Effect of Boiling and Frying on the Total Carbohydrate,Vitamin C and Mineral Contents of Irish (Solanun tuberosum) and Sweet (Ipomea batatas) Potato Tubers

In a study aimed at ascertaining whether boiling or frying best conserves nutrients; since the two methods are commonly adapted in Nigeria, the effect of boiling and frying on total carbohydrate, vitamin C and mineral contents of Irish (Solanum tuberosum) and sweet (Ipomea batatas) potato tubers were investigated. The determination of total carbohydrate was carried out using the phenol-sulphuric acid method and the spectrophotometric method was used to determine vitamin C content at 520 nm. The minerals evaluated are iron, zinc, magnesium, sodium, calcium and copper. These were determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the total carbohydrate content of the boiled and fried sweet and Irish potatoes compared with their raw tubers. There was significant difference (p < 0.05) in the vitamin C content of the boiled and fried potato tubers. Boiling and frying of Irish potato resulted in a loss of 37.34 mg/100 ml (63.90%) and 30.44 mg/100 ml (53.90%) vitamin C respectively. Boiled sweet potato lost 51.16 mg/100 ml (72.37%) and fried lost 43.05 mg/100 ml (60.90%) of vitamin C. The mineral compositions of the boiled and fried Irish and sweet potatoes were significantly different (p < 0.05) from their raw tubers. Boiling retained more iron and copper while frying retained more zinc, magnesium, sodium and calcium in both Irish and sweet potato tubers. Boiling retained more carbohydrate while frying retained more vitamin C and minerals.     

甘薯嫩叶中Vc在加工过程的变化

采用2,4- 二硝基苯肼比色法测定甘薯嫩叶中VC 含量,分析不同贮藏条件及干制、腌制、速冻、烹饪等不同加工方式对VC 含量的影响。结果表明：甘薯嫩茎叶中VC 含量高达26.48mg/100g;甘薯嫩叶采后营养价值随存放时间而递减,低温冷藏和冷冻均能降低其营养损失速度,在6℃下贮藏9d VC 含量为15.96mg/100g;干制及腌制对VC 有较大的损害。甘薯嫩叶的烹饪以适当的高温及尽可能短的时间为佳,在160℃、50s 下VC 残留含量为16.85mg/100g。烹饪过程中适当添加调味料如食醋和蔗糖,可以减少VC 的损失。     

Impact of Thermal and Chemical Pretreatments on Physicochemical,Rheological, and Functional Properties of Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas Lam) Flour

The impact of thermal and chemical pretreatments on the physicochemical, rheological, and functional properties of sweet potato flour was investigated. The chemical pretreatment consisted in dipping peeled sweet potatoes in 1 % (w/v) calcium chloride (CaCl₂), while the thermal pretreatment was achieved by blanching them in tap water at 90 °C for 1 min. Composition in flour moisture, protein, fat, non-reducing sugars, and starch was determined using standard methods. Particle size, color, gelatinization, and rheological properties were analyzed. The water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI), as well as the swelling capacity (SC) and sorption isotherms, were determined. The reducing sugar content of sweet potato flour was slightly higher in CaCl₂-pretreated (SSPCaCl₂) samples than that in blanched (SSPB) and control (SSP) samples. However, the lightness of the SSPB sample was lower than that of the SSPCaCl₂ and SSP samples. SSPCaCl₂ sample had the higher value of enthalpy of gelatinization and elasticity modulus G′. The SC was higher in blanched samples. A slight increase in the constant of water binding energy (C _BET) was observed after the CaCl₂ treatment and a marked increase for the blanched sample. Owing to the differences induced by blanching and CaCl₂ pretreatments, CaCl₂-pretreated flour samples are more suitable for bread-making processes and can also be used in food formulations.     

烹饪方式对甘薯营养成分的影响

通过测定甘薯中的总酚、还原糖、抗性淀粉、慢消化淀粉、快消化淀粉、蛋白质、β-胡萝卜素含量的变化,来研究蒸、煮、微波3种烹饪方式对甘薯中营养成分的变化规律。结果表明:煮和微波均可以保证甘薯的营养成分不流失,有利于人体吸收更加充分的营养,其中,微波更佳。     

Textural and Gelatinization Characteristics of White,Cream, and Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato Tubers (Ipomoea Batatas L.)

