配电网中计及短路电流约束的分布式发电规划

在配电网中合理规划分布式发电（DG）对充分发挥DG的效益、抑制DG的负面影响具有重要意义。文中研究了配电系统中DG位置和容量规划问题，建立了考虑经济性和安全性的DG规划多目标模糊优化模型。目标函数由DG投资成本最小、系统网损最小和静态电压稳定裕度最大 3个优化子目标组成，应用模糊理论将多目标规划转化为单目标规划问题。在模型中计及了短路电流约束，对配电网中计及DG影响的故障计算原理进行了分析。考虑到DG出力具有一定的间歇特点，模型中增加了系统的旋转备用约束，保证任意一台DG退出时，系统具有足够的功率来满足负荷要求。在43节点配电系统中进行了测试，表明了文中方法的可行性。     

含分布式发电的配电网检修负荷转移方案

分布式发电（DG）的接入对配电网的规划和运行产生了深远影响，由于DG的存在，配电网检修负荷转移方案有了更多的选择。文中通过对DG运行方式和负荷转移优化问题的研究，给出了制定含DG的配电网检修负荷转移方案的3条原则，并建立了相应的数学模型。该模型以降低供电企业综合检修成本为目标，包括降低供电企业额外购买的DG电量费用、售电损失和开关操作费用，并在传统负荷转移模型约束条件的基础上增加了其他约束，保证利用可再生能源发电的DG以最大发电能力上网发电和保证利用化石能源发电的DG至少按照正常发电计划发电，以反映DG对负荷转移方案的影响。仿真结果证明了所提出的模型的正确性和有效性。     

一种多目标配电网络重构新算法

配电网络重构是配电管理系统的重要内容，从本质上讲，它是一个非线性组合优化问题，采用传统方法处理十分复杂，难以得到理想结果。文中提出一种新的配电网重构算法，充分利用并综合负荷均衡法和支路交换法的优点，改进了负荷均衡过程；采用新的配电网络分块潮流计算方法，依据支路交换配电网损估算公式导出新的启发式规则，较好地解决了多目标配电网重构问题。理论分析和算例表明,该方法高效可行，适合配电网自动化的实际应用要求。     

基于配电网节点边际容量成本的分布式电源规划

分布式电源（DG）接入配电网可能导致现有供电设备得不到充分利用，产生沉没成本。引入配电网节点边际容量成本（LMCC）以反映各节点容量的紧张程度，同时给出DG单位容量成本的计算方法。在此基础上，以DG单位容量成本小于接入点的边际容量成本作为DG接入的判据，提出一种规划DG位置和容量的新方法。算例结果验证了方法的可行性。     

配电网故障判断与负荷均衡化

提出一种配电网简化模型：将馈线开关当做节点，将馈线当做弧，从负荷的角度描述配电网，并采用邻接表的数据结构加以描述。在此基础上发展了配电网故障区域判断方法，讨论了以最少的开关操作隔离故障区域的方法。提出一种以联络开关为核心的用于负荷均衡化的配电网络重构方法，将每个联络开关对应的两条馈线看做馈线偶，分别定义了馈线偶和配电网的负荷均衡率，并以此作为网络重构的评价函数，配电网络重构过程由若干馈线偶内负荷均衡化过程组成，这种方法具有迭代次数少和不需要量测馈线配电变压器参数等优点。文中给出了典型实例。     

基于Bender''s分解的含DG配电系统网络重构

提出了一种含分布式电源（DG）的配电系统网络重构算法，用于在配电网出现故障时，由DG构成孤岛系统以实现关键负荷的不间断供电，同时保证这一过程中整个配电系统网损最小。基于Bender's分解技术，该优化过程被分解为容量和重构2个问题:容量问题用于解决DG给定时孤岛系统最优供电容量的确定;重构问题用于在孤岛确定后对整个系统网损进行优化。重构问题的开关 — 网损相关因子反馈到容量问题，实现整个网络重构方案的优化。由IEEE 33节点系统和PG&E 69节点系统验证了所述方法的正确性。     

基于区域负荷的配电网超短期负荷预测

建立了以馈线开关为节点、以馈线为边的配电网简化模型，并采用负荷作为节点和边的权，给出了节点的负荷与边的负荷的关系。采用对负荷历史数据和温度历史数据进行统计分析的方法，对超出历史温度范围的情形采用最小二乘法拟合，得出了配电区域的超短期负荷预测结果，利用节点的负荷与边的负荷的关系进一步得出全配电网的超短期负荷预测结果。配电网运行方式的改变并不影响所提出的方法的预测精度。实际应用结果证实了所提出的方法的可行性。     

中压配电网规划中馈线电气计算的估算方法

针对中压配电网规划的特点，介绍并推导了用于估算馈线主干线有功损耗的方法———损失系数法，提出了不同典型负荷分布情况下对馈线主干线电压损耗的估算公式及其电压损失系数表。结合电网实际情况，提出了有效考虑配电变压器损耗的配电网线损估算方法，并基于电压损失系数表提出了在各种典型负荷分布情况下对馈线低电压问题的快速判断法，为配电网规划工作提供实用性参考。     

面向配电自动化的配电网数据结构

从负荷的角度讨论了对复杂配电网进行简化建模的数据结构，指出采用邻接矩阵描述配电网络的不足，提出采用等长邻接表优化配电网络的数据结构的方法。并以三分割三连续配电网络为例，论述采用等长邻接表的数据结构进行故障后优化恢复供电和负荷均衡化的过程。     

基于区间算法和范例学习的配电网网架规划

考虑配电网网架规划中的不确定因素，建立了配电网网架区间规划模型。结合配电网辐射状运行的特点，提出了简单实用的配电网区间潮流计算的端点法。对基于Agent行为和范例学习的遗传算法中的“范例学习”部分进行了修改，使其适应于配电网网架区间规划模型的求解。算例结果表明，提出的算法可以得到鲁棒性强的规划方案。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。     

Fish assemblage response to recent mitigation of a channelized warmwater stream

Various designs of low‐head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS) to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no modifications; (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation of sills and GCS; (3) a segment upstream of the installations and undergoing channel incision; and (4) an unaltered segment. Although habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and canopy coverage and finer substrates in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING

1. INTRODUCTION Coastal and continental shelf regions are characterized by intensive interaction between wave and current. These regions are of great economic significance to mankind. Therefore, the modeling of wave and current as well as their mutual int…