2012年北京市顺义区常住人口麻疹抗体水平的调查分析

目的了解北京市顺义区常住人口麻疹抗体水平。方法选择2012年在北京市顺义区连续居住6个月以上的11个年龄组人群作为调查对象,共243名。采用调查问卷,收集调查对象的人口学特征、麻疹患病史、含麻疹成分疫苗免疫史,并采用ELISA法检测研究对象麻疹抗体水平。结果调查对象麻疹抗体阳性率为83.13%(202/243),抗体水平中位数为939.23 IU/L。男性与女性的麻疹抗体阳性率、抗体水平以及本市人口与流动人口麻疹抗体阳性率、抗体水平差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);有免疫史者与无免疫史者和免疫史不详者间,麻疹抗体阳性率及抗体水平差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),有免疫史者抗体水平高于无免疫史者和免疫史不详者。本市和流动人口麻疹抗体阳性率均以8~11月龄最低,分别为37.50%、14.29%;均以0~7月龄、1~4岁、5~9岁、35~39岁组最高,为100%,其中15~19、20~24、25~29和30~34岁组流动人口麻疹抗体阳性率均高于本市人口,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。本市和流动人口麻疹抗体水平中位数均以0~7月龄最低,分别为72.51、96.07 IU/L;最高的年龄组本市人口为8~11月龄(3 940.12 IU/L),流动人口为30~34岁组(3 661.33 IU/L),其中25~29、30~34、35~39岁组流动人口麻疹抗体水平中位数高于本市人口,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05),1~4岁组本市人口麻疹抗体水平中位数高于流动人口,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。本市和流动人口共调查≤14岁儿童93名,81.72%的人曾接种过含麻疹成分疫苗,接种1、2、3剂次及以上疫苗的人群,麻疹抗体阳性率在92.61%~100%之间,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),抗体水平中位数差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。但本市儿童不同免疫剂次间麻疹抗体阳性率、抗体水平中位数差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论北京市顺义区常住人口中,1~9岁儿童麻疹抗体水平较高,发生大范围麻疹暴发和流行的风险较小,1岁婴儿麻疹抗体水平有待进一步提高,应进一步探索本市15岁以上年龄组免疫策略,以降低该人群发病风险。     

辽宁省1～30岁健康人群水痘-带状疱疹病毒IgG抗体血清学分析

目的 对辽宁省1～30岁健康人群水痘-带状疱疹病毒(varicella-zoster virus,VZV)IgG抗体水平进行血清学分析。方法 于2020年10月采用分层随机抽样方法抽取辽宁省沈阳市、阜新市及丹东市3个地区的6个县区作为监测点，采集617名1～30岁健康人群的静脉血3～5 mL，分离血清，ELISA法检测VZV IgG抗体水平，计算血清抗体阳性率和抗体几何平均浓度(geometric mean concentration,GMC)，并进行比较分析。结果 617份血清样本中共检出VZV IgG抗体阳性样本302份，阳性率为48.947%,GMC为112.772 mIU/mL。不同年龄组健康人群VZV IgG抗体阳性率为29.670%～75.789%,GMC为45.508～366.559 mIU/mL，抗体阳性率(χ²=67.104,P <0.001)和GMC(F=20.685,P <0.001)差异均有统计学意义。男性和女性的VZV IgG抗体阳性率分别为44.817%和53.633%，差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.77...     

2012年长春市健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎抗体水平调查

目的调查2012年长春市健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(简称流脑)抗体水平,预测流脑发病的趋势,为流脑的防控提供科学依据。方法选择农安县作为监测点,按照《全国流行性脑脊髓膜炎监测方案》规定的采样数量和分组方法,将健康人群分为7个年龄组:1岁、1~2岁、3~4岁、5~6岁、7~14岁、15~19岁、≥20岁,每组30人,共调查210人。采集静脉血2 ml,分离血清,采用ELISA法检测血清中A群、C群流脑IgG抗体水平,并计算抗体几何平均滴度(GMT),同时调查150名15岁以下儿童流脑多糖疫苗的免疫史。结果 2012年长春市健康人群A群流脑IgG抗体阳性率为85.71%(180/210),GMT为1∶4.420,C群流脑IgG抗体阳性率为71.43%(150/210),GMT为1∶2.936,A群流脑抗体阳性率和GMT均明显高于C群(P均0.001);不同年龄组之间A群流脑抗体GMT差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而阳性率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);C群各年龄组人群抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而抗体GMT差异有统计学意义(P0.001);男性与女性人群之间A群、C群流脑抗体的阳性率和GMT差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);不同年龄组人群A群与A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗接种率差异有统计学意义(P0.001),抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 2012年长春市不同年龄组健康人群A群和C群流脑IgG抗体的阳性率维持在较高水平,提示大部分人对A群和C群流脑具有免疫力,但可能存在C群脑膜炎球菌的自然感染危险,应加强流脑疫情监测;在做好6岁以下儿童常规接种的基础上,应开展7~14岁儿童A+C流脑疫苗的免疫接种,防止流脑疫情局部暴发。     

