Fractionation of Soy Protein Hydrolysates using Ultrafiltration Membranes

The effect of membrane pore size on the molecular weight distribution and selected functional properties of a protein hydrolysate produced from soy isolate and Pronase was examined. Molecular weight distributions were similar for permeates from 5000, 10,000 and 50,000 molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membranes: two large fractions at 2300 and 1000 daltons. The 100,000 MWCO membrane resulted in three fractions of 25,000, 13,000 and 2300 daltons. Solubility of the hydrolysate increased with decrease in MWCO, while foam stability decreased.     

Effect of Membrane Material on the Separation of Proteins and Polyphenol Oxidase in Ultrafiltration of Potato Fruit Juice

Ultrafiltration was applied to diluted potato fruit juice, a side-stream from potato starch production. The aim of the study was to selectively concentrate the potato proteins in the permeate, while isolating polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the retentate. A profound difference was found in protein retention between two 300-kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) ultrafiltration membranes, of either regenerated cellulose (RC) or polyethersulfone (PES). The use of the 300-kDa MWCO RC membrane resulted in a twofold higher retentate protein content as well as total retention of all PPO activity, as compared with the PES membrane. Comparison tests with 100- and 300-kDa MWCO PES membranes indicated that concentration polarization and gel layer formation, and not MWCO definitions, were governing factors for protein retention, since proteins with a MW of 10 kDa were retained in all the experiments. PPO activity in potato fruit juice was measured in permeate and retentate to assess its selective retention by the applied ultrafiltration processes. Of the specific PPO activity, 94–100 % was retained by either 300 MWCO RC or 100 MWCO PES, while only 49 % specific activity was retained by the 300 MWCO PES. By in situ blotting experiments, the molecular weight of active PPO was found to be present at three different molecular weights, at positions of 40, 47, and 100 kDa, respectively, with the major activity present at 47 kDa.     

Soymilk concentration by ultrafiltration: effects of pore size and transmembrane pressure on filtration performance

The effects of membrane pore size and operating pressure on filtration flux, membrane fouling and solute rejections of soymilk during ultrafiltration were studied. Soymilk was concentrated from an initial level of 6.5% solid content to 20% solid content using ultrafiltration membranes. Hollow fibre cross‐flow type cartridges having molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) as 1, 10 and 30 kDa were used in the experiments. Filtration data were satisfactorily fitted to De La Garza and Boulton's exponential model to find the exponential fouling coefficient (k) and the membrane resistance (R_m). The permeate fluxes obtained in 10 and 30‐kDa MWCO membranes were found to be approximately four times higher than that of 1‐kDa MWCO membrane, at transmembrane pressure between 100 and 240 kPa. The average flux obtained was 0.7, 3.15 and 2.7 L m^?2‐h for 1, 10 and 30‐kDa MWCO membranes, respectively. The R_m value of membranes was found to decrease as the MWCO of membranes increased and transmembrane pressure decreased. The total solid content of permeates obtained by these membranes was between 0.45% and 1.4%. Membrane‐concentrated soymilk was found to have lighter colour and almost half the value of viscosity compared with evaporated milk.     

黑龙江小麦麦胚多肽的制备及抗氧化功能研究Ⅱ.超滤法精制抗氧化麦胚多肽工艺条件的优化

采用3ku和6ku的超滤膜对麦胚多肽进行分级分离,考察3种分离产物对DPPH ·的清除能力,发现分子质量在3ku以下的麦胚多肽对DPPH ·的清除率可达75.32%,高于其他分离产物。采用响应面试验方法对麦胚多肽的超滤条件进行优化试验,结果表明,最佳超滤条件为超滤压力0.08MPa、超滤时间23min、超滤pH6.83、溶液质量分数2%,此时膜通量为4.85L/(m2 ·h)。所得分子质量小于3ku的麦胚多肽在质量分数11%时,其DPPH ·清除率为78.93%。超滤法精制的麦胚多肽具有良好的DPPH ·的清除能力。     

卷式膜超滤L-乳酸发酵液过程研究

比较截留分子量(MWCO)为1000D 和3000D 的卷式超滤膜在去除L- 乳酸发酵液中蛋白质等杂质过程中对蛋白质截留率和乳酸透过率的影响,研究超滤时间、操作压力、蛋白质质量浓度及操作温度等操作工艺参数对膜通量的影响,分析膜通量随时间的变化规律,建立描述膜通量与操作压力、蛋白质浓度关系的数学模型。结果表明：MWCO 为3000D 的膜更适合用于超滤L- 乳酸发酵液,其膜通量随着超滤时间的延长衰减;随着操作压力和温度的增加而升高,随着蛋白质质量浓度的增加而降低,所建立的数学模型与实验结果吻合良好。     

