龙贝格积分法在顺序输送管道混油浓度计算中的应用

针对求解成品油顺序输送管道混油浓度的问题,对传统的混油浓度计算方法进行了分析,提出了采用龙贝格积分公式计算混油浓度的方法,用VisualC++编制了混油浓度模拟计算软件,利用此软件可以计算出不同油品顺序输送的混油浓度,此方法计算准确、累积误差小,为顺序输送管道混油特性的分析预测及混油浓度的计算提供了一个实用可靠的方法。     

顺序输送管道不同工况下混油量的计算

在顺序输送管道中, 经常周期性地更换油品, 两种油品交替时, 在接触面将产生一段混油, 造成一定的混油损失。针对成品油顺序输送过程中各种不同工况, 给出了管道终点处任意浓度范围内、变径管输送、层流流动油品交替时产生的混油量的计算方法并总结生产实践得出混油量的计算方法, 另外考虑管道实际运行过程中流速的变化规律又推导出变流速下混油量的计算方法, 从而对混油切割及处理研究提供了重要依据。     

俄罗斯成品油管道技术标准的先进性研究

为提高我国成品油管道运行管理水平,建设跨国成品油管道,基于我国成品油管道的快速发展和存在的问题,选取俄罗斯成品油管道综合性标准与国内标准中关键性技术问题进行了对比分析和先进性研究,并借鉴国外经验,就输送多种油品的排序原则、变管径混油体积计算、初始工艺混油控制、宽范围混油切割浓度控制、混油掺混定量计算,以及油品质量检测频率等方面提出了建议。     

中俄成品油管道运行技术对比研究

近年来,中国成品油管道运营里程不断增加,在运行过程中存在着仅能输送有限种类油品,部分管道混油处理装置设计能力不足,管道数据误差和意外停输等因素导致界面检测精度差等问题。通过研究国外成品油管道运行标准,为中国成品油管道运行管理水平提供参考和建议。为此选取了俄罗斯成品油管道综合性标准,结合中国成品油管道实际运行规范,阐述了国外成品油管道运行技术的适用性,包括:多种油品顺序输送排序原则,优化工艺设计和高雷诺数运行工艺,交替油品界面间加工艺混油隔离,完善输油首站设备操作程序减少初始混油,控制汽油-柴油切割点浓度以减少中间混油段长度,优先采用混油掺混作为处理混油的优先方式等。基于上述分析,针对提高中国成品油管道建设和运行技术水平提出了合理化建议。     

成品油顺序输送混油控制技术研究

实现同一条管道内成品油顺序输送能够有效降低能耗、提高管道利用率,为了减少输送过程中的混油量,分析了管道内不同油品的混油机理及分布规律,对混油段内油品平均密度及混油量的计算方法进行了探讨,提出了相应的混油控制措施,确保输送过程中油品的质量。     

成品油顺序输送管道混油与处理的探讨

成品油长输管道顺序输送时混油现象是不可避免的。在管道设计和油品运输方案上采取措施可以减少混油,对混油段进行科学的切割也可以减少混油量,提高产品的质量。处理混油以回掺的方法为佳。     

成品油顺序输送管道混油与处理的探讨

成品油长输管道顺序输送时混油现象是不可避免的.在管道设计和油品运输方案上采取措施可以减少混油,对混油段进行科学的切割也可以减少混油量,提高产品的质量.处理混油以回掺的方法为佳。     

成品油顺序输送的水力和混油特性

成品油输油管线用顺序输送方式输送多种油品,其水力特性表现出与输送单一油品不同的特点;这些特点是在工艺设计中合理地确定泵站布置、输油方式、配泵方式、调节方式,选定泵站工艺流程和自动控制方式等问题的基础.两种油品直接接触的顺序输送,其混油长度和混油本身质与量的特征等,都直接影响着对混油的分输和处理,关系着顺序输送条件下对油品质量的保证程度.本文根据汽油和轻柴油顺序输送工业性试验和实际输送的一些体会,对成品油顺序输送的水力特性和混油特性,进行了初步分析和探讨.     

