冻藏间冷却排管霜层传热效应的研究

本文实地凋研了冻结物冷藏间冷却排管的结霜速度和相应的霜层密度及影响结霜速度的主要因素.在此基础上进一步研究分析了:(1)在蒸发温度不变条件下霜层厚度与传热系数的关系.(2)在保证排管冷量不变和库温恒定的条件下,蒸发温度、传热系数和制冷系统COP等重要性能指标随霜层厚度的变化关系.分析计算结果表明:冻藏间的冷却排管霜层厚度的过度增加会严重地影响排管本身的传热性能和制冷能力,降低制冷系统的COP.     

R404A/CO_2复叠式制冷系统与R404A双级压缩式制冷系统热力性能对比分析

首先介绍R404A/CO2复叠式制冷系统和R404A双级压缩式制冷系统,然后通过热力性能计算,对比分析这2种系统在蒸发温度-30~-55℃下的COP和热力完善度等参数,以及冷凝温度对COP的影响,并说明复叠式制冷循环的质量流量比随蒸发温度的变化情况。     

自然工质在小型超市制冷系统中应用的理论分析

本文对低温级以CO2为工质的超市复叠式制冷系统进行了热力学理论分析,计算了不同蒸发温度、冷凝温度和不同传热温差下的COP,并与传统的超市复叠制冷循环进行对比分析。结果发现自然工质CO2／NH,复叠制冷系统的性能效率为最好,而R290／CO2复叠制冷系统的COP与使用传统工质的相当。因此,将自然环保工质复叠式制冷系统应用于小型超市具有很好的应用前景。     

R290/CO2复叠式制冷系统的性能实验

通过对R290／C02复叠式制冷系统的性能实验,对低温循环用CO2作为制冷工质,高温循环分别用R22和R290为制冷工质的性能进行比较,结果表明,随着蒸发温度的升高,冷凝温度的降低,R290／CO2复叠式制冷系统的最佳质量流量比增大,COP增加。随着高温循环压缩机入口温度的升高,R290压缩机的功耗略高于R22压缩机的功耗,R290循环的COPh要高于R22循环的COPh。结果表明自然工质R290／CO2复叠式制冷系统具有很好的发展前景。     

环保型低温制冷系统的性能实验

对环保型R290/CO2复叠式低温制冷系统的性能进行实验,得出R290循环的COP要比CO2循环的COP高,CO2压缩机的吸气温度对CO2压缩机排气温度的影响较明显.CO2低温循环中,随着温度的降低,制冷工质的粘性对管路的流动阻力损失影响不大.制冷系统的压力和流量的稳定性非常好,温度的稳定性能够满足实验精度要求.     

双流体喷射制冷系统理论研究

为了提高喷射制冷系统的制冷系数,提出双流体喷射制冷系统。双流体喷射制冷系统的循环工质为非共沸混合工质,在高沸点工质中添加低沸点工质利用非共沸混合工质变温蒸发/冷凝的特性提高系统COP。采用热力计算的方法对比研究了新系统和常规系统的热力学性能,同时还研究了蒸发温度、升压比对新系统制冷系数COP的影响。研究结果表明,在相同工况下,新系统的COP比常规系统高28%—65%,并且,较之于常规系统,新系统在较低蒸发温度下有更优越的性能。新系统的COP随着蒸发温度的升高而升高,随着升压比的升高而降低。     

以膨胀硫化石墨为基质的氯化钙/氯化钡-氨两级复合吸附式制冷循环实验研究

相对于单级吸附式制冷,两级吸附式制冷对热源温度和环境冷却温度适用范围更广。本文采用膨胀硫化石墨为基质,研制了氯化钙/氯化钡-氨两级吸附式制冷系统并进行了实验研究。吸附床采用传热传质强化后的新型固化吸附剂,利用新型非翅片式填充方式,有效降低了吸附系统的质量,增加了紧凑性。结果表明:两级吸附式制冷系统可以很好地适应热源温度低于100℃的工况,其性能在多数工况下高于单级吸附式制冷,系统COP与SCP随氯化钙解吸时间先增加后减小,COP最大可达0.27,SCP最大可达132.5 W/kg。     

R717/R404A直接接触凝结制冷循环的(炯)分析

提出一种R717/R404A直接接触凝结制冷系统,通过热力学计算分析了系统蒸发温度、蒸发-过冷器换热温差、主循环过冷液体过冷度、系统中间温度对系统各部分■损率及系统■效率和性能系数(COP)的影响。当蒸发温度升高,系统COP线性提升,同时系统■效率先增加后减少,在-30℃时达到最大值64.4%;当换热温差增加,系统■效率和COP均下降;当过冷度增加,系统■效率和COP均上升;存在最佳中间温度使得系统■效率和COP均达到最大值。系统中压缩机部分的■损率最大,在12.9%—14.4%之间,其次是节流阀和蒸发-过冷器均在10%左右,说明要提升系统性能,应侧重提高压缩机的效率,减少节流损失,同时优化蒸发-过冷器的设计。     