鱿鱼肝脏蛋白水解液及ACE 抑制肽的制备

为高效利用鱿鱼及其下脚料肝脏蛋白水解物,采用酶解技术和凝胶过滤分离等技术对鱿鱼肝脏蛋白水解液中抑制肽进行研究。结果表明：胃蛋白酶为鱿鱼肝脏蛋白水解的最佳酶类,同时以水解度和ACE 抑制活性为指标,得出胃蛋白酶水解的最佳条件：在36℃条件下酶解22h,酶与底物的质量比2%,底物质量分数2.5%。经过上述条件处理的水解液再经超滤处理(截留分子质量为20kD)后,用Sephadex G-50 进行分离,洗脱得到5 个峰,其中组分B 的ACE 抑制活性最高,其半抑制浓度(IC50)达到1.80mg/mL。     

Fe3O4/PSF磁性复合超滤膜分离麦冬多糖

以原位生成法制得Fe3O4-PSF(聚砜)磁性复合超滤膜。改变磁场强度和压力,以截留率为考察指标,确定膜截留分子质量为30000D 和10000D 时对应的值分别为0.1T、0.4MPa 和0.8T、0.5MPa。对麦冬多糖提取液(含量为91.68%)进行连续性分离,并对分离后样品进行测定,GPC 软件分析A、C、D 3 样品结果：A 样品Mw 为32610D,分子质量30000D 以上的麦冬多糖的含量85.6%;C 样品Mw 为24069,分子质量10000～30000D 的麦冬多糖的含量达87.6%;D 样品Mw 为8664,分子质量1000～10000D 的麦冬多糖含量达88.7%。     

超滤法从马铃薯淀粉加工分离汁水中回收蛋白质的研究

马铃薯淀粉加工分离汁水中大约含有1.5%蛋白质,本研究分析了超滤法在马铃薯蛋白回收当中的应用,并且通过对实验条件的优化,准确地测定了蛋白酶抑制因子对胰蛋白酶的抑制能力。在实验条件下,研究结果表明:浓缩比为5的情况下,分子截留量分别为10000 MWCO和30000 MWCO的超滤膜包的浓缩液蛋白浓度分别增加到原来的4.35和3.90倍,蛋白质回收率分别为67.61%和62.98%。SDS-PAGE结果表明两个超滤膜包回收的蛋白组成没有什么差异,均包含patatin蛋白和蛋白酶抑制剂组分,但30000MWCO的超滤膜包孔径较大,水和小分子量物质更容易穿透,浓缩效率高,更加适合于回收马铃薯总蛋白。分子截留量分别为10000MWCO和30000 MWCO的超滤膜包回收的蛋白胰蛋白酶抑制剂的活力分别为124.38和95.25 TIUs/mg蛋白。超滤法适用于从马铃薯淀粉加工分离汁水中回收天然活性蛋白质。     

On the use of ultrafiltration for the concentration and desalting of phosvitin from egg yolk protein concentrate

An ultrafiltration‐based approach was integrated in the preparation of phosvitin (PVs) from delipidated egg yolk proteins. An attempt was made to concentrate PVs as well as to desalt by means of the diafiltration technique. Primary experiments were devoted to optimise the ultrafiltration performance as function of parameters such as the effects of pH, feed concentration and transmembrane pressure on permeate flux with the 10‐kDa molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) polyethersulfone membrane at laboratory scale. Higher permeate flux values were observed at low concentration and at alkaline pH, whatever transmembrane pressure studied. Then, desalting of PVs was carried out at 50 °C with 10‐ and 30‐kDa MWCO membranes. The results showed that desalting of PVs was obtained with both the 10‐ and 30‐kDa MWCO membranes and with a few loss of protein in the permeate side.     

Purification of soluble rice bran fiber using ultrafiltration technology

Defatted rice bran (DRB), an excellent source of soluble rice bran fiber (SRBF), is a byproduct of rice bran oil extraction from whole rice bran. The common process for purifying SRBF extracted from DRB, dialysis and alcohol precipitation, is a complex process. Ultrafiltration technology was evaluated as an alternative process. Membranes of molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 1, 5, and 10 kDa were used to purify the SRBF at 100 kPa. The apparent viscosity and °Brix of the SRBF solution increased after ultrafiltration, which demonstrated that the SRBF solution was concentrated during the ultrafiltration process. The apparent viscosity of the retentate collected in the ultrafiltration unit with the 1 kDa MWCO membrane had a higher (P < 0.05) viscosity than those collected in the 5 and 10 kDa MWCO membrane. The SRBF solution purified with 1, 5, and 10 kDa MWCO had similar concentrations of arabinose, galactose, and glucose, while the retentate of SRBF obtained from 10 kDa MWCO membrane had slightly lower xylose concentration than that resulting from 1 kDa MWCO. The 10 kDa MWCO membrane at a pressure of 100 kPa more effectively purified the SRBF solution than did 1 and 5 kDa MWCO membranes at the same pressure.     