无锡市成人麻疹抗体免疫持久性观察

目的了解无锡市成人接种麻疹风疹联合疫苗后麻疹抗体的变化趋势,加速实现消除麻疹的目标。方法随机选择两个麻疹高发地区20~29岁、30~39岁、40~49岁3组的192名无锡市常住人口,分别于接种麻疹风疹联合疫苗前及接种后1个月、1年、2年采集静脉血清,分离血清。采用ELISA试剂盒检测麻疹Ig G抗体水平,计算抗体阳性率及几何平均浓度(GMC)。结果不同年龄组相同观察时间的麻疹抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),不同观察时间麻疹抗体总阳性率差异也无统计学意义(P0.05)。相同年龄组不同观察时间麻疹抗体GMC差异有统计学意义(P0.01),不同观察时间各年龄组麻疹抗体GMC两两比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),不同年龄组同一观察时间抗体GMC差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论单次接种疫苗后抗体水平会迅速上升,但维持时间不超过1年,建议通过定期加强免疫来保持较高的麻疹抗体水平。     

吉林省2015年高校入学新生麻疹抗体水平调查及分析

目的调查并分析吉林省2015年高校入学新生的麻疹抗体水平。方法采用分层整群的抽样方法,在吉林省高校随机抽取2015年秋季入学新生1 902人,ELISA法检测新生的麻疹IgG抗体水平,记录性别、年龄、户籍、地区等基本资料。结果 1 902名监测对象中,麻疹抗体几何平均浓度(GMC)为592.517 mIU/ml;总阳性人数为1 735人,总阳性率为91.2%;总抗体保护人数为690人,总保护率为36.3%。农村户籍学生的麻疹抗体水平、阳性率及保护率明显高于城市(P<0.05);省内外、不同性别及不同年龄段学生麻疹抗体GMC的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);省内不同地区间麻疹抗体水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论吉林省2015年高校入学新生麻疹抗体保护率总体偏低,应开展对高校学生麻疹疫苗的补充免疫活动(supplementary immunization activities,SIA),以提高高校学生应对麻疹的免疫能力。     

贵阳市云岩区适龄儿童常规疫苗接种率及免疫效果评价

目的评价2014年贵州省贵阳市云岩区适龄儿童常规疫苗接种率及接种疫苗后的免疫效果。方法抽取云岩区15个社区卫生服务中心(镇卫生院)接种疫苗的2~6岁儿童995名,采集手指或耳垂血,ELISA法检测脊髓灰质炎、麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹、甲型肝炎、乙型脑炎抗体,资料统计分析采用χ2检验。结果 995名调查对象中,除2人未接种腮腺炎疫苗,1人未接种甲型肝炎疫苗外,6种疫苗合格接种率均高于95%,抗体总体阳性率均高于98%;不同性别人群6种抗体阳性率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);接种脊髓灰质炎、甲型肝炎、乙型脑炎灭活疫苗与减毒活疫苗的抗体阳性率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论保持疫苗高接种率及高免疫成功率,是疫苗可预防传染病发病率保持在一个较低水平的关键环节。     

