CMOS Design of a Current-Mode Multiplier/Divider Circuit with Applications to Fuzzy Controllers

Multiplier and divider circuits are usually required in the fields of analog signal processing and parallel-computing neural or fuzzy systems. In particular, this paper focuses on the hardware implementation of fuzzy controllers, where the divider circuit is usually the bottleneck. Multiplier/divider circuits can be implemented with a combination of A/D-D/A converters. An efficient design based on current-mode data converters is presented herein. Continuous-time algorithmic converters are chosen to reduce the control circuitry and to obtain a modular design based on a cascade of bit cells. Several circuit structures to implement these cells are presented and discussed. The one that is selected enables a better trade-off speed/power than others previously reported in the literature while maintaining a low area occupation. The resulting multiplier/divider circuit offers a low voltage operation, provides the division result in both analog and digital formats, and it is suitable for applications of low or middle resolution (up to 9 bits) like applications to fuzzy controllers. The analysis is illustrated with Hspice simulations and experimental results from a CMOS multiplier/divider prototype with 5-bit resolution. Experimental results from a CMOS current-mode fuzzy controller chip that contains the proposed design are also included.     

变论域自适应模糊控制器的CMOS模拟电路芯片实现

为解决传统的自适应模糊控制器算法过于复杂难以用模拟电路实现的问题,本文研究了输入输出论域可随输入变量的变化而自适应变化的在线自适应模糊控制器及其在非线性系统控制中的应用,并制作了CMOS模拟电路芯片.提出了一种新的尖三角形隶属度函数实现输入变论域的功能,输出变论域部分采用对输入变量进行加权积分并求其绝对值的方法.控制器的其他部分为求小电路和重心法去模糊电路.以上各电路均为CMOS模拟电路,它们和集成的整体电路均在无锡上华(CSMC) 0.6μm工艺下流片,测试结果表明该芯片完成了变论域模糊控制器的功能.     

A Current-Mode Logic for Low-Voltage, High-Speed Mixed-Mode VLSI Circuits

A wired-AND current-mode logic (WCML) circuit is designed for high performance mixed analog and digital system designs on a common silicon substrate, using standard CMOS process. Current is used for digital information carrier in order to be able to reduce supply voltage, power consumption, digital switching noise and to increase operating frequency. The WCML circuit uses current-steering technique. It is composed of a simple current mirror with a current injector. Wired-AND connections cause the logic circuit to operate as a NAND logic gate which provides to implement any boolean function. High-speed is achieved by varying the injection current level even at low-voltage supply (<1.5 V) with low-power consumption.     

基于模糊逻辑的器件与电路建模技术

器件与电路的模型是进行CAD的基础,建模在数学上实质是函数逼近问题。模糊逻辑具有多层前向神经网络类似的万能函数逼近特性,本文介绍了利用这一技术进行器件与电路建模的一些尝试。由于模糊逻辑能自然地表达与问题有关的知识与经验,因此有可能取得较神经网络更好的结果。文章介绍了用模糊逻辑建模的过程,提出了用数论网格的样本点生成方法,最后用实例说明了用于器件与电路建模的效果。     

Current-Mode Active RC Filters Using Current Followers

In this letter, a realization of current-mode active filter using current followers as active element is described. We show the constructions of second-order lowpass, highpass and bandpass filters. The high-order filters can be realized by a cascade connection of these second filters. As examples, the second-order lowpass and highpass filters are designed for frequency of 5 MHz. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through SPICE simulation.     

温度模糊控制器的设计

模糊控制理论具有许多传统控制方法所无法比拟的优点，近年来被越来越广泛地应用在各个方面。本文主要介绍了一种温度模糊控制器的基本设计思想，并说明了整个系统的工作原理。     

Analog VLSI Excitatory Feedback Circuits for Attentional Shifts and Tracking

In this paper we present analog very large-scale integrated(VLSI) circuits that perform the selection process for attentivevisual processing. These circuits use excitatory feedback ina winner-take-all computation to produce a hysteresis in theselection from one location to the next. We present several alternativeforms of excitation that can be used to enhance surrounding regionsof the presently attended location. Each form of excitation isdiscussed and experimental results from a one-dimensional arrayare presented. We also demonstrate the performance of these circuitswithin a system that receives optical inputs and outputs a singlevoltage that encodes the position of attention. The system demonstratesthe potential use of these excitatory feedback circuits for electronictracking of a stimulus within a noisy environment.     

