三峡水库建成后荆南三口洪道及洞庭湖淤积概算

根据荆南三口洪道的三角洲冲淤特性，引入了计算河道三角洲淤积的平衡坡除法，概算了三峡水库建咸后的82年内荆南三口洪道的冲淤量、冲淤厚度等．并根据洞庭湖的淤积曲线和入湖泥沙数量计算了洞庭湖湖区泥沙淤积量，简单分析了三峡水库对洞庭湖减淤和防洪的积极作用．     

巴尔喀什湖生态水位演变分析及调控对策

针对巴尔喀什湖一百多年来的湖水位变化与伊犁河三角洲生态环境退化问题，从流域水文情势变化和人类活动两方面入手，选取卡依尔干、卡上171km、卡普恰盖、乌斯热尔玛等4处水文站长系列资料，对伊犁河干流径流沿程变化情况进行系统分析，特别重点比较分析卡普恰盖水库建成蓄水前后极其对水库下游河道径流变化的影响。研究认为，巴尔喀什湖的水位变化主要受流域水文情势周期性变化规律的影响，就近期的水位变化情况来看，并未出现所谓的生态灾难，水位呈回升趋势；卡普恰盖水库的兴建和伊犁河中下游水资源过度开发利用，对入湖水量和河道流量过程产生了重大影响，是导致入湖水量减少和三角洲生态环境恶化的根本原因。针对巴尔喀什湖水位长期变化动态特征和三角洲生态耗水要求，考虑到非生态用水不断增长现实情况，探讨解决巴尔喀什湖生态环境问题的对策措施     

东洞延湖冲淤平衡水位初步分析

在天然河道水流中,来水来沙的一般特性是汛期流量大、含沙量大、粒径小、水面比降大;枯期流量小、含沙量小、粒径粗、水面比降小.河段泥沙冲淤平衡有可能随时发生,某一水位可能冲淤平衡,也有可能冲淤不平衡,不存在所谓稳定的泥沙冲淤平衡水位.在湖泊水网区的河道水流中,其水文和泥沙特性明显不同于一般的天然河道.一般而言,它汛期是湖,枯水是河,相应出现汛期淤积,枯期冲刷,冲淤同水位过程有十分密切的关系,有可能存在一个比较稳定的泥沙冲淤平衡特征水位.在这种河湖两相的河道水流中,研究泥沙冲淤平衡特征水位较之研究与造床流量相应的水位更有其重要的实际意义.本文对东洞庭湖的泥沙冲淤平衡特征水位进行了初步探讨,认为东洞庭湖区河道水流中,存在一个泥沙冲淤平衡特征水位,并就1984、1980、1975、1970年的水文泥沙资料进行了计算.     

鄱阳湖五河入湖水沙通量及典型断面形态变化特性分析

五河入湖水沙通量及河道形态变化对五河尾闾演变、湖区低枯水位、江湖关系等研究有重要意义。以1956—2018年实测资料为基础,利用Mann-Kendall 检验法和河道特征对五河入湖水沙通量、典型断面形态变化特性及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:①五河入湖径流量总体呈小幅度减小态势,2003—2018年五河入湖平均径流量较1956—2002年减小5.3%;②除饶河外,入湖泥沙通量均有不同幅度的减小,其中赣江和信江大幅度减小,2003年后分别减少约72.3%和52.6%;③五河典型断面形态2014年前变化较大,断面多呈锯齿状;随后逐渐恢复正常;④水利枢纽工程、水土保持工程和人工采砂是影响五河入湖泥沙通量和河道形态的主要人为因素。     

河床演变阶段模型及其在三门峡水库和渭河下游的应用

基于河床冲淤和横断面面积变化,提出描述河道冲淤及垂向和横向调整的河床演变阶段模型,将该模型应用于1960-2017年三门峡库区和渭河下游河道的演变过程,结果表明,该模型可反映河道冲淤的时空变化特征,在溯源冲刷阶段,库区及渭河下游下段由下游向上游依次呈现"河床冲刷下切"、"河道冲刷展宽"、"河道淤积展宽"三个演变阶段,这...     

