Fault tolerant homopolar magnetic bearings with flux invariant control

The theory for a novel fault-tolerant 4-active-pole homopolar magnetic bearing is developed. If any one coil of the four coils in the bearing actuator fail, the remaining three coil currents change via an optimal distribution matrix such that the same opposing pole, C-core type, control fluxes as those of the un-failed bearing are produced. The hompolar magnetic bearing thus provides unaltered magnetic forces without any loss of the bearing load capacity even if any one coil suddenly fails. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the novel fault-tolerant, 4-active pole homopolar magnetic bearings.     

Compensation of tool axis misalignment in active magnetic bearing spindle system

The tool axis misalignment, which causes machining inaccuracies in an active magnetic bearing (AMB)-spindle system, can be compensated by tracking control of the rotor-spindle. The pseudo-derivative feedback (PDF) control scheme alone does not correct the tool axis misalignment since the integral action results in the narrow bandwidth and large phase lag in the controlled system. To improve the tracking performance, the feedback and feedforward controllers are combined with the existing proportional-derivative controller, which stabilizes the inherently unstable AMB-spindle system dynamics. The theoretical and experimental results show that proposed control scheme efficiently compensates the tool axis misalignment compared with the conventional PDF control scheme.     

磁悬浮转子振动主动控制综述

利用磁悬浮系统的可控性,应用于转子的振动控制,将会进一步提高转子的旋转精度.本文阐述了磁悬浮系统控制转子振动的研究现状,磁悬浮系统的结构,工作原理及磁悬浮系统的优点.并且分析了将磁悬浮系统应用于控制转子振动的两种方法,指出现在这两种方法的缺点.并介绍了点磁悬浮动力吸振器的优点.在文章的最后提出了研究这种系统所要面临的问题.     

磁悬浮轴承多变量系统自抗扰解耦控制

在介绍径向四自由度磁轴承结构的基础上,建立了磁轴承多变量系统状态方程。基于自抗扰控制器原理,针对径向四自由度磁轴承系统,提出了多变量系统自抗扰解耦控制方案,构建了控制系统结构,并给出相关控制算法。根据实验样机参数,利用MATLAB软件环境,构建了解耦控制仿真系统,针对系统的阶跃响应、转子起浮等进行了仿真试验。研究结果表明：采用自抗扰控制策略设计的控制系统成功实现了多变量的解耦控制,具有精度高、响应速度快、超调量小等特点。     

Levitation of passive magnetic bearings and systems

Passive magnetic bearings and their systems are studied with reference to their instability, which reduces their utilisation in technical applications, where the absence of friction and wear, that magnetism allows, would be very important. This study is based on the calculus of the forces acting on magnetic bearings and on their systems, and on the identification of areas of low instability.     

卧式车床车削振动主动控制系统设计与实验研究

分析了车削加工时振动的一般模型,并根据不同车削振动来源建立了它们各自的振动力与振动位移关系模型.针对机床运动失衡下的周期性振动,提出了一种振动主动控制方法.设计了基于PID控制算法与超磁致执行器的车削振动主动控制系统.通过数字仿真与现场试验,表明所设计的车削振动主动控制系统能有效地降低车削振动,提高车削加工精度.     

磁悬浮轴承结构与磁路分析

从受控自由度数、磁力产生方式、磁极结构形式、控制电流性质等方面对磁悬浮轴承进行了分类与比较.针对各种典型磁悬浮轴承给出了其结构与磁路示意图,并进行了定性分析与比较,最后分析了磁悬浮轴承结构与磁路方面研究与发展方向.     

Active vibration suppression of a flexible structure using sliding mode control

In this paper, sliding mode control (SMC) is designed and applied to an elastic structure to suppress some of its vibration modes. The system is an elastic beam clamped on one end and the designed controller uses only the deflection measurement of the free end. The infinite dimensional mathematical model of the beam is reduced to an ordinary differential equation set to represent the behavior of required modes. Since the states of the finite dimensional model are not physically measurable quantities, an observer is designed to estimate these states by measuring the tip deflection of the beam. The performance of the observer is important because the observed states are used in the SMC design. In this study, by using the output information, an observer is designed and tested to estimate the states of the finite dimensional model of the beam. Then the designed SMC is applied to the experimental beam system which gives satisfactory suppressed vibrations.     