国外成品油管道运行技术先进性探讨

"十二五"期间中国成品油管道快速发展,但仍存在输送油品种类少、混油处理能力不足、界面检测精度差等问题。选取了俄罗斯成品油管道综合性标准,结合国内成品油管道工程实践,阐述了国外成品油管道运行技术的适用性,包括多种油品顺序输送排序原则,优化管道输送工艺设计,交替油品界面加隔离液以减少混油量,完善输油首站设备操作减少初始混油,汽油-柴油切割点控制体积分数为5%~95%以减少中间混油段长度,优先采用掺混作为处理混油方式等。最后,针对提高国内成品油管道建设和运行技术水平提出了合理化建议。     

长输成品油管道混油形成的途径、控制措施及回掺

分析了长输成品油管道混油产生的途径,初始混油,流速和压力变化形成的混油,油品黏度差形成的混油和停输时产生的混油,介绍了控制混油量的主要措施:合理安排油品输送顺序,合理切割混油的方式,优化输送过程,优化输油站场工艺流程和提高管道操作人员技能;说明了混油回掺量的计算、回掺经验及实例和应特别重视的事项。对管控成品油管输混油具有参考作用。     

在船运交接中实施第三方公正计量认可制度的探讨

随着中国加入WTO后成品油市场的逐步开放,液体石油产品交接模式必须与国际接轨。针对当前散装液体石油产品船运交接计量纠纷频频发生的实际问题,根据散装液体石油产品船运交接过程中各环节的特点,借鉴国际贸易中的第三方公正计量方式及计量认可制度,提出在散装液体石油产品船运交接中采用以发货方计量为准的第三方公正计量认可制度,从而解决散装液体石油产品船运交接的计量难题。     

浅谈原油顺序输送过程中混油量的计算

针对原油顺序输送工艺的特点,分析了原油顺序输送产生混油量的原因,给出了混油量计算公式。指出混油的形成与输送距离、油品种类、输量、停输时间、地形等有关。举例对东黄复线顺序输送所产生的混油量进行分析计算,给出了顺序输送过程中减少混油量的措施。     

如何按国际通常惯例撰写企业资质文件

企业要进入国际受购集团的供货商名录，就必须提供企业资质文件，资质文件应包括：公司简介，经营情况，产品夫格及生产能力，权威机构质量体系认证证书，质量手册及质量计划，业绩及用户评价，服务情况，特殊工序人员，生产，检验及试验设备，吊装及运输，实物水平等多个方面，本文以焊管企业情况为例，介绍了如何按国际通常惯例撰写企业资质文件。     

利用灰色关联法拟合的正构烷烃曲线确定混源油油源比例

对目前国内外混源油中不同油源贡献比例定量确定方法的研究状况进行了分析,提出了利用灰色关联分析法拟合模拟混合原油的正构烷烃分布曲线和实验混合原油的正构烷烃分布曲线来确定二元混源油混合比例的方法,即取两者关联度最大时对应的混合原油比例作为混源油的贡献比例,并利用二连盆地达尔其油田的实际混源油检验了该方法的正确性。该方法具有可以任意调节端元油的混合比例及易于推广等特点。     

An MILP approach for detailed scheduling of oil depots along a multi-product pipeline

Oil depots along products pipelines are important components of the pipeline transportation system and down-stream markets.The operating costs of oil depots account for a large proportion of the total system’s operating costs.Meanwhile,oil depots and pipelines form an entire system,and each operation in a single oil depot may have influence on others.It is a tough job to make a scheduling plan when considering the factors of delivering contaminated oil and batches migration.So far,studies simultaneously considering operating constraints and contaminated oil issues are rare.Aiming at making a scheduling plan with the lowest operating costs,the paper establishes a mixed-integer linear programming model,considering a sequence of operations,such as delivery, export, blending,fractionating and exchanging operations,and batch property differences of the same oil as well as influence of batch migration on contaminated volume.Moreover,the paper verifies the linear relationship between oil concentration and blending capability by mathematical deduction.Finally,the model is successfully applied to one of the product pipelines in China and proved to be practical.     

