Understanding Sexual Objectification: A Comprehensive Approach Toward Media Exposure and Girls' Internalization of Beauty Ideals,Self‐Objectification,and Body Surveillance

The relationship between exposure to sexually objectifying music television, primetime television programs, fashion magazines, and social networking sites and the internalization of beauty ideals, self‐objectification, and body surveillance was examined among adolescent girls (N = 558). A structural equation model showed direct relationships between sexually objectifying media and the internalization of beauty ideals, and indirect relationships between sexually objectifying media and self‐objectification, and body surveillance through the internalization of beauty ideals. The direct relationships between sexually objectifying media and the internalization of beauty ideals, self‐objectification, and body surveillance differed across the types of sexually objectifying media. The discussion focuses on the implications of these findings to explain self‐objectification among girls.     

Pornography and Sexist Attitudes Among Heterosexuals

Using a probability‐based sample of young Danish adults and a randomized experimental design, this study investigated effects of past pornography consumption, experimental exposure to nonviolent pornography, perceived realism of pornography, and personality (i.e., agreeableness) on sexist attitudes (i.e., attitudes toward women, hostile and benevolent sexism). Further, sexual arousal mediation was assessed. Results showed that, among men, an increased past pornography consumption was significantly associated with less egalitarian attitudes toward women and more hostile sexism. Further, lower agreeableness was found to significantly predict higher sexist attitudes. Significant effects of experimental exposure to pornography were found for hostile sexism among low in agreeableness participants and for benevolent sexism among women. These experimental exposure effects were found to be mediated by sexual arousal.     

Black and White Viewers' Perception and Recall of Occupational Characters on Television

This study examined the differences in how Black and White viewers process messages based on the race of television characters representing 5 occupations. Black and White male viewers were exposed to either 5 Black or 5 White male television characters representing 5 different occupations (i.e., lawyer, doctor, professor, engineer, and business student). Findings from 81 male Black and White college students suggest that Black viewers have better recall of Black occupational characters on television than they do White occupational characters on television. Unexpectedly, the results show evidence that both Black and White viewers' perceptions of occupational characters were positively affected by the race of the Black character. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.     

湘潭市PM2.5 中二次水溶性无机离子及其 气态前体物的污染特征

2013年12月3日至2014年1月14日, 在湘潭市2个功能区(交通、商业、居民区和工业区) 采样点对大气PM2.5进行了采集, 并同步采集了SO₂、NO₂; 进而利用离子色谱法对PM2.5中二次水溶性无机离子(SO₄²⁻、NO₃⁻ 和 NH₄⁺ ) 的浓度进行测试分析。通过分析不同空气质量级别下硫、氮氧化速率(SOR 和 NOR) , 探讨了PM2.5中硫酸盐和硝酸盐的来源、形成机制和影响因素等。结果表明, 采样期间湘潭市PM2.5及其二次水溶性无机离子(SO₄²⁻、NO₃⁻ 和 NH₄⁺ ) 的质量浓度分别为148.34、56.19 g/m3, 其中 SO₄²⁻、NO₃⁻ 和 NH₄⁺分别占PM2.5 浓度的15.26%、14.06% 和8.57%, 三者累计值占PM2.5质量浓度的37.88%。随着PM2.5 浓度增加, 二次水溶性无机离子及其气态前体物SO₂、NO₂ 的浓度也逐渐增加, 且“重度”污染时SO₄²⁻、NO₃⁻ 和 NH₄⁺ 浓度较“良”时分别上升了1.93、2.41、2.03倍。不同空气质量级别下PM2.5中的SO₄²⁻、NO₃⁻ 主要以NH₄NO₃ 和(NH₄)₂SO₄ 的形式存在, 但在“轻度”和“ 中度”污染时可能存在其它的硫酸盐和硝酸盐。采样期间SOR 和NOR 的平均值分别为0.18和0.17, 不同污染级别下二者均在0.15 以上(大于0.1), 表明湘潭市PM2.5中的硫酸盐和硝酸盐主要是经转化形成的二次污染物。大气PM2.5中NO₃⁻ /SO₄²⁻ 为0.89, 不同空气质量级别下二者比值分别为0.78、0.99、0.82、0.97(均小于1), 表明湘潭市冬季PM2.5污染以燃煤源排放为主。     

Television camera tube component noise factors

The signal-to-noise ratio in the video output from a television camera tube equals the signal-to-noise ratio in the optical exposure divided by the product of the noise factors for each of the tube'S components. The noise factor of each component is determined by the amount by which the component increases the rms fluctuation in the number of quanta representing a picture element. The noise factor of the components (e.g., image section photoconductor, electron multiplier, low-velocity scanning beam) is calculated for a variety of components. The component noise factor equations show that: 1) the noise factor of photon-to-electron converters is primarily determined by their quantum efficiency, i.e., by the number of electrons produced per photon, and 2) the noise factor of readout processes decreases as the signal voltage on the target increases, and increases with an increase in energy spread of the reading beam for low-velocity read-out, or of the secondary electrons for high-veloicty readout.     