Modes of natural organic matter fouling during ultrafiltration

The fouling of ultrafiltration membranes by natural organic matter (NOM), isolated from a potable surface water source, was studied with an emphasis on elucidating fouling modes and the role of aggregates. NOM size was related to membrane pore sizes using parallel membrane fractionation and size exclusion chromatography, such analyses confirmed the predominance of low MW species and identified the presence of aggregates in concentrated NOM solutions. Cake formation was the dominant mode of fouling by the unfiltered feed, which contained aggregates. This was identified by a constant rate of increase in membrane resistance with permeate throughput and was independent of pore size over a 10-1000 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) range. Prefiltration (to remove aggregates) and dilution (to reduce aggregate concentration) reduced the rate of increase in membrane resistance for the low MWCO membranes but did not change the fouling mode. In contrast, such pretreatment prevented cake formation on the larger MWCO membranes and shifted the mode of fouling to pore blockage. The date lend support for the idea that an initial fouling layer of large aggregates can catalyze the fouling by lower MW species. The fouling layer could be removed from the large MWCO membranes by backwashing, but the lower MWCO membranes exhibited some irreversible fouling, suggesting that low MW species penetrated into the pore structure. A combined pore blockage-cake formation model described the data well and provided insight into how fouling modes evolve during filtration.     

膜技术在黑米花青苷色素脱脂和浓缩中的应用

目的：从产业化角度将膜过滤技术应用于黑米花青苷色素生产过程,以提高黑米花青苷色素产品的纯化效果和产率,改善其在酒、饮料等中的应用特性。方法：分别采用截留量2000kD和1000kD的陶瓷膜,脱除黑米花青苷色素提取液中的脂溶性成分;采用截留分子质量100D的纳滤膜对脱脂后的黑米花青苷色素液进行浓缩。考察膜处理前后黑米花青苷色素色价值、脂溶性成分含量、干物质和酒精度等指标的变化情况。结果：结果表明,截留量1000kD陶瓷膜对黑米花青苷色素液的脱脂效果优于截留量2000kD的陶瓷膜;截留分子质量100D的纳滤膜能达到预期的浓缩要求。结论：截留量1000kD陶瓷膜和截留分子质量100D的纳滤膜可用于黑米花青苷色素的产业化生产。     

CONSEQUENCES of FOULING and MACROMOLECULE ADSORPTION ONTO ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE FOR PINEAPPLE JUICE PROCESSING

Pineapple juice samples were ultrafiltrated using a polysulfone 10,000 molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membrane. However, to facilitate operations, the ultrafiltration experiments were preceeded by fractionation of juice samples using sequentially Microfiltration/Diafiltration and Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration with 8 μm; 0.4 μm; 0.2 μm and 0.1 μm membranes, using three specific experimental procedures. the 10,000 MWCO membrane was cleansed using a 40°C IN NaOH solution for a minimum of 30 min, to restore optimal membrane water permeation flux. the effects of selective fractionation processes, pretreatments (using antifoaming agent, hemicellulase, and ammonium sulfate saturation), on permeation rates, concentration levels, protein rejection and protein yields were determined. Water permeation fluxes, measured before and after each UF operation showed a dramatic flux drop from 313 L/hm² to 91 L/hm² within seven successive 10,000 MWCO membrane experiments. This occurred inspite of suitable membrane washing conditions, pretreatments and selective fractionation processing of samples. the modification, mainly due to fouling, of the integrity of the 10,000 MWCO membrane relative to concentration level was investigated.     

