燃气汽包注汽锅炉的低氮燃烧与模块设计优化研究

注汽锅炉是用于稠油注蒸汽热采的专用设备.文中以计划用于加拿大的国产燃气汽包注汽锅炉为例,基于加拿大稠油开发的技术需求,介绍了注汽锅炉的低氮燃烧和模块设计优化研究.锅炉采用天然气低氮燃烧器,配合燃气和空气预混、分级配风、炉内再循环和炉外烟气再循环等多种先进燃烧技术,可以实现低氮排放.结合运输要求,锅炉受热面采用成熟的模块...     

天然气加湿富氧燃烧特性分析及烟气置换NGH方案

天然气工业锅炉的污染物排放标准日趋严格,采用单一的控制污染物排放技术手段已难以满足现有需求.本文以提高燃烧热效率与控制污染物排放量为目标,基于富氧燃烧、加湿燃烧与低氮燃烧的组合技术路线,提出一套天然气富氧加湿燃烧及烟气置换开采天然气水合物(NGH)方案.对天然气预混水蒸气燃烧进行数值模拟,确立最佳水蒸气预混比为Rf=0.33.在此基础上,分析不同烟气再循环率及过量空气系数对天然气加湿燃烧特性及污染物排放特性的影响规律以得出最优工况.该工况经烟气循环一次后,直接置换开采NGH的能源投资回报值(EROI)为7.5,具有实际开采价值.     

燃气锅炉低氮改造技术方案与应用效果分析

针对长沙市燃气锅炉的低氮改造工作,对分级燃烧联合烟气再循环、全预混表面燃烧、水冷预混等三种燃气在全国范围锅炉低氮改造方案,以及燃烧器的选型、安装与调试、再循环烟气管道安装等关键技术进行了相应的研究分析,并结合改造后检测数据的统计结果,对长沙市燃气锅炉低氮改造技术的实施效果进行分析。该研究成果可为后续推进低氮改造项目提供借鉴和参考。     

烟气再循环对天然气非预混燃烧NO_x排放特性的影响

天然气在燃烧过程中生成NO_x的浓度主要受温度影响.烟气再循环不仅能降低燃烧温度,而且减小了燃烧高温区域,使污染物排放降低.为减少NO_x排放,采用一台标定功率为800,k W的非预混燃烧器进行了烟气再循环非预混燃烧试验,主要研究了燃烧负荷、过量空气系数、烟气再循环率对NO_x生成的影响.同时,采用FLUENT6.3软件模拟计算燃烧火焰温度分布和NO_x质量浓度分布.结果表明:燃烧器热负荷的增加,会使烟气中NO_x质量浓度增加;过量空气系数?在1.0~1.15之间时,有利于降低NO_x排放;烟气再循环量增加能有效降低NO_x排放,在?为1.1和1.15时、烟气再循环率为20%,时,NO_x质量浓度为40~50,mg/m3.     

天然气低氮氧化物燃烧研究进展与展望

相比于其他化石燃料,天然气燃烧所生成的污染物较少,但NOx排放量仍然较多.随着我国天然气消费量的逐年增加,降低NOx的排放量成为人们普遍关注的重要课题.文章简述了天然气燃烧过程中的NOx生成和还原机理,综述了几种不同低氮燃烧技术的减排效果及研究进展,对比分析了各项低氮燃烧技术的动力学原理及其优缺点,最后展望了天然气低氮燃烧的研究趋势.天然气燃烧生成的NOx主要是热力型NOx,针对热力型NOx的生成机理,减少NOx排放的有效手段包括降低燃烧温度、控制氧气浓度,缩短反应物在高温区的停留时间等.由此发展出了分级燃烧、贫燃预混燃烧、烟气再循环、MILD燃烧和催化燃烧等低氮燃烧技术.其中,分级燃烧、烟气再循环等技术已广泛应用在工程实践当中.这些技术都是通过营造不利于NOx生成的反应气氛来控制NOx排放,但同时这些措施也会引起燃烧不稳定、燃烧效率低等问题.因此,低氮燃烧、稳定燃烧以及燃料完全燃烧之间的协同研究将是今后的研究方向.MILD燃烧、催化燃烧等新兴技术具有优良的低氮燃烧特性,但其反应机理还有待进一步研究.降低MILD燃烧的形成条件、开发高活性和高稳定性的催化剂仍是目前的研究重点.     