健康献浆员破伤风抗体水平调查分析

目的调查湖北省松滋市健康献浆员的破伤风抗体水平。方法在松滋单采血浆站健康献浆员中,采用随机表法抽取18~55岁不同年龄人群539人,分为≤35、36~40、41~45、46~50、51~55岁共5个年龄组,收集单采血浆样本,采用间接ELISA法检测血清中破伤风抗体水平。结果 539人中抗体达保护水平的479人,破伤风抗体阳性率为88.9%,抗体总体平均含量(average total content,ATC)为(2.350±3.246)IU/ml;各年龄组破伤风抗体阳性率均接近90%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),其中≤35岁年龄组阳性率最高,为89.8%,51~55岁年龄组最低,为87.8%,46~50岁年龄组ATC最高,为(2.622±3.518)IU/ml,51~55岁年龄组最低,为(1.870±2.947)IU/ml;除41~45与51~55岁年龄组抗体水平分布差异有统计学意义(P0.05)外,其他年龄组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);不同性别组间抗体阳性率及抗体水平分布差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论松滋市18~55岁健康人群除少部分人外,基本均具有抗破伤风的免疫力。     

上海市宝山区健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎抗体水平监测

目的对上海市宝山区健康人群的麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎(以下简称腮腺炎)抗体水平进行监测,为进一步控制相应疾病提供依据。方法采用多阶段抽样法,抽取4家社区作为监测现场,在本市和外来户籍人群中随机抽取12个年龄组共363人作为监测对象,检测麻疹、风疹和腮腺炎Ig G抗体水平。结果 363名监测对象中,麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎抗体总阳性率分别为84.08%、71.63%和67.49%,抗体几何平均浓度(geometric mean concentration,GMC)分别为469.21 m IU/mL、27.73 IU/mL和152.28 U/mL。本市及外来户籍人群的麻疹类疫苗免疫史及抗体水平间差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。各年龄组的麻疹保护性抗体阳性率及腮腺炎、风疹的抗体阳性率差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。未及龄儿童抗体水平最低,接种疫苗后几年内麻疹抗体水平均较高,随着年龄增长成年人抗体水平下降之后复升。腮腺炎和风疹抗体均以成年人抗体水平较高。结论目前本区人群中对相应疾病已建立一定的免疫屏障,但应进一步加强成人麻腮风疫苗的接种工作,尤其重视对育龄妇女的疫苗接种,以提高人群免疫力,有助于减少麻疹的两个高发人群,利于控制腮腺炎、风疹的发病。     

上海市松江区健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎抗体水平的监测

目的对上海市松江区健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎抗体水平进行监测,为控制相应疾病,完善免疫策略提供依据。方法采用多阶段抽样法,在松江区15个镇/街道中随机抽取泗泾镇和新浜镇2个镇作为监测现场,采用分层随机抽样法,在被抽中的泗泾镇及新浜镇的本市和外来户籍人群中随机抽取8月龄~40岁共9个年龄组的健康人群作为免疫水平监测对象,依据知情同意的原则,共抽取360人静脉血各3 ml,采用ELISA试剂盒定量检测麻疹、风疹和腮腺炎Ig G抗体水平,同时开展含麻疹成份疫苗(measles-containing vaccine,MCV)免疫史的调查。结果 360名监测对象中,不同户籍、男女构成及各年龄组的人数差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹抗体阳性率分别为96.94%、86.39%和93.61%,抗体几何平均浓度(geometric mean concentration,GMC)分别为1 152.23 m IU/ml及375.36和157.23 IU/ml。本市及外来户籍人群的麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹疫苗免疫史及抗体水平间差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。各年龄组的麻疹保护性抗体阳性率及腮腺炎和风疹的抗体阳性率差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论上海现行的麻疹腮腺炎风疹联合减毒活疫苗(MMR)免疫程序有效、合理,既有助于消除麻疹,又有利于控制腮腺炎、风疹发病;拟对成年人群的不同对象开展MMR的补充免疫活动,以提高人群免疫力,减少相关疾病的发病。     

2019—2021年上海市金山区企业人群麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗补充免疫效果分析

目的 分析2019—2021年上海市金山区企业人群麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗(measles and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine,MR)补充免疫(supplementary immunization activity,SIA)的效果。方法 收集2019—2021年金山区437名企业人员MR疫苗接种前和接种后1个月血清，2 mL/人，ELISA法定量检测麻疹IgG抗体水平，计算几何平均浓度(geometric mean concentration,GMC)。麻疹IgG抗体GMC≥200 mIU/mL时判为抗体阳性，≥800 mIU/mL为保护性抗体阳性；接种MR后，麻疹IgG抗体由阴性转为阳性或麻疹IgG水平升高≥4倍时，判为免疫有效。结果MR接种前麻疹抗体阳性率、保护性抗体阳性率和IgG抗体GMC分别为90.85%、38.44%、795.29 mIU/mL，接种后分别为99.31%、76.20%、1 481.51 mIU/mL。免疫后保护性抗体阳性率(χ²=21.290,P <0.001)和IgG抗体GMC均...     