Sweet potato is an important food crop having nutritive value in terms of starch, carotein, and minerals. The acceptability and overall quality of the products depend on their textural and rheological attributes. Cooking quality of the tubers could be related to the textural, pasting, and gelatinization properties, which vary depending on the flesh color of the tubers. Also, being a promising ingredient in many of the traditional and industrial products, the physico-chemical and functional properties of sweet potato flour are very much important for their selection for developing various value added products. The textural, gelatinization, and pasting characteristics of white, cream, and orange fleshed sweet potato tubers were analyzed and their thermal softening behavior was modeled by linear regression and fractional conversion techniques. Significant variations were observed in the properties among different varieties (p < 0.05). Kinetics of texture degradation on cooking were explained by first-order and dual-mechanism first-order models and the latter was found to be more suitable. The first three principal components explained about 85% of the total variation in texture profile parameters, gelatinization, and pasting properties. Though there was no similarity in the textural properties of the raw tubers among the varieties of same flesh color group, the quality of the cooked tubers and flours of different varieties in the same group are similar as revealed by the multivariate analysis.     

热风干燥甘薯片的热质传递分析

为探究甘薯片在热风干燥过程中的温度和水分分布,建立数值模型来模拟不同恒定干燥温度(50,60,70,80 ℃)的传热、传质过程。由于物料在热风干燥过程中会发生较为明显的收缩效应,其有效水分扩散系数会发生改变,对模拟的精准度产生影响,因此对比了依赖温度、收缩相关扩散系数两种方式的传热、传质过程。结果表明,基于收缩相关的有效水分扩散系数能准确地描述甘薯片的热风干燥过程,其中依赖收缩的水分比以及温度的模拟值与试验值的决定系数(R2)在 0.976~0.994和0.961~0.981之间。为了分析不同热风温度对甘薯片干燥后质量的影响,从色差、复水率及感官评分方面分析,得出60 ℃为甘薯片热风干燥的最佳温度。模拟试验结果表明,有效水分扩散系数随热风温度的升高而上升,传热、传质系数对甘薯片温度变化以及干燥过程的影响十分显著。所开发的模型可为不同干燥温度下模拟研究其它农作物的干燥过程提供借鉴。     

不同贮藏方式对土豆中VC含量的影响

以探讨不同贮藏方式对土豆中VC含量的影响为目的;采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法测定不同贮藏方式下的土豆中VC的含量变化;结果是三种贮藏方式下的土豆中VC的含量随着贮藏时间增加而降低,常温贮藏比低温贮藏的土豆VC含量和保存率较高,连续干燥比间歇干燥时维生素保存率高。     

紫薯与紫薯清酒中花青素的测定及稳定性研究

利用pH示差法,探讨了紫薯及紫薯清酒中花青素的含量变化和花青素的稳定性。结果表明,紫薯花青素在料液比为1∶15、盐酸浓度为0.4 mol/L、提取温度为50℃、浸提时间为2 h的条件下提取效果最佳;色素对光照、温度、酸碱具有较好的稳定性,氧气对其稳定性的影响较大,紫薯酒的贮存条件应尽量做到低温、隔绝氧气和避光。     

Microscopic Effects of Ultrasound on the Structure of Potato Starch Preliminary Study

This preliminary study has related the nature of rupture in starch grains, induced by ultrasound, to the ambient atmosphere, the concentration of the suspension, the frequency and the time of irradiation. It has been tentatively concluded that principally mechanical effects have been induced under conditions that would promote vaporous cavitation (280 KHz, 15 W/cm²). In an atmosphere of hydrogen, many deep conical pits are produced. In an atmosphere of air or oxygen, deep pitting is somewhat less pronounced than in hydrogen but injury to other parts of the surface is greater. Virtually no effect is produced in vacuo, and under carbon dioxide the effect is very weak. The extent of damage increases with time of radiation and decreases with increasing concentration of starch in the suspension. It is suggested that damage produced by ultrasound indicates a primarily radial structure of submicroscopic units in the starch grain. Explanations proposed for the effects observed must be tested in further experiments.     

