废聚丙烯/废轮胎胶粉/废尼龙短纤维复合材料I.配方

用双螺杆挤出机制备了废聚丙烯／废轮胎胶粉／废尼龙短纤维(WPP／GRT／WSF)复合材料,通过正交实验得出了制备该复合材料的最佳配方,讨论了增容剂用量、氯化聚丙烯的含氯质量分数、GRT用量及其粒径、WSF用量及预处理对该复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,制备该复合材料的最佳配方(质量份,下同)是WPP100,GRT30,WSF8,二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸锌、二硫化二苯并噻唑、多乙烯多胺及重油用量依次为0.6,1.2,0．3,2,聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐、氯化聚丙烯用量依次为8.4;在最佳配方下,该复合材料的非缺口冲击强度为25.2kJ／m^2,拉伸强度为13．6MPa;GRT用量为30份时,该复合材料的拉伸强度和非缺口冲击强度最大,GRT的最佳粒径为40目;WSF经D法预处理后,提高了该复合材料的力学性能,拉伸强度为16．3MPa,非缺口冲击强度为27．8kJ／m^2。     

废聚丙烯/废轮胎胶粉/废尼龙短纤维复合材料 Ⅰ.配方

用双螺杆挤出机制备了废聚丙烯/废轮胎胶粉/废尼龙短纤维(WPP/GRT/WSF)复合材料,通过正交实验得出了制备该复合材料的最佳配方,讨论了增容剂用量、氯化聚丙烯的含氯质量分数、GRT用量及其粒径、WSF用量及预处理对该复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,制备该复合材料的最佳配方(质量份,下同)是WPP100,GRT30,WSF8,二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸锌、二硫化二苯并噻唑、多乙烯多胺及重油用量依次为0.6,1.2,0.3,2,聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐、氯化聚丙烯用量依次为8,4;在最佳配方下,该复合材料的非缺口冲击强度为25.2kJ/m2,拉伸强度为13.6MPa;GRT用量为30份时,该复合材料的拉伸强度和非缺口冲击强度最大,GRT的最佳粒径为40目;WSF经D法预处理后,提高了该复合材料的力学性能,拉伸强度为16.3MPa,非缺口冲击强度为27.8kJ/m2。     

正交实验法优化WPP/ WPE/PRCMR复合材料工艺参数的研究

以葛根中药废渣(PRCMR)与废旧聚丙烯(WPP)聚乙烯(WPE)为原料,采用挤塑辊压成型工艺制备WPP/WPE/PRCMR复合材料,利用L_(16)(4~5)正交试验设计方法对复合材料的力学性能进行了研究,找到最佳的工艺参数以指导生产实践。结果表明,第一段螺杆转速为80r/min,机筒温度为200℃,第二段螺杆转速为40r/min,机筒温度为180℃时,复合材料的冲击强度、静曲强度、弹性模量分别为57.91kJ/m~2、59.95MPa、5.71 GPa,复合材料力学性能较好。     

增强增韧PA6复合材料共混工艺与结构性能的研究

研究共混挤出温度、螺杆转速、螺杆组合三大因素对增强增韧PA6复合材料的结构与性能的影响。发现采用合适的挤出温度、螺杆转速及螺杆组合可制备高强度、高韧性PA6复合材料,其缺口冲击强度可达35 kJ/m2,拉伸强度达到130 MPa。     

橡胶再生剂De-link在废轮胎胶粉增韧废PP复合材料中的应用研究

为了改善废轮胎胶粉（GRT）增韧废PP复合材料的力学性能,用橡胶再生剂De-link对废胶粉进行改性再生。结果表明,加入3份再生剂De-link,可使废PP／GRT复合材料的冲击强度和拉伸强度有很大的提高;复合材料的冲击断面扫描电镜分析显示,经再生剂改性后复合材料的分散相尺寸明显减小,相容性显提高。     

mPE-g-MAH对HDPE/木粉复合材料的改性

采用废木粉填充高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）制备木塑复合材料。采用马来酸酐接枝茂金属聚乙烯（mPE—g-MAH）对复合材料进行增容和增韧，并阐述了它的增容和增韧机理。讨论了mPE—g—MAH用量对复合材料的力学性能如拉伸强度、冲击强度、弯曲强度、弯曲模量的影响。结果表明，mPE—g—MAH不仅可明显提高复合材料的强度和韧性，而且也使材料的弯曲模量有了一定的提高。当其质量分数为16％时，复合材料的拉伸强度、冲击强度分别由原来的16．2MPa和4．5kJ／m^2提高到30．5MPa和9．8kJ／m^2。     