基于遥感的抚河尾闾及入鄱阳湖口演变分析

基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,以1973—2009年的鄱阳湖枯水期遥感影像作为主要数据源,利用影像分类原理提取抚河尾阎及入湖口的河道滩地信息,研究40年来河道滩地的演变规律,并分析引起形态变化的主要因素。具体为：通过定量和矢量叠加方法提取抚河尾闾河道及入湖口的平面形态特征,结果表明,抚河尾闾青岚湖入口处心洲扩,河道东移,河段滩地交替演变,部分河道顺直,入湖口具有河口淤高湖和岸线向湖中心推进的特点;演变受自然和人为因素的影响,其中河道采沙、航道疏浚、植树造林等人为活动影响更大。研究结果对抚河尾闾的河势控制、河道整治及岸线开发利用、生态环境保护提供技术支持。     

梯级水库调度影响下沅江入洞庭湖径流量演变特征分析

为精准识别各入洞庭湖水系水量变化对洞庭湖径流特征的影响,选取沅江作为研究对象,以桃源水文站1966～2018年的流量序列为基础,采用水文变异诊断系统,对梯级水库联合调度下沅江入洞庭湖径流量的演变特征进行分析.结果表明:在梯级水库联合调度影响下,加之流域河道外用水的不断增加等因素,在年际演变特征上,1～5月径流整体呈现中...     

橡胶坝底座对河流弯道段水沙运动影响的分析

本文以延河人工湖工程为研究对象，对人工渠化河流弯道段修建充水式橡胶坝工程后，橡胶坝底座引起河道水流流态和横向流速分布，河床演变和河道洪水位等水沙运动规律的变化进行了试验研究。试验发现，在橡胶坝工程修建后，橡胶坝底座对坝址上下游一定范围内 道横断面横向流速分布，河床冲淤２变化及河道沿程洪水位均具有一定的影响，影响的程度及范围随着河道洪峰流量的增大而加大，在河道凹岸支流有洪峰入汇的情况下，由于支流的顶     

长江中游陆溪口水道河床演变机理研究

陆溪口河段是长江典型鹅头型汊道,滩槽演变复杂,是长江中游重点浅滩碍航河段。本文深入分析了河段的上下游河势关系以及影响因子之间的耦合作用,认为可以将河道平面内的主流带位置作为影响河床演变的综合动力因子,并利用特征流量的概念对主流带位置进行了定量描述。在利用特征流量揭示河床演变机理的同时,得到了"来流过程与特征流量的相对关系决定河床演变的冲淤性质,特征流量级持续作用时间长短与沙量的大小共同决定河床演变的幅度"的重要结论,得到了"三峡水库蓄水改变下游水沙过程,使河段航道发展条件优于蓄水前"的结论,并给出了具体依据。     

入湖浅水三角洲形成过程实验模拟分析

本文基于自然模型法,对入湖浅水三角洲的形成发展过程进行实验模拟,从河型和流场变化的角度,分析其河道演变过程规律。通过改变上游来沙和下游水位,研究不同边界条件对三角洲形成过程中河道摆动及河型发育的影响。实验结果表明:(1)河槽在顺直、分汊及无河槽的形态间交替演变,下游淤积的河坝会导致地形抬高、反水压力以及溯源淤积现象,促进河道发生周期性横向摆动。(2)三角洲表面流场形态及流速大小随河型变化,且与演变阶段有关。(3)上游多沙和下游高水位,都能使河型周期历时变短,主流摆动角度变大,摆动点位置向上游移动,较多来沙可以使河道形态由鸟足状向辐射状发育。在这一演化过程中,来沙影响占主导而水位影响居次要,水位变化条件不会从根本上改变河道形态的类型。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。