芒果片真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水的传质动力学及品质分析

为解决芒果果脯生产过程中传质效率低、加工时间长的问题,该文研究了脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水对芒果传质动力学、质量特性和微观结构的影响。结果表明：脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水组的芒果失水率（54.43%）最高,较常规渗透脱水、脉冲真空预处理渗透脱水、超声辅助渗透脱水组分别高45.85%、14.06%、29.38%,增固率（12.81%）较常规渗透脱水、超声辅助渗透脱水、脉冲真空预处理渗透脱水组分别高90.03%、53.43%、32.06%。用Azuara模型拟合渗透脱水过程中失水率和增固率的变化,高回归系数（R2>0.97）和低RMSE表明Azuara模型可以较好拟合芒果渗透脱水过程,预测脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水组的平衡脱水率、增固率最高,分别为65.06%和23.35%。测定色泽和质构,发现超声辅助渗透脱水组、脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水组芒果硬度值显著低于常规渗透脱水组和脉冲真空预处理渗透脱水组（p<0.05）,而芒果色泽得到了较好保护。通过扫描电镜的观察,发现超声处理使芒果细胞壁塌陷与变形、细胞横截面积变小、微孔增多。此外,真空对芒果硬度和微观结构的影响均较小。综上,脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水通过改变芒果细胞结构、增加传质微通道,提高了渗透脱水的效率,缩短加工时间,可以较好保护芒果色泽,但会导致硬度的下降。     

超声辅助热风干燥柠檬片的动力学研究及其维生素C含量的变化

采用超声波预处理柠檬片,以干基含水量、干燥速率、复水率、维生素C含量为主要指标,研究超声处理时间对柠檬片干制的影响。结果表明:超声波预处理后热风干燥柠檬片的干燥速率增加,干燥所需时间至少缩短20%,热风干燥阶段耗能量明显降低;试验范围内的探针式超声处理时间越短,干燥速率越大,而一定范围内的水浴式超声预处理时间越长,干燥速率越大。超声波预处理不仅能降低柠檬片热风干燥时维生素C的损失,而且对干制品的复水率也有较好的改善效果。探针式超声波预处理时间越长,维生素C损失越大,复水比降低,应用中需选择较短时间的预处理;随着水浴式超声波预处理时间的延长,干制柠檬片中维生素C含量呈平缓下降的趋势,复水比逐渐增大,而超声预处理时间延长至11 min后,变化不明显(P<0.05)。探针式超声波预处理3 min、热风干燥160 min的柠檬片中维生素C的含量为32.93 mg/100 g,复水比4.61±0.08;水浴式超声波预处理11 min、热风干燥160 min的柠檬片中维生素C的含量为29.70 mg/100 g,复水比4.60±0.13。     

加工方法对紫甘薯花色苷含量及组成的影响

目的:研究烤、炸和蒸3种加工方法对紫甘薯花色苷的影响.方法:采用HPLC-MS法测定3种加工方法对紫甘薯花色苷含量及其组成的变化.结果:3种加工方法均可降低紫甘薯花色苷含量,其花色苷残余率:炸薯93.7％,蒸薯87.1％和烤薯60.0％.紫甘薯中双酰化的花色苷稳定性高于单酰化花色苷,咖啡酸酰化的花色苷组分稳定性高于对羟基苯甲酸酰化花色苷.结论:炸和蒸加工方法可有效维持紫甘薯花色苷含量.     

方便薯粉生产工艺及配套设备研究

本文报道了班产1t方便薯粉的生产工艺及其配套设备。     

Influence of Storage Duration and Temperature on Sweet Potato Sugar Content and Chip Color

Sugar concentration and chip color of three orange-flesh and two white-flesh sweet potato cultivars were determined after various lengths of storage at different temperatures. Lightest colored chips were produced from roots chipped immediately after harvest and from cultivars which contained the lowest levels of glucose and fructose. Storage of roots at 32°, 15.6°, or 7°C after harvest resulted in increased sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations and darker colored chips. Manipulation of storage temperature was not successful in lowering reducing sugar concentration in any cultivar.     

外源因素对萌发大豆中VC含量的影响

大豆不含VC,但在萌发过程中会产生VC,且生成量随萌发天数的延长而增加。在大豆萌发过程中分别采用葡萄糖、L-半乳糖、D-甘露糖、碘化钾浸泡以及紫外光照射,研究外源因素对VC含量的影响。结果表明：葡萄糖、L-半乳糖、碘化钾溶液浸泡以及紫外光照射对VC合成均有不同程度的促进作用,其中L-半乳糖浸泡的作用最大,与未处理相比VC增加了8.43mg/100g;其次是葡萄糖浸泡,VC增加了4.23mg/100g,且较低葡萄糖质量浓度下延长浸泡时间优于高质量浓度短时浸泡。紫外光照射从第5天开始对VC合成的促进作用明显加强。     