Understanding social viewing through discussion network and emotion: A focus on South Korean presidential debates

With the development of social media, television viewing is perceived no longer as an isolated activity. This study explores the underlying mechanism of the effects of social viewing discussion networks (i.e., bridging and bonding social viewing networks) on emotions (i.e., anger, fear, and enthusiasm), and moreover on opinion consolidation as well as opinion weakening in the context of the 2017 South Korean presidential debates. Overall, the main results are: a) Social viewing discussion networks influenced emotional states of social viewers, b) Emotions influenced attitude formation during social viewing, and c) Enthusiasm served as a catalyst that links bonding and bridging social viewing, and opinion consolidation. Implications and theoretical contributions are discussed.     

Local exposure system for rats head using a figure-8 loop antenna in 1500-MHz band

Cellular phones are used in the vicinity of the human head, resulting in localized exposure to this part of the body. To simulate exposure during cellular phone use, microwave energy absorption should be focused within the head region of laboratory animals. In this paper, we developed an exposure system using a figure-8 loop antenna to permit localized exposure of a rat head to 1500-MHz microwave fields, simulating human head exposure to cellular phones. We have numerically estimated the specific absorption rate (SAR) in a rat exposed to microwave fields via our new exposure system. The high ratio of SAR averaged over the target tissue (i.e., the brain) to that averaged over the whole body suggests that the figure-8 antenna can realize greater localized exposure than the previously used exposure system. We have also confirmed the effectiveness of our proposed system experimentally.     

The body electric: thin-ideal media and eating disorders in adolescents

The aim of this study was to replicate survey research demonstrating a correlation between adults' thin-ideal media exposure and eating disorders (Harrison & Cantor, 1997) with a sample of 366 adolescents. Measures included interest in body-improvement media content, exposure to thin-ideal television and magazines, exposure to fat-character television, exposure to sports magazines, and eating-disorder symptomatology. Exposure to fat-character television, thin-ideal magazines, and sports magazines predicted eating-disorder symptomatology for females, especially older females. Exposure to fat-character television also predicted body dissatisfaction for younger males. Relationships remained significant when selective exposure based on interest in body-management content was controlled. Discussion centers on the importance of age and sex in moderating the effects of exposure to thin-ideal media on eating disorders.     

Technology adoption and content consumption in Chinese television: Local city,national city,and global city

Advances in media technologies allow people to restructure their relations across a broad range of time and space. As a result, modern communities are organized on local, national, and global bases. These communities are sustained and developed by media technologies their members adopt and characteristic media contents they consume. This article explores the relations between technology adoption, content consumption, and modern communities in Chinese television. The results indicate that the space-biased feature of television is enhanced by a combination of space-biased technologies and ritualized contents (i.e., drama and popular entertainment). Meanwhile, the over-emphasized space-biased feature is counterbalanced by a combination of time-biased technologies and instrumental contents (i.e., knowledge/information programs). Of more importance, the study supports three development trajectories of modern communities and media: (1) the larger scale the community has, the more the community relies on media to organize and coordinate; (2) the larger scale the community has, the less the community is tied to the traditional sources; and (3) the larger scale the community has, the less the community has shared cultural practices.     

Using the Timing Information of Heartbeats as an Entity Identifier to Secure Body Sensor Network

Security of the emerging body sensor network (BSN) in telemedicine applications is a crucial problem because personal medical information must be protected against flaws and misdeeds. The solution is, however, nontrivial because lightweight mechanisms have to be deployed to meet the stringent resource constraints of these networks. It has been suggested that the inherent ability of human body to transfer information is a unique and resource-saving method to secure wireless communications within a BSN. For example, physiological characteristics can be captured by individual sensors of a BSN to generate entity identifiers (EIs) for identifying nodes and even securing keying materials, i.e., by a biometric approach. This study demonstrates the performance analysis of such a biometric trait, i.e., the interpulse intervals (IPIs) of heartbeats that were calculated from electrocardiogram and photoplethysmogram of 99 subjects. Based on the characteristics of IPIs, a lightweight generation scheme of EIs is proposed. Individual randomness and group similarity of the generated EIs are then evaluated. False acceptance rate and false rejection rate are also calculated to measure the effectiveness of the proposed identification system. The results suggest that the readily available IPI information can be a good source for generating EIs among BSN nodes.      