Breaking, making, and twisting of chemical bonds in gas, liquid, and nanocavities

In this Account, we recount on our studies of 1'-hydroxy-2'-acetonaphthone (HAN, a proton transfer prototype molecule) in gas, solutions, and nanocavities. The internal H-bond photoreaction in HAN leads to a keto type structure, and following its formation, an internal twisting motion gives birth to keto rotamers. Theory, temperature, and solvent effects on its photodynamics show the involvement of efficient radiationless processes in both keto structures. When HAN is caged in a cyclodextrin nanocavity, the spectroscopy, photodynamics, and issues of twisting motion are strongly affected and could be tuned: a behavior relevant to those of many chemical and biological systems.     

Comparison of taurine,GABA, Glu,and Asp as scavengers of malondialdehyde in vitro and in vivo

The purpose of this study is to determine if amino acid neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), taurine, glutamate (Glu), and aspartate (Asp) can scavenge activated carbonyl toxicants. In vitro, direct reaction between malondialdehyde (MDA) and amino acids was researched using different analytical methods. The results indicated that scavenging activated carbonyl function of taurine and GABA is very strong and that of Glu and Asp is very weak in pathophysiological situations. The results provided perspective into the reaction mechanism of taurine and GABA as targets of activated carbonyl such as MDA in protecting nerve terminals. In vivo, we studied the effect of taurine and GABA as antioxidants by detecting MDA concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. It was shown that MDA concentration was decreased significantly, and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased significantly in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of acute epileptic state rats, after the administration of taurine and GABA. The results indicated that the peripherally administered taurine and GABA can scavenge free radicals and protect the tissue against activated carbonyl in vivo and in vitro.     

Separation and quantitation of nitrocellulose,nitroglycerin, diethylphthalate,and centralite in double-base powder

A method is described which makes possible a direct determination of nitrocellulose in double-base powder and powder paste after separation from low-molecular components by gel permeation chromatography and subsequent integration of the nitrocellulose peak. It is also possible to determine nitroglycerin and stabilizers in the same sample by collecting the components in the low-molecular peak and subsequent injection into a reversed-phase chromatography system. The procedure is exemplified on a powder paste containing nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, centralite I, and diethylphthalate. The whole quantitation procedure will take less than an hour.     

果蔬中Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cd和Co含量的测定及评价

以8种果蔬(9种样品)为研究对象,采用湿法消解,建立了ICP-AES同时检测铜、钴、镍、铬、镉和铅六种重金属元素含量的测定方法。在最优条件下,实验结果表明:Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cd和Co的检出限分别为0.0015μg.mL-1、0.024μg.mL-1、0.0042μg.mL-1、0.0033μg.mL-1、0.0006μg.mL-1和0.0021μg.mL-1,相对标准偏差介于0.12%～10.29%之间,加标回收实验中回收率均介于89.4%～108.6%之间(土豆中Ni的回收率为123.7%)。根据国家食品卫生标准中的果蔬类标准,通过分析得出,Cr、Cd两种重金属元素污染比较严重,对居民的身体健康存在潜在的威胁。     

Expression Profiles and Characteristics of Apple lncRNAs in Roots,Phloem, Leaves,Flowers, and Fruit