甘薯抗性淀粉含量的基因型差异与环境效应研究

采用适合甘薯特性的抗性淀粉含量测定分析方法,对在6个点种植的21个甘薯品种抗性淀粉定量测定,分析其基因型差异和环境效应互作;结果表明：含量变幅在16％～23．7％之间,甘薯抗性淀粉含量的基因型、产地以及基因型与产地互作效应均达显著水平。筛选出浙6025、徐55—2、浙7528和浙3449等抗性淀粉含量较高的品种。     

Cellulose Derivatives Effects on Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Sweet Potato Starch

Effects of physically or chemically modified celluloses on gelatinization and retrogradation of sweet potato starch were examined by Theological measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. The mixture of sweet potato starch and four modified celluloses (powdered microcrystalline cellulose, alkaline soluble fibrous cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and methylcellulose) in the ratio of 9 to 1 was used as a model, because that ratio of starch to cellulose is about the same for sweet potato root. Cellulose derivatives generally did not show important effects on gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of gelatinization. Cellulose derivatives which are not water-soluble increased starch retrogradation, while water-soluble methylcellulose unexpectedly prevented retrogradation.     

甘薯叶柄藤类黄酮的抗肿瘤作用研究

研究薯蔓黄酮(FSPV)对瘤株和动物的抗肿瘤作用。采用MTT法研究FSPV对4种瘤株生长的抑制作用;以动物移植性肿瘤肉瘤S180为模型,以环磷酰胺为阳性对照,以生理盐水为阴性对照,观察FSPV对动物的抗肿瘤作用。结果表明:FSPV能显著抑制4种瘤株的生长,并呈一定的剂量浓度关系;尤其对HL-60瘤株效果最佳。FSPV对S180荷瘤小鼠有较强的抑瘤作用(p<0.05),并以中剂量(400mg/kgbw)的抑瘤率最高;结论:FSPV对4种瘤株和移植性S180肉瘤小鼠具有抗肿瘤作用。     

Comparative Study on the Starch Noodle Structure of Sweet Potato and Mung Bean

ABSTRACT:  Fine structure of sweet potato starch (SPS) and mung bean starch (MBS) by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) showed that the amylose in SPS and MBS had 9.0 and 1.8 chains, respectively. The long chains of amylopectin in MBS (A_p-MB) were longer than those of amylopectin in SPS (A_p-SP), but the short chains of A_p-SP were shorter than those of A_p-MB. The structures of starch noodles of sweet potato (SPSN) and mung bean (MBSN) were analyzed by GPC, scanning electron micrograph (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction after hydrolysis by acid and enzymes. The results showed that the residues obtained with acid and enzymes in MBSN contained large amounts of high molecular weight fractions, and a relatively small amount of low molecular weight fractions, whereas those in SPSN contained some high molecular weight fractions and large amounts of low molecular weight fractions. SPSN exhibited higher digestibility by HCl, α-amylase, β-amylase, and pullulanase than MBSN. The surface of MBSN was more smooth than that of SPSN and the inside of MBSN contained long, thick, and orderly filaments, while there were many pore spaces inside SPSN from SEM. The DSC thermogram of the resistant residues from both starch noodles after acid/enzyme hydrolysis showed a broad endotherm peak near 100 °C (96 to 115 °C) due to the presence of the complexes of amylose-lipid and lipid-(long chains in amylopectin). Because of a lower content of branched amylose and a higher content of amylopectin in SPS, the structure of SPSN had a less distinct crystalline pattern and higher adhesiveness, whereas there was a higher content of amylose with a little branch and moderate amylopectin in MBS. Thus, the structure of MBSN had a stronger distinct crystalline pattern and good cohesiveness.     

Carotenoid Content and Vitamin A Activity of Some Common Cultivars of Mexican Peppers (Caps&m annuum) as Determined by HPLC

Alpha-, beta, and gamma-carotenes, β-cryptoxanthin and total vitamin A activity in five different immature cultivars of peppers (Cupsicum annuum), commonly consumed in the Northwest region of Mexico, were determinated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among the cultivars studied, “Poblano” pepper had the highest provitamin A (111.4±28.2 μg Retinol Equivalents (RE)/100g) followed by “Serrano” (86.7 ±13.0), “Jalapeño” (67.0±8.7), “Verde” (30.2±3.0), and “Caribe” (2.2 ± 0.9). In general, these values were higher than the vitamin A of peppers reported by the Mexican food composition tables and lower than the data presented in the INCAP/ICNND food composition tables for USC in Latin America.