The Relation Between Television Exposure and Theory of Mind Among Preschoolers

This study explored the relation between preschoolers' television exposure and one important indicator of cognitive processing called theory of mind (ToM). A total of 107 preschoolers and their parents provided data on the preschoolers' television exposure (including both intentional viewing and exposure via background television), parent–child discussion of television, and preschoolers' ToM. The results indicated that preschoolers who were exposed to more background television and who had a television in their bedroom performed more poorly on ToM assessments compared with other children. Parent–child discussion of television was positively related to ToM performance, however. These results have implications for how we understand the effects of television on preschoolers.     

Distributed architectures and logical-task decomposition inmultimedia surveillance systems

In the past few years, the development of complex surveillance systems has captured the interest of both the research and industrial worlds. Strong and challenging requirements of modern society are involved in this problem, which aims to increase safety and security in several application domains such as transport, tourism, home and bank security, military applications, etc. At the same time, fast improvements in microelectronics, telecommunications, and computer science make it necessary to consider new perspectives in this field. The main objective of this paper is to investigate, discuss, and evaluate the impact of distributed processing and new communication techniques on multimedia surveillance systems, which represent the so-called third-generation surveillance systems (3 GSSs). In particular, aspects related to the distribution of intelligence among multiple-processing and wide-bandwidth resources are discussed in detail. It is shown how distribution of intelligence can be obtained by a hierarchical architecture that partitions, in a dynamic way, the main logical processing tasks (i.e., representation, recognition, and communication) performed in a 3 GSS physical architecture made up of intelligent cameras, hubs, and central control rooms. The advantages of this solution are pointed out in terms of 1) increased flexibility and reconfigurability and 2) optimal allocation of available processing and bandwidth resources. Finally, a case study is analyzed that allows one to gain a deeper insight into a distributed surveillance system     

What Is Second Screening? Exploring Motivations of Second Screen Use and Its Effect on Online Political Participation

This study focuses on second screening for news, a hybrid media process that combines watching news on television and a second, web‐connected screen (i.e., smart‐phone, laptop). Based on U.S.‐national, 2‐wave panel data, the paper (a) examines people's motivations to engage in second screen use, and then (b) advances the relationship between second screening and online political behaviors. Discussing and pursuing further information are both central motivations for second screen use. Furthermore, results suggest second screening for news is a significant predictor of online political participation and a key link between TV news and political engagement as this relationship is fully mediated. The study advances theoretically and empirically ways in which an informed public opinion may partake of a more engaged democracy.     

Electrical Resistance and Microstructural Changes of Silver–Epoxy Isotropic Conductive Adhesive Joints Under High Humidity and Heat

In this study, the degradation mechanism of chip resistors mounted with Ag–epoxy isotropic conductive adhesive (ICA) under two different environmental conditions, i.e., humidity exposure (85°C/85% relative humidity) and thermal cycling (TC, –40°C to 125°C), was examined by monitoring the change in electrical resistance and by transmission electron microscopy. The effect of the terminal finishes (Sn/Ni or Au/Ni) of the chip components on joint stability during those two tests was also examined. The electrical resistance of the Sn/Ni-plated chip component joined with Ag–epoxy ICA during both environmental tests increased with exposure time. On the other hand, the electrical resistance of the Au/Ni-plated chip component joined with Ag–epoxy ICA remained unchanged during both tests. In the case of the Sn/Ni-plated chip joint, Sn oxides such as SnO, SnO₂, and Sn-Cl-O were formed inhomogeneously on the surface of the Sn plating during the humidity exposure test. Under the TC test, microcracks were also observed at the Sn/epoxy and the Ag filler/epoxy interfaces. A Ni₃Sn intermetallic compound (IMC) was formed at the interface between Sn and Ni, and the Ni₃Sn₄ IMC was also formed at the Sn surface. In contrast, no oxide was found in the Au/Ni-plated chip joint during the humidity exposure test. Also, no IMC was found in that joint during the TC test. It is suggested that oxides, microcracks, and IMCs cause the electrical degradation of Sn/Ni-plated chip components joined with Ag–epoxy ICA.     