不同截留分子质量超滤膜在米醋澄清中的应用研究

分别采用截留分子质量为350 ku、300 ku、250 ku、200 ku和150 ku的超滤膜过滤米醋,对超滤平均通量、通量稳定性、米醋澄清度及盐析蛋白析出量进行比较分析,优选适于米醋过滤的超滤膜。结果表明,200 ku分子质量超滤膜超滤米醋过程中即能保证较高的超滤稳定性、平均超滤通量,实现长时间连续运行,又能有效降低米醋清液盐析后的蛋白析出量,对米醋货架期稳定性有较大的改善作用。     

超滤法分离黑豆抗氧化活性肽

采用不同截留分子量(MWCO)的超滤膜分离制备黑豆抗氧化活性肽,研究超滤系统主要参数对膜通量的影响,确定超滤条件和膜清洗方法,并测定各级多肽清除羟自由基的能力。结果表明：采用改性PES 平板超滤膜、室温、黑豆多肽液浓度2%,pH6.5 和压力0.25MPa 的条件下分离黑豆抗氧化活性肽效果较好;依次用蛋白酶液、含SDS 的碱液和NaClO 溶液清洗超滤膜后,膜通量恢复率达95.68%;分子量小于2ku 的小分子黑豆多肽具有很强的清除·OH 能力,抗氧化活性最强。     

超滤分级甜菜中果胶的理化性质及乳化特性研究

利用超滤技术将甜菜果胶分为相对分子质量不同的4个级分,并采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)、傅里叶变化红外光谱(FT-IR)和气相色谱(GC)等技术研究了不同级分果胶分子的结构组成及其乳化特性。结果表明:甜菜果胶中截留相对分子量(MWCO)大于100,000的含量最大,达到64.86%;果胶相对分子量与其性质直接相关,随着相对分子量的增大,果胶中半乳糖醛酸、阿魏酸和酯化度均增大,单糖种类增多,而单糖的含量却减少,其分布亦有差异;相对分子量不同的果胶乳化性有很大不同,其中分子量为4.64×104Da组分的果胶乳化活性和乳化稳定最好。     

超滤在大豆多肽分离纯化中应用

本试验应用超滤技术对大豆多肽进行分离,研究了超滤系统几个主要参数对膜通量的影响。研究结果表明:截留分子量30000Da的超滤膜应在压力0.12MPa、温度40℃、pH值7.0下运行40min为一个周期,膜通量为19L/m2·h左右;截留分子量10000Da的超滤膜应在压力0.10MPa、温度<45℃、自然pH值下运行60min为一个周期,膜通量为25L/m2·h左右;截留分子量5000Da的超滤膜应在压力0.10MPa、温度<45℃、自然pH值下运行80min为一个周期,膜通量为22L/m2·h左右;经分离得到分子量>30000Da的大豆多肽约占13.21%,分子量10000～30000Da的大豆多肽约占4.05%,分子量5000～10000Da的大豆多肽约占6.41%,分子量<5000Da的大豆多肽约占76.11%。     

Functional properties of soy protein hydrolysate produced from a continuous membrane reactor system

Two types of soy protein hydrolysates were produced by hydrolysis of isolated soy protein (ISP) with a combination of Alcalase and Flavourzyme in a continuous membrane system with 3000 and 30,000 daltons molecular-weight-cut-off (MWCO) membranes, respectively. Both hydrolysates were completely soluble over a pH range of 2–9. Their water-binding capacity increased 1.8–3.4 times at a water activity of 0.6–0.95 as compared to intact ISP. The antioxidant activity of ISP was remarkably enhanced by enzyme hydrolysis. The hydrolysate from the 30,000 daltons MWCO membrane had a much higher antioxidant activity than that from the 3000 daltons MWCO membrane. The results suggested that both selected enzymes and MWCO membrane governed the functional properties of protein hydrolysates. Long-term operation study showed that the membrane reactor system could maintain a steady production of ISP hydrolysate over 16 h.     

超滤技术对苹果汁中芳香成份的影响

研究了不同截留分子量的国产聚砜膜对国光苹果超滤汁中几种芳香成份的影响。结果表明:国产聚砜膜对国光苹果汁中的酯类和醛类物质影响较大,能较好地保留醇类物质。不同截留分子量的聚砜膜中,尤以10000dalton的膜对芳香成份的影响最小,其对丁酸乙酯和醇类的保留率分别为61.4％和97.2％～78.6％。     

当归多糖磁性超滤膜分级分离

基膜为80000的聚砜超滤膜经原位生成法制备得磁性超滤膜。在压力为0.2MPa条件下改变磁场强度,其截留相对分子质量可调控范围为31000～73000。利用此膜对纯度为97.5%的当归多糖进行连续分级分离,在不同磁场强度下得到3个样品(A、B和C)。高效凝胶色谱法测定样品A、B以及C的重均相对分子质量分别为86317、19989、62461,样品A中相对分子质量为70000～100000的当归多糖占70%左右;样品B中相对分子质量为10000～30000的当归多糖占95%左右;样品C中相对分子质量为50000～70000的当归多糖占80%左右。