High Performance CMOS Analog Arithmetic Circuits

Unique designs for CMOS analog arithmetic circuits are presented which perform addition (V₁ + V₂), subtraction (V₂ – V₁), add/invert –(V₁ + V₂), and multiply (V₁ × V₂). The circuit operation is based on the inherent square law of MOS transistor drain current when operating in the saturation region. Key features include: good linearity and accuracy, single ended voltage inputs and output, wide input and output range and no input bias voltages. The circuits can be directly coupled (no buffer) and serve as basic building blocks for analog signal processing implementations such as analog filters and adaptive equalizers. All circuits were implemented in 1.2 m CMOS technology.     

On the Realization of Current－Mode Continuous－Time Operational Transconductance Capacitance Filter

ＯｎｔｈｅＲｅａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｕｒｒｅｎｔ－ＭｏｄｅＣｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓＴｉｍｅＯｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｌＴｒａｎｓｃｏｎｄｕｃｔａｎｃｅＣａｐａｃｉｔａｎｃｅＦｉｌｔｅｒ￥ＧｕｏＪｉｎｇｂｏａｎｄＨａｎＱｉｎｇｑｕａｎ（ＣｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎＰｏｓ...     

DC/DC变换器自适应模糊逻辑控制器设计

文章为DC/DC变换器设计了一种自适应模糊逻辑控制器（AFLC）。所提出的AFLC不需要专家系统提供决策参数和控制规则,而是使用模型数据文件来产生参数和规则,该模型数据文件包含输入输出对的整体概况。所提出的控制器使用8位微控制器来实现降压、升压和降压-升压变换器。     

Using Spectral Subtraction for Suppression of Noise in Speech Signals with Analog Integrated Circuits

A new modification of the spectral subtraction algorithm is presented which enables operating entirely in the time domain and is thus suitable for realization in analog integrated circuits. The noise spectrum is obtained during speechless intervals and stored for spectral subtraction when speech is present in the signal. The frequency range of interest of the speech signal is divided into narrow frequency bands by means of a bank of band-pass filters. For each frequency band the noise model is realized as an auxiliary signal multiplied by a particular weight. A subsystem is presented that produces an output signal whose power is equal to the difference between the input signal power and the noise model power for each frequency channel, thereby realizing the spectral subtraction. Circuits to achieve the described operation are outlined. Finally, simulation results of the noise removal algorithm are shown in the form of a spectrogram and the results showing improvement in automatic speech recognition are given.     

基于模拟电路实现的模糊控制器电路设计。

设计了一个双输入单输出的模糊控制器电路。该模糊器符合零阶的TS型模糊推理结构,内部传输信号均为连续值的模拟量,采用对被激活的模糊控制规则求归一化激活度的方法实现重心法去模糊,避免了复杂的除法运算。采用无锡上华0.6μMixedSignal工艺参数设计完成。Hspice仿真结果表明电路可以完成设计功能。     

NLX230型模糊控制器及其嵌入式应用研究

美国NeuraLogix公司的单片集成NLX230型模糊控制器是一种可编程的超大规模模糊逻辑处理器,处理速度高达30M规则/秒,可广泛应用于过程嵌入式控制、模式匹配、人工智能、机器人及专家系统等.文中介绍NLX230的逻辑设计特点、工作原理、内部结构特性、工作模式和应用接口设计,最后举例说明了NLX230的应用.     

