双相钢在沿海电厂应用中的腐蚀问题

介绍了双相不锈钢在某沿海电厂循环水泵上的应用,指出循环水泵多次故障的原因是零部件之间存在缝隙腐蚀造成了紧固件松动;通过焊接消除间隙的措施来消除缝隙腐蚀,介绍了常用的防护措施。实践表明虽然双相钢的抗腐蚀能力较其它常用材质较强,但并不是绝对的,在沿海电厂中的使用中应注重防护。     

超级双相不锈钢叶轮的研制

基于双相不锈钢的铸造特性,设计了电站循环水泵用超级双相不锈钢叶轮铸件的铸造工艺,并确定了其熔炼、浇注、开箱、热处理、焊补等主要工序的生产控制要点。试生产结果表明,所生产的超级双相不锈钢叶轮铸件产品完全满足质量和技术要求。     

30Cr13不锈钢循环水泵轴的失效原因

通过力学性能试验,扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析,金相分析等技术手段,对30Cr13不锈钢循环水泵轴断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:叶轮密封失效后,受到Br~-污染的循环水渗入键与键槽及叶轮与轴的缝隙中,在循环疲劳载荷作用下,发生腐蚀疲劳断裂。     

某核电厂不锈钢法兰腐蚀原因分析

在对某核电厂重要厂用水系统的不锈钢支管进行腐蚀检查过程中,发现支管的不锈钢法兰面存在严重腐蚀,本文从不锈钢在海水中的局部腐蚀形式及机理两方面对不锈钢法兰面腐蚀原因进行简要分析,并提出了降低或避免法兰面腐蚀风险的防腐措施及方法。     

某核电厂活性炭过滤器内部管道腐蚀原因分析

在对某核电厂除盐水系统的活性炭过滤器内部进行腐蚀检查过程中,发现容器内部不锈钢管道(包含螺栓与法兰连接)有不同程度腐蚀,本文从不锈钢的耐蚀性和不锈钢的腐蚀机理两方面对活性炭过滤器内部不锈钢腐蚀原因进行简要分析,并提出了降低活性炭过滤器内部不锈钢管道腐蚀风险的防腐措施及方法。     

某核电厂循环水泵叶轮失效原因分析及防护措施

目的提高核电厂海水循环水泵(以下简称"循泵")叶轮的耐磨性能。方法采用表面工程技术,在叶轮表面涂刷熔融环氧粉末涂层、WC涂层和耐磨陶瓷涂层,以提高叶轮的耐磨性。通过对比材料本身的硬度和断裂韧性,分别评价两种新材料在海水中的耐磨性能,并通过实践验证对三种涂层的耐磨可行性进行了详细分析。结果分析结果表明,该双相不锈钢叶轮的损坏为典型的磨损腐蚀,同时伴随着微弱的电化学腐蚀。经过实践验证,厚度为0.8~1 mm的熔融环氧粉末涂层由于与金属基材间的结合力较差,使用一周期后存在大面积的脱落现象,起不到保护叶轮的作用。厚度为0.5 mm的WC涂层在运行后检查发现涂层存在一定程度的减薄,部分区域仍存在微弱的冲蚀现象,而且其价格较昂贵,使用效果与经济性不成比例。耐磨陶瓷涂层整体达到了牺牲涂层从而保护母材的目的。结论实践表明仅靠选材无法彻底根除磨损腐蚀,结合表面工程技术,综合使用效果和经济性,最终确定耐磨陶瓷涂层为循泵叶轮表面防护的最佳涂层。     

循环冷却水中 2507 双相不锈钢微生物腐蚀研究

目的研究2507双相不锈钢在循环冷却水模拟溶液(添加微生物SRB+IOB)中的腐蚀特征,确定其腐蚀机理。方法模拟某炼油厂循环冷却水溶液,采用SEM,EDS和电化学测试等手段分析2507双相不锈钢在SRB+IOB循环冷却水中浸泡不同时间后的腐蚀产物形貌及其电化学腐蚀情况。结果2507双相不锈钢的腐蚀速率很低,属于轻度腐蚀;在循环冷却水模拟溶液中的阳极极化曲线具有明显的钝化区,且钝化膜具有良好的自修复能力;腐蚀倾向随时间增加先增大后减小,腐蚀速率随时间增加先减小后增大。结论 SRB和IOB及其代谢活动与Cl-协同作用是点蚀的主要原因;2507双相不锈钢具有良好的钝化性和耐微生物腐蚀性能。     

核电厂循环水泵腐蚀与防护

通过对某核电厂循环水泵出现的腐蚀事件进行简单的分析,总结其主要的腐蚀类型,并给出腐蚀与防护相关建议,为后续循环水泵维修和改造提供必要的技术和服务支持。     

海水环境中铸造双相不锈钢的腐蚀行为研究

通过海水暴露腐蚀试验,获得了4种铸造双相不锈钢在青岛和三亚海域全浸区和潮汐区的腐蚀结果,分析了它们的腐蚀行为。同种铸造双相不锈钢在全浸区的腐蚀比潮汐区严重;试验的4种铸造双相不锈钢在青岛潮汐区均未发生缝隙腐蚀;CE3MN和ZG06Cr25Ni7Mo2N在青岛海水环境中具有优异的耐蚀性;CE3MN在三亚海水环境中具有优异的耐蚀性。     

核电站海水循环水泵部件腐蚀原因分析及处理

田湾核电站海水主循环泵在服役过程中，进出口阳极和叶轮主螺栓发现腐蚀问题。对腐蚀原因进行调查分析，并针对性的采取防腐处理和改造，对效果进行验证，相同的腐蚀问题未再发生，证明防腐措施是有效的。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.