Television Exposure and Disordered Eating Among Children: A Longitudinal Panel Study

Although the link between media consumption and eating disorders has been widely studied, relatively little is known about the development of this link in childhood. A longitudinal panel survey of 315 White and Black preadolescent boys and girls revealed that television exposure, after controlling for age, perceived body size, selective exposure to ideal-body television, and baseline disordered eating, significantly predicted disordered eating 1 year later for girls but not for boys. Findings suggest that disordered eating as an outcome of television exposure is an important issue for Black girls as well as White girls. Results also highlight the need for continued investigation into gender differences in the effects of media exposure on eating disturbance in childhood.     

The (Non)Violent World of YouTube: Content Trends in Web Video

In this content analysis, we examined violence in Web‐based entertainment. YouTube videos (N = 2,520) were collected in 3 different categories: most viewed, top rated, and random, with additional comparisons between amateur and professional content. Frequencies of violent acts and the context of violence (e.g., characteristics of perpetrator and victim, justification, consequences) were compared both between these categories of YouTube videos and with existing research on television violence. The results showed far less violence as a percentage of programming on YouTube than there is on television. Moreover, the violence that was present showed more realistic consequences and more negative context than television violence. Post hoc comparisons illustrated several differences in the presentation of violence between make and category of video.     

Sensitivity of the System Performance to the Propagation Parameters in LOS Microcellular Environments

Propagation loss is a fundamental phenomenon that affects the performance of any wireless network. Although propagation characteristics in line-of-sight (LOS) microcellular systems are well known, so far, only a few papers have investigated its effect on system performance in a comprehensive manner. In this paper, the impact of both system parameters (i.e., cell size, antenna height, operating frequency, and reuse factor) and propagation loss parameters (i.e., breakpoint distance, path loss exponents, standard deviation of the shadowing component, signals correlation, and effective road height) on the performance of both time-division multiple access (TDMA)- and code-division multiple access (CDMA)-based LOS microcellular networks is studied. Performance is evaluated in terms of outage probability in TDMA-based systems and in terms of the other-cell interference factor in CDMA-based systems. This paper includes substantial numerical results and new insights into the behavior of wireless system performance. For instance, novel insights into the impact of both distance-dependent shadowing and the effective road height on system performance are provided. In particular, nontypical fluctuational and discontinuous behavior on performance metrics are observed, and at microwave frequencies, the spectral efficiency is greater for heavy vehicular traffic conditions (i.e., during daytime) than for light vehicular traffic conditions (i.e., during nighttime). Such an understanding of interference engineering issues is vital for the planning, designing, dimensioning, and the optimization of mobile LOS microcellular networks for present and future wireless systems beyond third generation.      

Development of a 2.45-GHz Local Exposure System for In Vivo Study on Ocular Effects

We developed a new exposure system to irradiate microwaves locally on a rabbit eye using a small coaxial-to-waveguide adapter filled with low-loss dielectric material as an antenna. A numerical rabbit model was also developed using X-ray computer tomography images, and the specific absorption rates (SARs) in the rabbit, especially in the eye, were analyzed with the finite-difference time-domain method. The temperature elevation in the exposed eye was also evaluated by solving a bioheat equation. Our exposure system can generate incident power density of 15 mW/cm² at the surface of a rabbit eye with input power of 1 W. When the incident power density on the rabbit eye is 300 mW/cm² , average SAR over the exposed eye and the whole body were approximately 108 and 1.8 W/kg, respectively. The exposure system can realize localized exposure to the eye with the ratio of exposed-eye averaged SAR to the whole-body averaged SAR was 60. The developed exposure system can achieve high-intensity exposure such as the threshold of cataracts, i.e., the eye-averaged SAR over 100 W/kg or the lens temperature over 41 degC with the incident power density of 300mW/cm² without significant whole-body thermal stresses     

微波视频监控系统的RTP协议设计

有线电视监控在生活和工作中得到了广泛的应用,然而在某些环境中,由于成本或地形所限,有线电视监控无法实现.无线网络产品的快速发展和视频压缩标准的日渐完善对此提供了较好的解决方案.介绍了视频压缩技术(H.264)的基本实现思想和软件系统的组成,阐述了RTP协议和协议的具体实现.在此基础上,提出了一种微波视频监控系统的RTP传输协议设计,取得了良好的效果.