一种基于模糊逻辑的图像增强算法

在分析Pal模糊增强算法不足的基础上，提出了一种改进的模糊增强算法，该算法简化了Pal算法中复杂的变换和逆变换运算，并采用新的增强算子，可根据不同类型的图像动态调整隶属度阅值υc，克服了Pal算法中隶属度阅值设置为固定值的不足，而且减少了迭代次数。实验证明，该算法适用面广，尤其时对于灰度范围相对比较集中的低对比度的医学图像，处理效果更佳。     

基于模糊控制的便携式心电监护仪的设计

介绍了一种基于模糊控制的便携式心电监护仪的设计方法。该系统以C8051F020作为核心芯片。在实现信号的采集、处理、存储、分析、传送的过程中,主要研究心电信号的模糊逻辑分析功能,实现被监护病人疾病的初步诊断,进而只记录异常的心电信号。设计的核心目的:节约存储空间,节省进一步诊断疾病的时间。     

基于模糊中值滤波的图像处理方法

中值滤波器是众多滤波器中既能很好地抑制噪声,又能较好保护图像细节的一个滤波器。尽管如此,依然有很多细节不能被很好地保护。因此,提出了一种模糊中值滤波算法,该算法不像传统中值滤波简单地在像素级上对图像进行去噪处理,而是通过隶属函数将图像灰度值转换到图像特征级处理,该算法不仅能更好地抑制噪声,而且保护细节的性能也有所提高。仿真实验结果表明该方法是可行的。     

A New Fuzzy Adaptive Genetic Algorithm

Multiple genetic algorithms (GAs) need a large population size, which will take a long time for evolution. A new fuzzy adaptive GA is proposed in this paper This algorithm is more effective in global search while keeping the overall population size constant. The simulation results of function optimization show that with the proposed algorithm, the phenomenon of premature convergence can be overcome effectively, and a satisfying optimization result is obtained.     

基于广义模糊集合的红外微弱目标图像自适应增强算法

在广义模糊集合及局部自适应增强算法研究的基础上,提出一种针对红外微弱目标图像的实时模糊域自适应增强算法,利用反正切函数作为映射,将空间域的灰度图像变换为对应的广义隶属函数.实验结果证明,该算法不仅能有效地提高图像灰度动态范围,使各区域之间层次更加清楚,而且同时能自适应地增强图像局部区域不同灰度层次的边缘和细节,使边缘和细节明显地突出.     

基于模糊C均值聚类算法与隶属算法的容差电路软故障诊断

在聚类分析与隶属函数的基础上,提出了一种容差电路软故障诊断的新算法。对于含有容差元件的的模拟电路,由于允许电路参数在一定范围内偏离理想值,所以很难判断电路是处于正常容差状态,还是软故障状态。本文首先简述了模糊C均值（Fuzzy C-means, FCM）聚类算法与模糊控制隶属算法的基本原理。然后通过一个容差电路软故障诊断实例,以验证本文算法的有效性:首先确定容差电路的正常状态与软故障状态种类,对每一种状态进行电路仿真,获取将来进行聚类分析与故障诊断的样本。然后对采集样本进行聚类分析,利用模糊C均值聚类算法将各种状态分类,并且得到所有状态的聚类中心。最后随机模拟一种电路状态,利用模糊隶属算法,计算当前电路状态与各状态聚类中心的隶属度,判断电路处于哪一种工作状态,实现容差电路的软故障诊断。实例表明,本文算法能够准确清晰地辨别容差电路的正常状态与故障状态,仅需少量样本即可获得各种状态的典型参数,对容差电路进行客观有效的软故障诊断。      

基于DSP直流电机速度的模糊控制系统研究

介绍一种基于模糊控制的直流电机速度控制系统。该模糊控制器设计为二维模糊控制器,以速度反馈和给定转速的误差及误差的变化率作为模糊控制器的输入变量,采用带调整因子的模糊控制器不需要建立模糊查询表。运用DSP强大的计算能力直接按实时计算输出控制量,实现编码器的解码、速度的测量。试验表明系统具有较强的鲁棒性和抗干扰能力,适应于各种不同的场合。