百龙滩电站4号水轮机技术改造

百龙滩电站建成投产以来,运行近20年,受下游乐滩电站水位顶托,百龙滩电站正常尾水位抬高了约1.4 m,最低尾水位抬高了约4.2 m,最大水头由原来的18 m降低为16 m;运行条件改变后,机组在额定水头9.7m时,难以达到额定出力,导叶开度超过80%时机组振动较大,噪音大,因不能再加大开度,造成机组容量受阻严重;当电站水头低于5 m以下时,机组运行振动较大,基本不能发电;由于机组长期处于低水头振动区运行,诱发大量的缺陷及事故,安全生产隐患较多;电站正常的安全生产已无法保障,且低水头段电量损失严重,电站经济效益降低,为了保证电站安全生产,必需进行水轮机技术改造。经过改造,各项运行指标达到要求,机组在改造设计工况下稳定运行,达到水轮机技术改造预期目的。     

低水头混流式水轮机振动噪声的原因分析及研究

西南某低水头电站,水轮机在额定水头额定出力下运行良好,但在高于额定水头及满负荷、超负荷区域,机组出现强烈振动及噪声。经分析认为,振动工况特征点位于转轮运转特性曲线上的叶道涡区域内,CFD数值模拟也表明,在高水头满负荷、超负荷运行区内,转轮叶片间存在不稳定涡流,则该电站水轮机在高水头高负荷下的振动及噪声是由叶道涡引起的。     

灯泡贯流式水轮机导叶与桨叶协联关系探讨

探讨了灯泡贯流式水轮机导叶开度与桨叶开度的协联关系的含义、协联关系曲线中水头的正确理解及设置方法、现场协联调试及优化方法、调速器自动水头输入及自动协联可行性、同一电站不同机组协联关系中水头损失设置差异、机组各运行水头下功率限制的严格控制、机组负荷周期性波动原因分析、机组异常振动噪音分析及改善等。灯泡贯流式水轮机实际运行时应尽可能接近协联工况,并能充分发挥其最佳水力性能。     

基于流固耦合的低水头混流式水轮机转轮叶片静力分析

依据西南某低水头水电站混流式水轮发电机组增效扩容改造项目,对新水轮机转轮进行数值模拟,采用单向流固耦合方法,研究转轮叶片在拟定水头下,导叶开度从17°~33°运行工况时的静力特性。结果表明在不同工况下该转轮叶片最大静应力与开度关系变化趋势基本一致。     

新型潮汐双向竖井贯流式水轮机能量特性研究

为了研究某潮汐电站开发的新型高效低水头大流量双向竖井贯流式水轮机的能量特性,进行了模型试验与数值模拟计算。在模型试验中测试了水轮机正反两向、不同叶片安放角、不同导叶开度下的水头、流量和扭矩等参数,绘制了水轮机模型综合特性曲线,并与数值模拟结果进行了对比。试验结果表明,水轮机额定工况下,正向效率可达89.68%,反向效率可达84.08%,满足该潮汐电站运行要求;数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合,验证了数值模拟的可靠性,同时通过将换算后的原型试验结果与CFD数值模拟结果进行对比发现,在偏离设计工况点但是保持额定水头不变时,改变导叶开度引起的流量变化比改变叶片安放角引起的流量变化对数值模拟结果的偏差影响略大。     

高坝洲电厂机组低水头下运行情况分析及调速器控制策略调整

经深入研究高坝州电站及其机组的实际运行条件认为,要保证机组在较高的效率区间运行,在低于额定水头运行情况下,电厂应控制机组有功出力,保持负荷控制在合理的区间,避免机组运行在低效率区增加振动。建议对低水头(32.5 m)条件下的机组效率进行实测,结合"水轮机运转特性曲线",确定机组低水头出力限制值。在桨叶开度较大时,适当增大调速器有功调整死区,尽量减小桨叶开度波动对机组负荷调整的影响。该策略的实施表明,效果较好。     

混流式水轮机低水头工况流动特性探究

为研究混流式水轮机在低水头工况下内部空化流动特性,采用ANSYS CFX软件,基于SST k-ω湍流模型和Rayleigh-Plesset空化模型对某混流式水轮机在70m低水头条件下的3种不同导叶开度工况进行数值模拟分析。结果表明:随着开度增大,负压区域面积逐渐减小,同时,最大开度下转轮叶片压力面进口边附近出现明显的低压带;随着开度增大,涡带形态由不稳定的螺旋涡带转变为沿尾水管轴心线分布的稳定涡柱;叶片吸力面气相分布主要集中在下环靠出水边处,且气泡分布面积随开度增大而增大。     

超低水头竖井贯流式水轮机模型试验

为研究超低水头下竖井贯流式水轮机的能量特性和空化特性,对一种额定水头为2.10 m的超低水头竖井贯流式水轮机进行模型试验。基于河海大学水力机械多功能试验台,采用压差传感器、电磁流量计、扭矩仪等仪器对不同导叶开度、不同叶片安放角下GD-WS-35型水轮机的水头、流量和扭矩等参数进行测试,并绘制了水轮机模型综合特性曲线。试验结果表明:当叶片安放角为23°,导叶开度为65°时,在额定水头2.10 m条件下,模型水轮机的流量为0.398 m3/s,效率为83.34%,出力为6.838kW,对应原型水轮机的流量为9.96m3/s,效率为85.14%,出力为174.7 kW,水轮机具有良好的能量特性;当叶片安放角为23°,导叶开度为65°时,水轮机具有良好的空化性能。     

水泵水轮机"S"特性区危害及解决对策

高水头、大容量单级水泵水轮机一般在水轮机工况空载开度运行时具有较为明显的"S"特性."S"特性使机组在难以正常并网并造成由调相工况转发电运行以及水轮机工况的甩负荷停机过程中产生不稳定运行区.预开启部分导叶法、加装导叶不同步装置(MGV)和使用单元式接力器可以较好地避开水泵水轮机的"S"特性运行区域,获得较理想的运行效果.     

利用性能预测方法确定电站最优运行工况

1 概述水轮机性能预测理论的发展及计算技术的应用使得预测精度越来越高。通过性能预测可以了解模型水轮机乃至电站真机的性能,这在一定程度上减轻和替代了实验工作。水轮机运行的性能主要是指运行时的效率、出力、汽蚀系数的大小及运行的稳定性等。由于一年四季降雨量不一样,电站的水头、流量会随季节变化,因而运行工况是经常变化的,水轮机在不同的流量、水头工况下运行有不同的性能。本文主要是通过性能预测,找出电站真机在不同水头、流量工况下的最     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.