挤出工艺对TPU/Nano-SiO_2复合材料性能的影响

采用微型同向双螺杆挤出机制备聚氨酯(TPU)/nano-SiO_2复合材料,通过简单对比试验,研究了nano-SiO_2含量、螺杆转速和挤出温度等对材料力学性能、热性能的影响;通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM),对材料断面进行形貌观察。结果表明:当挤出温度180℃、螺杆转速120 r/min、nano-SiO_2含量3%时,制备的复合材料力学性能最佳,其拉伸强度为32. 6 MPa,屈服强度为31. 6 MPa,断裂伸长率为547. 7%,低温冲击强度为32. 8 k J/m2。热性能分析表明,复合材料的玻璃化转变温度降低,热稳定性提高。SEM显示,复合材料的断面形貌为韧性断裂,nano-SiO_2在聚氨酯基体中呈现纳米分散状态。     

振动塑化挤出对聚烯烃片材性能的影响

利用塑料电磁塑化挤出机挤出聚烯烃片材，系统研究了挤出机螺杆轴向振动对聚乙烯挤出制品结构与性能的影响。采用DSC对挤出试样的结晶结构及形态进行分析。结果表明，振动塑化挤出使聚合物挤出试样结晶度提高，结晶完善，晶片之间的连接分子数量增加，因而制品的力学性能有所提高，特别在横向上表现明显。在适当的振动条件下，高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）试样的横向拉伸强度和冲击强度分别从22．68MPa和12．7kJ／m^2提高到了25．55MPa和23．5kJ／m^2；而聚丙烯（PP）试样横向拉伸强度和冲击强度则分别提高了20％和64％。     

马来酸酐接枝天然橡胶在废报纸粉填充聚氯乙烯材料中的应用

研究了马来酸酐接枝天然橡胶（MNR）作为改性剂，对废报纸粉（PF）填充聚氯乙烯（PVC）复合材料的力学性能和热学性能的影响。研究结果表明，MNR可以较好地改善PF与PVC基体的相容性，显著提高材料的冲击强度。当PF用量（质量份）为5份、MNR为4份时PF／PVC复合材料的综合性能最好，其拉伸强度为48．8MPa，缺口冲击强度达10．1kJ／m^2，后者比改性前提高了87％。热重分析表明：PF／MNR／PVC复合材料的耐热性比纯PVC树脂有所提高。而PF／PVC复合材料的维卡软化温度随着PF填充量的增加而提高，但随着MNR的增加而略有降低。冲击断面扫描电镜分析证实MNR改善了报纸粉与基体树脂的相容性。     

橡胶再生剂与相容剂并用在废轮胎胶粉增韧废PP复合材料中的应用研究

进行了橡胶再生剂与相容剂并用在废轮胎胶粉(GRT)增韧废PP复合材料中的应用研究.结果表明,采用橡胶再生剂De-link/相容剂CA并用改性GRT/废PP复合材料的冲击强度可达22.6KJ@m-2,比简单GRT/废PP共混体系提高了2.4倍,比废PP体系提高了2倍;拉伸强度则比简单GRT/废PP共混体系提高了30%,为废PP体系的87%;再生剂通过改变胶粉的交联度来提高复合材料的韧性,相容剂主要通过改善界面性能和提高相容性来提高复合材料的力学性能.     

Tentative Phase Relationships in the System CaHfTi2O7-Gd2Ti2O7 with up to 15 mol% Additions of Al2TiO5 and MgTi2O5

The phase relationships in the CaHfTi₂O₇-Gd₂Ti₂O₇ (zirconolite-pyrochlore) pseudobinary system were investigated, after heating at 1500°C, because of their importance in the design of pyrochlore-rich titanate ceramics for immobilization of impure surplus plutonium. Up to 15 mol% of MgTi₂O₅ and Al₂TiO₅ were added to CaHfTi₂O₇-Gd₂Ti₂O₇ compositions to elucidate the effects of divalent and trivalent impurities on the phase stability within these systems. From X-ray diffractometry analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, phase formation and compositional stability limits were evaluated. The main phases observed in these systems were pyrochlore, perovskite, and polytypes of zirconolite. The formation of the 2 M -, 4 M -, and 3 O -zirconolite polytypes was dependent on the amount of aluminum or magnesium present. In the magnesium system, a large area of pyrochlore-only was observed, which indicated that divalent impurities of appropriate ionic size could be readily incorporated in the eightfold site of the pyrochlore. The locations of the tentative phase boundaries are discussed with respect to the chemical composition.     