逆布雷顿循环空气制冷机的性能分析

针对开式逆布雷顿循环空气制冷机的热力性能展开理论分析,建立压缩机、膨胀机和回热器3大部件的制冷机系统模型.就部件性能和流程选择、环境温度、制冷温度等系统参数以及压比等设计参数对空气制冷机性能和COP值的影响进行了研究,证明存在着一个最佳的压力比πopt～4使制冷系统的制冷系数最大.提出了进一步提高制冷机效率的改进方案,对系统参数和设计参数进行了优化设计.     

经济器补气压力对双螺杆制冷压缩机性能影响的试验研究

在制冷系统中使用经济器提高了系统制冷量,但由于中间补气使压缩机耗功增加,制冷系统的COP并不会随制冷量成正比增长,其增长幅度依赖于补气压力、补气孔口位置等参数。通过实测补气工况下双螺杆制冷压缩机的P—V图,分析了不同补气压力下压缩机的热力过程特征,研究了补气压力对双螺杆制冷压缩机性能及COP的影响。研究结果表明：压缩机工作腔内气体压力在开始补气时会大幅上升,随后上升幅度逐渐变缓甚至略有下降,压缩机效率和系统COP随补气压力的上升出现先升后降的趋势,结果,存在一个最佳补气压力使制冷系统的COP增加幅度最大。     

结霜工况下热泵空调器性能的数值模拟

本文对热泵空调器在结霜工况下的运行性能进行了理论模拟,建立了热泵空调器制冷系统稳态分布参数模型和结霜过程的动态分布参数模型.在系统模型建立中把结霜过程视为准稳态过程.计算结果表明在霜刚开始形成时,有助于增大管壁和空气之间的换热系数,当霜层达到一定厚度时热泵的制热能力,性能系数等讯速下降.经与其他已发表的文献比较计算结果合理.     

Performance evaluation of a two-stage adsorption refrigeration cycle with different mass ratio

The performance of a two-stage adsorption chiller with different mass allocation between upper and bottom beds has been investigated numerically. It is found that the chiller can be driven effectively by the waste heat of temperature 55 °C with the heat sink at environment temperature. Results show that cooling capacity can be improved with the optimum allocation of adsorbent mass to the bottom beds than that to the upper beds. The improvement in Coefficient of Performance (COP) values, however, is less significant. It is also seen that the improvement in cooling capacity is more significant for the relatively higher heat source temperature. It is shown that the cooling capacity can be improved up to 20% if the heat source temperature is 80 °C and the average outlet temperature is fixed at 7 °C.     

空气源热泵与建筑耦合的变工况分析及优化

由于目前设计人员对于空气源热泵性能的了解仅限于额定工况的制热量和COP,导致机组在夏热冬冷地区冬季工况的制热效果可能无法满足实际需求。本文建立热泵机组变工况产能输出、能效比模型及建筑冬夏季动态负荷需求模型,并将热泵产能输出和建筑负荷需求基于室内外温度和室外含湿量参数进行耦合,综合分析了室内外温度和室外含湿量等因素对热泵性能的影响,提出了空气源热泵选型的三个指标,即产能输出满足建筑负荷需求的稳定运行工况区间、最不利工况点的机组出力和能效比。该方法能够有效预测热泵选型实际性能和满足建筑负荷需求的程度,并优化风冷热泵选型方法和评价标准。     

Thermodynamic based comparison of sorption systems for cooling and heat pumping: Comparaison des performances thermodynamique des systèmes de pompes à chaleur à sorption dans des applications de refroidissement et de chauffage

A comparison of thermodynamic performances of sorption systems (liquid absorption, adsorption, ammonia salts and metal hydrides) is carried out for typical applications (deep-freezing, ice making, air-conditioning and heat pumping) with either air-cooled or water-cooled heat sink. The results are given in terms of cooling coefficient of performance (COP) (heating COP or coefficient of amplification (COA) for the heat pump), cooling (heating) power versus reactor volume or weight and thermodynamic efficiency. LiBr–water systems show the best results for air-conditioning except when small units are required (metal hydride systems lead to more compact units). Other systems, however, show better results for other applications (chemical reaction with ammonia salts for deep-freezing, adsorption for heat pumping).     

