncultured bacteria. Among the less common α-Proteobacteria the genus Sphingomonas and the genera Afipia, Bosea or Bradyrhizobium of the Bradyrhizobiaceae family were detected. The majority of cultured bacteria persisting in the BAC biofilter were Burkholderiales, which according to ecological information are efficient in the mineralisation of dissolved organic matter in BAC. The biotechnical potential of the previously uncultured dominant bacteria warrants to be further studied.     

Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection in water bodies of Galicia, Spain

The objective of this study was to determine the mean concentration (per litre) of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in recreational river areas (n = 28), drinking water treatments plants (DWTPs; n = 52) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs; n = 50) in Galicia (NW Spain). Water samples from rivers and from the influent (50–100 l) and the treated effluent (100 l) of the water plants were filtered using Filta-Max filters (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA). A total of 232 samples were processed and the (oo)cysts were concentrated, clarified by IMS and then detected by IFAT. The viability was determined by applying fluorogenic vital dye (PI).In the recreational areas, infective forms of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 16 (57.1%; 1–60 oocysts per litre) and 17 (60.7%; 1–160 cysts per litre) samples, respectively. In the water flowing into the water treatment plants, oocysts were detected in 21 DWTPs (40.4%; 1–13 oocysts per litre) and cysts were observed in 22 DWTPs (42.3%; 1–7 cysts per litre). In the effluents from the treatment plants, Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were identified in 17 DWTPs (32.7%; 1–4 oocysts per litre) and in 19 DWTPs (36.5%; 1–5 cysts per litre), respectively. The highest concentrations of (oo)cysts were found in the WWTPs; specifically, oocysts were detected in 29 (58.0%; 1–80 oocysts per litre) and cysts in 49 (98.0%; 2–14.400 cysts per litre) WWTP effluents. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 32 (64.0%; 1–120 oocysts per litre) and 48 (96.0%; 2–6.000 cysts per litre) WWTP effluents, respectively. The percentage viability of the (oo)cysts ranged between 90.0% and 95.0%. In all samples analysed. Moreover, it was found that the effluents from coastal WWTPs were discharged directly into the sea, while inland WWTPs were discharged directly into rivers. The concentrations of both enteropathogens detected in effluents from WWTPs therefore represent a significant risk to human and animal health.These results demonstrate the wide distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the environment, the ineffectiveness of treatments in DWTPs and WWTPs in reducing/inactivating both protozoa and the need to monitor the presence, viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water bodies. In conclusion, the findings suggest the need for better monitoring of water quality and identification of sources of contamination.     

Effect of pathogen concentrations on removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by conventional drinking water treatment

The presence of waterborne enteric pathogens in municipal water supplies contributes risk to public health. To evaluate the removal of these pathogens in drinking water treatment processes, previous researchers have spiked raw waters with up to 10(6) pathogens/L in order to reliably detect the pathogens in treated water. These spike doses are 6-8 orders of magnitude higher than pathogen concentrations routinely observed in practice. In the present study, experiments were conducted with different sampling methods (i.e., grab versus continuous sampling) and initial pathogen concentrations ranging from 10(1) to 10(6) pathogens/L. Results showed that Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst removal across conventional treatment were dependent on initial pathogen concentrations, with lower pathogen removals observed when lower initial pathogen spike doses were used. In addition, higher raw water turbidity appeared to result in higher log removal for both Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts.     

Uranium reduction and resistance to reoxidation under iron-reducing and sulfate-reducing conditions

Oxidation and mobilization of microbially-generated U(IV) is of great concern for in situ uranium bioremediation. This study investigated the reoxidation of uranium by oxygen and nitrate in a sulfate-reducing enrichment and an iron-reducing enrichment derived from sediment and groundwater from the Field Research Center in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Both enrichments were capable of reducing U(VI) rapidly. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries of the two enrichments revealed that Desulfovibrio spp. are dominant in the sulfate-reducing enrichment, and Clostridium spp. are dominant in the iron-reducing enrichment. In both the sulfate-reducing enrichment and the iron-reducing enrichment, oxygen reoxidized the previously reduced uranium but to a lesser extent in the iron-reducing enrichment. Moreover, in the iron-reducing enrichment, the reoxidized U(VI) was eventually re-reduced to its previous level. In both, the sulfate-reducing enrichment and the iron-reducing enrichment, uranium reoxidation did not occur in the presence of nitrate. The results indicate that the Clostridium-dominated iron-reducing communities created conditions that were more favorable for uranium stability with respect to reoxidation despite the fact that fewer electron equivalents were added to these systems. The likely reason is that more of the added electrons are present in a form that can reduce oxygen to water and U(VI) back to U(IV).