Crystallization of (Na2O–MgO)–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 Glassy Systems Formulated from Waste Products

Aluminosilicate and silicate glass-ceramics were obtained from controlled devitrification of CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ glassy systems starting from Spanish and Italian coal fly ash or Italian municipal incinerator slag mixed with other byproducts, such as glass cullet and dolomite. The nucleation mechanism and the crystallization kinetics were investigated by thermal, diffractometric, and microstructural measurements. Moreover, the experimentally observed devitrification and the identification of the crystalline phases formed were compared with the indications derived from Ginsberg, Raschin-Tschetveritkov, and Lebedeva diagrams used for petrological glass-ceramics. All the glasses showed a good crystallization tendency with the formation of dendritic pyroxene and acicular wollastonite together with feldspar and iron spinels starting from the surface. The activation energy values for crystallization ranging from 472 to 832 kJ ·mol⁻¹ were found to be close to those typical for aluminosilicate glasses; moreover, the possibility to vitrify and devitrify up to 100 wt% of slag and up to 40–50 wt% of ash mixed with glass cullet and dolomite makes the vitrification treatment a suitable disposal procedure.     

Synthesis, Structure Determination, and Aqueous Durability of Cs2ZrSi3O9

The structure of Cs₂ZrSi₃O₉ synthesized using a sol–gel method was determined from the Rietveld refinement of experimental powder X-ray diffraction data. The refinement confirmed that this compound was isostructural with wadeite: its structure was hexagonal (space group P 6₃/ m ), and its lattice parameters were a = 7.2303(2) Å and c = 10.2682(4) Å. The aqueous durability of Cs₂ZrSi₃O₉ varied, depending on the solution conditions. In modified leach tests with buffered (pH 7) and unbuffered solutions, the 7-d cesium release rates were <1.2 × 10⁻⁴ g·(m²·day)⁻¹, which indicated high aqueous durability. However, in unsaturated, unbuffered solutions with a pH of 9–10, the durability was much lower, with 7-d cesium release rates of 2.2 × 10⁻³ g·(m²·day)⁻¹. The ability of this material to retain cesium in aqueous environments can be explained by its condensed ring structure, in which the size of the channel openings is smaller than the diameter of a Cs⁺ ion. However, dissolution of the network silicate occurred at high pH, which resulted in the release of cesium.     

Influence of Fe3+/Fe2+ Ratio on the Crystallization of Iron-Rich Glasses Made with Industrial Wastes

The influence of the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio on the crystallization of iron-rich glasses was investigated in this study. The glass batches were made from two hazardous industrial wastes: mud (goethite and jarosite) originating from the zinc hydrometallurgical process and electric arc furnace dust (EAFD). Glass compositions were prepared by adding different percentages of carbon powder. The crystallization process was investigated by a combined thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis technique, in air or nitrogen atmospheres, using powder and bulk glass samples. The crystalline phases formed, i.e., pyroxene and spinels, and their relative ratio were determined by X-ray diffractometry. The experimental results indicated that melting temperature and crystallization behavior were influenced by the initial Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio and by the amount of carbon added to the glass batch. For goethite and jarosite glass compositions, decreasing the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio increased the crystallization rate by favoring magnetite formation. For EAFD glass compositions, the addition of carbon to the batch inhibited chromite–magnetite spinel formation and favored the attainment of an amorphous glassy phase.     

Properties of Recycled Polycarbonate/Waste Silk and Cotton Fiber Polymer Composites

Polymer-based composite structures have advantages over many other materials. The most important advantage is the higher mechanical properties obtained from the composites when supported by fiber reinforcement. The mechanical and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced composite structures are affected by the amount of fibers in the structures, orientation of the fibers and fiber length. Silk and cotton fibers are used in many fields but especially in clothing and textiles. However, there is not enough research on their usage as reinforcement fibers in composite structures. Silk fibers as a textile material have better physical and mechanical properties than other animal fibers. The improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of the composite structures allows them to be used in many areas. From economical, technological and environmental points of view, the improvement of mechanical and physical properties of polymeric materials are receiving much attention in recent studies.

In this study, different application areas were chosen to evaluate the waste silk and waste cotton rather than classic textile applications. Waste silk and cotton and recycled polycarbonate polymer were mixed and as a result composite structures were obtained. Silk and cotton waste fiber dimensions were in between 1 mm, 2.5 mm and 5 mm. The recycled PC/silk and cotton wastes were mixed in the rates of 97%/3%. Mixtures were prepared by twin-screw extruder. Tensile strength, % elongation, yield strength, elasticity modulus, Izod impact strength, melt flow index (MFI), heat deflection temperature (HDT) and Vicat softening temperature properties were determined. To determine the materials' thermal transition and microstructure properties, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used.     