跨临界CO_2热泵气体冷却器对系统性能及最优排气压力的影响

为了研究气体冷却器换热面积及其内部制冷剂质量流速对跨临界CO2热泵热水器系统性能及其最优排气压力的影响,本文建立了变换热面积和变质量流速的气体冷却器数学模型,通过理论计算得出,在一定范围内,当CO2质量流速不变时,增加气体冷却器的换热面积可以提高系统制热量及制热能效比;但由于压降的影响,增加气体冷却器内CO2质量流速而换热面积不变时,系统的性能系数会先上升后降低。同时,气体冷却器换热面积的增加会使系统的最优排气压力降低,气体冷却器内CO2质量流速的升高会使系统的最优排气压力升高,因此在跨临界CO2热泵设计中,确定气体冷却器换热面积及质量流速对系统获得较高的COP并维持最优排气压力有着重要意义。     

Effect of heat transfer on the performance of thermoelectric generator-driven thermoelectric refrigerator system

A model of thermoelectric generator-driven thermoelectric refrigerator with external heat transfer is proposed. The performance of the combined thermoelectric refrigerator device obeying Newton’s heat transfer law is analyzed using the combination of finite time thermodynamics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Two analytical formulae for cooling load vs. working electrical current, and the coefficient of performance (COP) vs. working electrical current, are derived. For a fixed total heat transfer surface area of four heat exchangers, the allocations of the heat transfer surface area among the four heat exchangers are optimized for maximizing the cooling load and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the combined thermoelectric refrigerator device. For a fixed total number of thermoelectric elements, the ratio of number of thermoelectric elements of the generator to the total number of thermoelectric elements is also optimized for maximizing both the cooling load and the COP of the combined thermoelectric refrigerator device. The influences of thermoelectric element allocation and heat transfer area allocation are analyzed by detailed numerical examples. Optimum working electrical current for maximum cooling load and COP at different total number of thermoelectric elements and different total heat transfer area are obtained, respectively.     

A study on the performance of multi-stage condensation heat pumpsEtude sur la performance des pompes à chaleur à condensation en plusieurs étages

In this study, computer simulation programs were developed for multi-stage condensation heat pumps and their performance was examined for CFC11, HCFC123, HCFC141b under the same condition. The results showed that the coefficient of performance (COP) of an optimized ‘non-split type’ three-stage condensation heat pump was 25–42% higher than that of a conventional single-stage heat pump. The increase in COP differed among the fluids examined. The improvement in COP was due largely to the decrease in average temperature difference between the refrigerant and water in the condensers, which resulted in a decrease in thermodynamic irreversibility. For the three-stage heat pump, the highest COP was achieved when the total condenser area was evenly distributed to the three condensers. For the two-stage heat pump, however, the optimum distribution of total condenser area varied with working fluids. For the three-stage system, splitting the condenser cooling water for the use of intermediate and high pressure subcoolers helped increase the COP further. When the individual cooling water for the intermediate and high pressure subcoolers was roughly 10% of the total condenser cooling water, the optimum COP was achieved showing an additional 11% increase in COP as compared to that of the ‘non-split type’ for the three-stage heat pump system.     

R32涡旋压缩机两相喷射制冷系统的设计与控制

R32涡旋压缩机存在排气温度过高的问题,利用两相制冷剂喷射可降低排气温度同时提升性能。基于经济器系统,提出了R32涡旋压缩机的两相喷射制冷系统,利用模拟仿真对其设计和控制方法进行了研究。从压缩机的角度,分析了喷射口等效直径对两相喷射压缩机性能的影响,并指出了两相喷射时喷射压力和喷射干度的优化方向。通过对两相喷射系统的模拟分析,在系统层面上对中间换热器的换热能力进行了优化配置和对中间喷射压力进行了优化控制,并提出根据排气温度来确定最优中间压力的方法,即将排气温度控制为135℃对应的中间压力为最优中间压力。经过优化后的两相喷射系统,不仅解决了排气温度过高的问题,而且能够提升制冷量7.1%~11.4%,提升COP 2.6%~6.2%。     

Performance improvement of adsorption cooling by heat and mass recovery operation

An adsorption cooling system was developed and tested and various operation procedures have been tried. The experimental results show that the heat recovery operation between two adsorption beds will increase the COP by about 25% if compared with one adsorber basic cycle system. It was also proved that mass recovery is very effective for heat recovery adsorption cooling operation, which may help to obtain a COP increase of more than 10%. Theoretical analyses on the COP have been completed for various heat and mass recovery cycles, such as basic intermittent adsorption cycle, continuous two-adsorber heat recovery cycle, mass recovery cycle, mass recovery with sensible heat recovery, and mass recovery with both sensible heat and heat of adsorption recovery. The theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental values. Based upon the developed theoretical model, it is possible to predict the COP for various operation procedures of a real adsorption cooling system.