烟气再循环对金属纤维表面燃烧器NO_x排放和燃烧稳定性的影响

结合全预混金属纤维表面燃烧器和外部烟气再循环燃烧技术,在350 kW卧式燃气锅炉上进行了实验研究.研究了负荷、过量空气系数和烟气再循环率对CO、NO_x排放和燃烧稳定性的影响.结果表明:负荷变化对NO_x排放无明显影响;过量空气系数越大,NO_x排放越低,但系统热效率随之降低;不采用烟气再循环技术时,NO_x排放低于30 mg/m3时过量空气系数需大于1.73,此时系统热效率低于92.1%;如采用23%的烟气再循环率,实现上述相同NO_x排放水平仅需过量空气系数大于1.3,系统热效率比无烟气再循环时高1.3%;随着烟气再循环率的增大,火焰燃烧不稳定加剧.出现炉膛震动时的烟气再循环率极限值随着负荷的增大而逐渐提高.     

关于低NO_x排放锅炉烟气再循环设计问题的探讨

锅炉低NO_x排放技术中低氮燃烧器与外部烟气再循环相结合是一种广泛应用的技术。但是锅炉外部烟气再循环装置在实际运行中普遍存在烟气阻力大、冷凝水多等问题,根据低氮锅炉改造和运行经验,探讨了烟气外循环相关设计问题,为烟气再循环的设计提供了借鉴。     

116MW燃气热水锅炉的超低氮燃烧改造

华源竹木厂现有1台116MW热水锅炉,燃料为天然气,NO_x的原排放浓度为89.75 mg/m~3,采取超低氮燃烧器+燃尽风技术及烟气再循环技术的方法成功将NO_x的排放指标降低至小于14mg/m~3,NO_x指标覆盖锅炉全负荷,锅炉运行安全稳定。介绍了本次超低氮改造的路线,阐述本次改造中超低氮燃烧器、燃尽风技术及烟气再循环技术的优点,总结了燃气锅炉超低氮改造的改造技术路线,为后续燃气锅炉的超低氮燃烧改造提供了参考。     

链条炉分区段烟气再循环对锅炉运行及NO_x排放特性影响的工业试验

对某台采用尽早配风方式的29 MW锅炉,进行了分段烟气再循环,并对锅炉的运行及NO_x排放特性产生的影响进行了工业试验。在挥发分析出及燃烧区段煤层下的一次风室混入再循环烟气将有效强化该区段煤层燃烧,降低该区段煤层以上燃烧空间的氧浓度,控制及消减挥发分N向NO_x的转化,同时降低了穿过该区段煤层一次风的氧浓度,抑制焦炭N向NO_x转化,NO消减效果最高达到25%。在焦炭燃烧区段煤层下的一次风室混入再循环烟气,能够降低穿过床层气流的氧浓度,抑制焦炭氮向NO的转化过程,但该区段烟气再循环低氮效果有限,最大降幅9%。再循环烟气可以替代部分一次风,以维持足够的风室风压,进而降低穿过煤层气流的O2浓度,从而强化链条炉区段燃烧特性的低氮特征,实现链条炉的NO_x减排。随着工业锅炉NO_x排放指标的不断提高,烟气再循环作为一项有效的前置低氮环节,能有效降低整个低氮系统的投资,进而取得较好的经济性。     

天然气锅炉NOx及CO排放控制试验研究

为了响应政府业及民用天然气锅炉达到超低氮排放,要求绝大多数天然气锅炉采用低氮燃烧器+烟气再循环系统的技术路线,实施后普遍出现NO_x、CO含量偏高、炉膛振动较大等问题。借助116 MW天然气锅炉进行试验研究,研究了燃烧器燃料配比、燃烧火焰长度、助燃空气氧含量三个因素对NO_x及CO的影响,并对投入烟气再循环前后炉膛振动情况进行了检测。试验表明:燃烧器燃料内外配比对NO_x、CO生成影响较大,两者呈现相反趋势变化;燃烧火焰长度对NO_x生成影响较大,对CO含量影响较小;助燃空气氧含量对NO_x、CO生成以及锅炉振动影响较大。三种影响因素相比,助燃空气氧含量影响更为突出。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.