Model validation and controller design for vibration suppression of flexible rotor using AMB

This paper discusses the model validation and vibration suppression of an AMB flexible rotor via additional LQG controller. The main difficulty in the vibration suppression of the flexible rotor using AMB is to realize a controller that can minimize resonance without injuring the stabilized rigid modes. In order to solve this problem, simple scheme for system modeling and controller design are developed. Firstly, the AMB flexible rotor is stabilized with a PID controller, which leads to a new stable rotor-bearing system. Then, authors propose the model validation procedure using measured open-loop frequency responses to obtain an accurate model of the AMB flexible rotor system. After that, LQG controller with modal weighting is designed to suppress resonances of the stable rotor-bearing system. Due to the poor controllability and observability of flexible modes compared to rigid ones, balancing of two Gramians is prerequisite for the fair LQG controller design. Simulation with step disturbance and experimental results of unbalance response up to 10,000 rpm verified the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Fault diagnosis of rolling bearings with recurrent neural network-based autoencoders

As the rolling bearings being the key part of rotary machine, its healthy condition is quite important for safety production. Fault diagnosis of rolling bearing has been research focus for the sake of improving the economic efficiency and guaranteeing the operation security. However, the collected signals are mixed with ambient noise during the operation of rotary machine, which brings great challenge to the exact diagnosis results. Using signals collected from multiple sensors can avoid the loss of local information and extract more helpful characteristics. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) is a type of artificial neural network which can deal with multiple time sequence data. The capacity of RNN has been proved outstanding for catching time relevance about time sequence data. This paper proposed a novel method for bearing fault diagnosis with RNN in the form of an autoencoder. In this approach, multiple vibration value of the rolling bearings of the next period are predicted from the previous period by means of Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)-based denoising autoencoder. These GRU-based non-linear predictive denoising autoencoders (GRU-NP-DAEs) are trained with strong generalization ability for each different fault pattern. Then for the given input data, the reconstruction errors between the next period data and the output data generated by different GRU-NP-DAEs are used to detect anomalous conditions and classify fault type. Classic rotating machinery datasets have been employed to testify the effectiveness of the proposed diagnosis method and its preponderance over some state-of-the-art methods. The experiment results indicate that the proposed method achieves satisfactory performance with strong robustness and high classification accuracy.     

Fault detection for quality control of household appliances by non-invasive laser Doppler technique and likelihood classifier

This paper addresses the problem of developing an on-line diagnostic system for mechanical quality control of household appliances. The selection of a suitable measurement technique for feature extraction is discussed; the choice of a laser Doppler vibrometer technique and a laboratory measurement station for washing machines is presented. Vibration velocity and displacement are measured over a grid of points on the machine surface and data are stored in a database suitable for processing, both with good appliances and with defect ones with known defects. Features from the vibration velocity spectrum are used as the input to a likelihood classifier, which is shown to achieve very good classification scores.     

Tuning of fault tolerant control design parameters

This paper presents two major contributions in the field of fault tolerant control. First, it gathers points of concern typical to most fault tolerant control applications and translates the chosen performance metrics into a set of six practical design specifications. Second, it proposes initialization and tuning procedures through which a particular fault tolerant control architecture not only can be set to comply with the required specifications, but also can be tuned online to compensate for a total of twelve properties, such as the noise rejection levels for fault detection and diagnosis signals. The proposed design is realized over a powerful architecture that combines the flexibility of adaptive critic designs with the long term memory and learning capabilities of a supervisor. This paper presents a practical design procedure to facilitate the applications of a fundamentally sound fault tolerant control architecture in real-world problems.     

Fault classification on vibration data with wavelet based feature selection scheme

Fault classification based upon vibration measurements is an essential building block of a conditional based health usage monitoring system. Multiple sensors are incorporated to assure the redundancy and to achieve the desired reliability and accuracy. The shortcoming of using multiple sensors is the need to deal with a high dimensional feature set, a computationally expensive task in classification. It is vital to reduce the feature dimension via an effective feature extraction and feature selection algorithm. A simple wavelet based feature selection scheme is proposed herein, uniquely built by local discriminant bases and genetic optimization. This scheme overcomes the disadvantages faced by the existing feature selection methods by producing a generic feature set, reducing the dimensionality of features, and requiring no prior information of the problem domain. The proposed feature selection scheme is based upon the strategy of "divide and conquer" that significantly reduce the computation time without compromising the classification performance. The simulation results show the proposed feature selection scheme provides at least 65% reduction of the total number of features at no cost of the classification accuracy.     

Variations of instability in a rotating spindle system with various bearings

To drive the speed of spindle faster and faster, especially for micro-via-drilling, the gas bearing–spindle is a must. However, most investigations of the dynamic characteristics of the spindle system are limited to the ball bearing type of spindle. This work examines the dynamic instability of a rotating spindle system with various bearings to elucidate the difference between the ball and gas bearing–spindle systems. A round Euler–Bernoulli beam is used to approximate the spindle. The Hamilton principle is applied to derive the equation of motion for the spindle system, and the multiple scales perturbation method is employed to solve the instability solution of the system. The effects of bearing types and speeds of rotation on the dynamic characteristics and instability of a rotating spindle system are further studied.     