Effects of heavy-ion irradiation on Gd2Zr2O7 bearing simulated TRPO waste

Considering the urgent demand of nuclear waste disposal, a comprehensive study on the irradiation performance of nuclear waste forms is extremely necessary, especially on those containing multiple-nuclides with multiple-valence. The irradiation effects of Gd₂Zr₂O₇ pyrochlore bearing simulated trialkyl phosphine oxides (TRPO) waste (consisting of ZrO₂, MoO₃, RuO₂ and PdO) were studied in this work. Gd_10.685Mo_4.734Zr_28.924Ru_1.000Pd_1.745O_91.825 and Gd_8.883Mo_9.901Zr_33.760Ru_2.089Pd_3.644O_118.368 were irradiated by 1.5?MeV Xe²⁰⁺ to fluences from 1?×?10¹² to 1?×?10¹⁵ ions/cm² at room temperature. The results showed an irradiation induced disordering with slight micro-swelling. In addition, the ion irradiation tolerance of the solid solutions decreased as the TRPO waste content increased. The decrease and shift of Raman peaks indicated the structural disordering and inner stress after irradiation. The micromorphology and element distribution of the irradiated surface remained almost unchanged. The structural evolution from pyrochlore to fluorite and even amorphous structure were disclosed in this study.     

Effect of phase evolution and acidity on the chemical stability of Zr1-xNdxSiO4-x/2 ceramics

Zircon ceramics (ZrSiO₄) are promising candidates for actinide immobilization. Here, a series of Zr_1-xNd_xSiO_4-x/2 (x?=?0, 0.02, 0.20, and 1.0) ceramics are prepared to study the effects of phase evolution and acidity on the chemical durability of ZrSiO₄-based nuclear waste forms. The results show that the chemical stability of the single-phase ZrSiO₄ sample is better than that of the biphasic Zr_0.8Nd_0.2SiO_3.9 sample due to the existence of a secondary highly soluble phase (Nd₂Si₂O₇), which increases the contact area with leachate. The normalized release rates of both zirconium (Zr) and neodymium (Nd) in the Zr_1-xNd_xSiO_4-x/2 ceramic waste forms increase with increasing Nd loading and acid concentration. LR_Zr in ZrSiO₄ ceramics and LR_Nd in Zr_0.98Nd_0.02SiO_3.99 ceramics are the lowest, while LR_Zr and LR_Nd reach the highest values in the Zr_0.8Nd_0.2SiO_3.9 and Nd₂Si₂O₇ ceramics, respectively. The normalized release rates of Zr are lower than those of Nd due to the difference in the energies of their bonds with oxygen atoms. Moreover, the changes in the surfaces of the leached ceramics are consistent with their leaching results.     

Volatilization of 137Cs and 106Ru from Borosilicate Glass Containing Actual High-Level Waste

Volatility of ¹³⁷ Cs and ¹⁰⁶Ru from borosilicate glass containing actual high-level waste was measured in an almost closed stainless-steel canister. The temperature dependence of the volatility of ¹³⁷Cs was close to that obtained in our previous study using ¹³⁴Cs. The volatility of ¹⁰⁶Ru was about one-fifth that of ¹³⁷Cs at 600° and 800°C. The air contamination by ¹³⁷Cs and ¹⁰⁶Ru in the canister at 400°C was estimated at 1.8 × 10² and 2 × 10 Bq/cm³, respectively, when it was assumed that the glass contained a realistic amount of ¹³⁷Cs and ¹⁰⁶Ru expected in commercial waste glass. These results are useful for predicting safety in a storage facility under operation.     

中石化茂名分公司新建200 t/h酸性水汽提装置方案经济分析

以建设投资、年运行费用估算为基础,对该公司新建200 t/h酸性水汽提装置进行项目多方案论证,选择最优方案.     

废砂/PE废地膜复合材料热老化性能的研究

以聚乙烯(PE)废地膜和工业废砂为原料,制备了不同配比的废砂/PE废地膜复合材料,研究了PE基体和复合材料的热老化规律。研究发现,经80℃人工加速热老化处理后,复合材料的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)随老化时间的增加而降低;一定条件下的热老化有助于加强PE基体和废砂间的界面作用,使复合材料的力学性能先升高后降低;废砂的加入有利于PE废地膜热老化性能的提高。