LncRNAs impart crucial effects on various biological processes, including biotic stress responses, abiotic stress responses, fertility and development. The apple tree is one of the four major fruit trees in the world. However, lncRNAs’s roles in different tissues of apple are unknown. We identified the lncRNAs in five tissues of apples including the roots, phloem, leaves, flowers, and fruit, and predicted the intricate regulatory networks. A total of 9440 lncRNAs were obtained. LncRNA target prediction revealed 10,628 potential lncRNA–messenger RNA (mRNA) pairs, 9410 pairs functioning in a cis-acting fashion, and 1218 acting in a trans-acting fashion. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the targets were significantly enriched in molecular functions related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, single-organism metabolic process and glutathione metabolism. Additionally, a total of 88 lncRNAs have various functions related to microRNAs (miRNAs) as miRNA precursors. Interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs were predicted, 1341 possible interrelations between 187 mdm-miRNAs and 174 lncRNAs (1.84%) were identified. MSTRG.121644.5, MSTRG.121644.8, MSTRG.2929.2, MSTRG.3953.2, MSTRG.63448.2, MSTRG.9870.2, and MSTRG.9870.3 could participate in the functions in roots as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). MSTRG.11457.2, MSTRG.138614.2, and MSTRG.60895.2 could adopt special functions in the fruit by working with miRNAs. A further analysis showed that different tissues formed special lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA networks. MSTRG.60895.2–mdm-miR393–MD17G1009000 may participate in the anthocyanin metabolism in the fruit. These findings provide a comprehensive view of potential functions for lncRNAs, corresponding target genes, and related lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA networks, which will increase our knowledge of the underlying development mechanism in apple.     

Characterization of crystalline cellulose in biomass: Basic principles, applications, and limitations of XRD, NMR, IR, Raman, and SFG

Cellulose is among the most important and abundant biopolymers in biosphere. It is the main structural component of a vast number of plants that carries vital functions for plant growth. Cellulose-based materials have been used in a variety of human activities ranging from papers and fabrics to engineering applications including production of biofuels. However, our understanding of the cellulose structure in its native form is quite limited because the current experimental methods often require separation or purification processes and provide only partial information of the cellulose structure. This paper aims at providing a brief background of the cellulose structure and reviewing the basic principles, capabilities and limitations of the cellulose characterization methods that are widely used by engineers dealing with biomass. The analytical techniques covered in this paper include x-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and vibrational spectroscopy (infrared, Raman, and sum-frequency-generation). The scope of the paper is restricted to the application of these techniques to the structural analysis of cellulose.     

Sorption of N-butane,propane, and ethane in ethylcellulose

The sorption of n-butane, propane, and ethane in ethylcellulose has been investigated between 0 and 200 mm Hg pressure over the temperature range from 30 to 70°C. Sorption isotherms of n-butane, propane, and ethane in ethylcellulose suggest that both Henry's law and the Langmuir forms of sorption, are operative. Sorption data were analyzed using the dual sorption model and sorption parameters determined. The sorption attributed to the Langmuir mode decreases as the temperature increases. This result indicates that the nonlinear Langmuir mode of sorption is more characteristic of the glassy state than sorption represented by the Henry's law mode. It was found that sorption attributed to the Henry's law and Langmuir modes decreases as the molecular size of gaseous hydrocarbon penetrants decrease. In this study, the molecular size of gaseous molecule decreased as the gases studied changed from n-butane to propane to ethane. A correlation of the Henry's law constants for the solution of n-butane, propane, and ethane in ethylcellulose with the Lennard-Jones force constants, ?/k at different temperatures was also determined. The temperature dependence of the Henry's law constants were correlated by a van't Hoff relationship and heats of sorption determined.     

PVP在医药医疗卫生及食品饮料中的应用

ＰＶＰ是一种性能优异的高分子精细化学品,介绍了ＰＶＰ在工业生产及日常生活中的应用情况,重点介绍了其在医药医疗卫生与食品饮料中的应用。     

Co-substitutions of iron and manganese in zirconia. Synthesis,structural, magnetic,mechanical and in vitro evaluation

Co-substitution of iron and manganese in ZrO₂ and the subsequent structural analysis, mechanical, magnetic and in vitro evaluation is presented. Five different compositions have been synthesized by varying the concentrations of iron and manganese addition in ZrO₂ system. Characterization results revealed the concomitant effect of dopant concentration and annealing temperature in influencing the phase behaviour of ZrO₂ alongside the formation of secondary phase comprising bixbyite [(Fe,Mn)₂O₃] structure. XPS analysis confirmed the oxidation state of constituent elements in the composite system. Iron and manganese inclusions in ZrO₂ facilitated ferrimagnetic characteristics and moreover enhanced magnetization is noticed during the crystallization of (Fe,Mn)₂O₃. Pore free microstructures together with the enhanced hardness and Young's modulus values have been determined in the investigated compositions. In vitro studies displayed good biocompatibility, cell viability and negligible toxicity of ZrO₂ system comprising iron and manganese.