System modeling and robust control of an AMB spindle : part II a robust controller design and its implementation

This paper discusses an entire procedure for a robust controller design and its implementation of an AMB (active magnetic bearing) spindle, which is part II of the papers presenting details of system modeling and robust control of an AMB spindle. Since there are various uncertainties in an AMB system and reliability is the most important factor for applications, robust control naturally gains attentions in this field. However, tight evaluations of various uncertainties based on experimental data and appropriate performance weightings for an AMB spindle are still ongoing research topics. In addition, there are few publications on experimental justification of a designed robust controller. In this paper, uncertainties for the AMB spindle are classified and described based on the measurement and identification results of part I, and an appropriate performance weighting scheme for the AMB spindle is developed. Then, a robust control is designed through the mixedμ synthesis based on the validated accurate nominal model of part I, and the robust controller is reduced considering its closed loop performance. The reduced robust controller is implemented and confirmed with measurements of closed-loop responses. The AMB spindle is operated up to 57,600 rpm and performance of the designed controller is compared with a benchmark PID controller through experiments. Experiments show that the robust controller offers higher stiffness and more efficient control of rigid modes than the benchmark PID controller.     

Sensors and actuator fault tolerant control applied in a double pipe heat exchanger

In this work, we present the design of a Fault-Tolerant Control (FTC) system, applied in the outlet temperature sensors and in the control valve (actuator) of a concentric double pipe counter-current flow heat exchanger. The FTC consists in a sensors Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) system and an actuator FDI system. The sensors FDI system is based on analytical redundancy, in such a way that a bank of modified Kalman filters is developed in order to estimate the two outlet temperatures of the heat exchanger. To develop the modified Kalman filters a multi-linear models approach is used. So that, if a sensor fault is detected by the FDI system the measured temperature signal is replaced by the temperature estimation provided by the modified Kalman filter. Moreover, to detect an actuator fault a comparison between the control valve behaviors (the control valve voltage is used to estimate the water flow rate) and a predefined flow rate for each linear model is carried out. In order to keep the continuous operation of the heat exchanger even in fault presence a model-following control law is introduced, such that, when an actuator fault occurs, the FDI system detect the fault and immediately the model-following control makes the fault accommodation in order to compensate the actuator fault. The proposed scheme is presented with experimental data on-line. The successful tests are presented and discussed.     

Active H∞ control of the vibration of an axially moving cantilever beam by magnetic force

An H_∞ method for the vibration control of an iron cantilever beam with axial velocity using the noncontact force by permanent magnets is proposed in the paper. The transverse vibration equation of the axially moving cantilever beam with a tip mass is derived by D'Alembert's principle and then updated by experiments. An experimental platform and a magnetic control system are introduced. The properties of the force between the magnet and the beam have been determined by theoretic analysis and tests. The H_∞ control strategy for the suppression of the beam transverse vibration by initial deformation excitations is put forward. The control method can be used for the beam with constant length or varying length. Numerical simulation and actual experiments are implemented. The results show that the control method is effective and the simulations fit well with the experiments.     

新型斯特林制冷机减振器

研究了微型斯特林制冷机的振动主动控制问题，设计了一种全新的减振器，即用直线电机推动一个弹簧振子系统，在控制系统的反馈控制下产生控制力，来抑制制冷机的振动，该方案的使用使制冷机的振动水平减小了一个数量级。     

滚动轴承振动诊断的SOM神经网络方法

归纳和总结了SOM神经网络多参数诊断法的实施步骤,阐述了轴承故障与振动信号之间的关系以及SOM神经网络的工作原理和实现过程,通过试验研究,提取了反映滚动轴承故障类型的振动信号的特征参数,以构建训练神经网络的特征向量,利用MATLAB 7.0人工神经网络工具箱(ANN)模拟和仿真SOM神经网络,然后用训练后的SOM神经网络对故障模式进行识别。     

Modeling and performance evaluation of machining spindle with active magnetic bearings

Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) are increasingly employed in the machine tool industry to exploit their advantages over classical bearings such as high speed capability, rotation accuracy, high stiffness, and accurate displacement tracking capability. Furthermore, the possibility of on-line monitoring of the machining process (e.g., cutting force measurement, tool wear) makes AMB spindles very appealing to the High-Speed Machining (HSM) industry. Despite significant progress already reached in HSM technology, there remain numerous open challenges in modeling and control of magnetic bearings as applied to machining spindles. These include optimum control given AMB magnetic saturation levels, management of nonlinear effects, reduction of chatter, and rotor properties. This paper describes a five-degree-of-freedom, high-speed machining spindle supported on AMBs. The rotordynamic modeling and experimentally extracted transfer functions are presented and analyzed. The experimentally measured tool tip compliance is used to compare PID and mu-synthesis control schemes. The primary finding is that the achieved tool tip stiffness is substantially higher with the μ-synthesized controllers than with the best PID we were able to design.