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目前我国天然气管输费仍然采用与出厂价捆在一起的捆绑价。当用户的实际用气量低于预定气量时，捆绑价就不能确保输气公司收回投资并获得合理的投资效益。目前许多国家对天然气管输采用了二部制管输费收取方法。该方法能在公平的原则下保护输气公司和用户双方的正当权益。文章对天然气管输费的形成机制和形式进行了分析，介绍了国外二部制管输费的计算方法，在此基础上建立了更易理解和计算的二部制管输费计算方法。     

成品油顺序输送交替过程中流量的调节

在管道顺序输送成品油过程中,随着混油段的移动,管内流量必然会发生变化。为了保证管道正常地运行,必须对流量进行调节。沿线压力的变化主要是由管道特性的变化和不同密度油品在管道中交替产生的,某时刻管道的流量将由各站间供能(启泵方案)、耗能(沿程阻力)以及高程决定。推导了用节流法、部分成品油排入旁通管及改变泵轴的回转频率3种方法调节流量时的计算公式。指出在2种油品的交替阶段,由摩阻引起的压力损失是流量和时间的函数;对低粘油品的顺序输送,计算管道压力损失时,可以只考虑油品粘度和密度的影响。     

加强质量宣传提升品牌形象

介绍了中国车用汽油机油、柴油机油、齿轮油的台架评定及行车试验,强调在润滑油营销中要加强质 量宣传,提升润滑油品牌形象,同时推荐了在润滑油营销中的几点技巧。     

Contamination of vegetable oils marketed in Italy by phthalic acid esters

More than 90% of the phthalic acid esters (PAEs) produced in Europe is used to plasticize polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Animal studies have shown that some PAEs can damage the liver and interfere with the endocrine system, whereas data on the toxic effects on humans are inconsistent. For the general population, the diet is believed to be the main source of PAEs. Food can be contaminated from environmental pollution, industrial food processing (PVC tubing) and certain storage containers. The present study evaluates the contamination levels of the four main PAEs named Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), in 172 samples of vegetable oils marketed in Italy. Diluted oils were directly analysed by GC–MS. PAEs concentrations in vegetable oils were lower than those reported in other studies. Olive-derived oils showed the highest levels. Considering their high consumption in Italy, this finding is significant and some hypotheses on environmental or technological causes have been made. In the case of extravirgin olive oil, the higher levels of PAEs can be ascribed to the absence of the refining process since it has been verified that this technological treatment partially decontaminates the final product while for olive and olive pomace oils, both refined oils, the reasons for a higher contamination are less clear. Probably, a different plant uptake of PAEs from the air, water and soil could give account of this finding. Finally, the percentage Italian intake of PAEs due to the various types of vegetable oils analysed has been calculated.     

Stability of vegetable based oils used in the formulation of ecofriendly lubricants – a review

Human need for energy is insatiable. ManBackspace use of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon sources has served human energy requirements but not without associated challenges of renewability, toxicity, depletion, degradability, and environmental hazards. Since a complete substitute for fossilized-energy sources is yet to be realized, one viable options available to man is alternative, renewable, ecofriendly, and biodegradable energy sources – thus, minimizing complete reliance on mineral based energy sources. Lubricants are finding relevance in product processing, transportation, agriculture, and other key sectors of industrial developments as a result of use of machines to aid human operations. While more than 70% of commercially available lubricants are from crude oil/hydrocarbon, commercial formulation of lubricants using vegetable base oils are gaining global interests. Lubricants obtained from bio-based oils are eco-compatible but are widely reported to be thermally and oxidatively unstable, especially when such biolubricants are produced from crude form of vegetable oils. The aim of this review is to reappraise various scholarly works on thermal-oxidative stability of vegetable oils so as to validate their usefulness as potential alternative and renewable sources of energy used in the production of lubricants as against continuous usage of mineral based energy sources which is ecologically non benign.