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1.
以白酒酒糟制备的活性炭作为载体,通过磺化反应制备具有高酸值的活性炭基固体酸催化剂,确定最佳制备条件为:活性炭目数120目,固液比1∶5,磺化时间24h。用制备的固体酸催化剂催化合成己酸乙酯,分别考察了固体酸催化剂的添加量、酸醇比、酯化时间和酯化温度对酯化反应的影响,得出反应的最佳条件是:固体酸添加量是己酸质量的4%,酸醇比为1∶10,酯化时间为12h,酯化温度为98℃。此时己酸乙酯酯化率达71%。  相似文献   

2.
二氧化硅-硫酸氢钾固体酸催化制备生物柴油   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用溶胶-凝胶法制备KHSO4.SiO2固体酸催化剂,将其应用于催化油酸与甲醇制备生物柴油的酯化反应中,考察了催化剂焙烧温度、KHSO4负载量、甲醇与油酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间及催化剂使用次数对生物柴油转化率的影响。结果表明,固体酸催化剂KHSO4.SiO2在油酸与甲醇的酯化反应中具有很高的催化活性,最佳反应条件:催化剂焙烧温度为200℃,KHSO4负载量为20%,甲醇与油酸物质的量比为12∶1,催化剂用量占油酸质量的10%,反应时间5 h,生物柴油转化率可达95.58%。固体酸催化剂KHSO4.SiO2可重复使用4次,催化活性良好。  相似文献   

3.
为了考察微波辐射对自制固体酸催化剂催化活性的影响,作者以绿豆为原料,采用碳化-磺化法制备了一种新型碳基固体酸催化剂,于实验室自制微波反应器中催化油酸和甲醇的酯化反应。对油酸甲酯化反应过程中的微波功率、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比等条件进行了单因素分析,并对醇油摩尔比、反应时间、催化剂用量对油酸甲酯化的转化率的影响进行了正交优化,得到最佳工艺为:微波功率400 W、反应温度65℃、醇油摩尔比11∶1、反应时间30 min、催化剂用量为5%,在此工艺条件下油酸甲酯化的转化率为93.97%。  相似文献   

4.
以硫酸处理炼锌水淬渣所得的活性物质为载体,采用浸渍法制备了固体超强酸。将该固体酸用于甲醇和油酸的酯化反应,通过考察反应条件对油酸转化率的影响来反映固体酸在油酸和甲醇酯化反应中的催化活性。结果表明:当固体酸用量为油酸质量的18%、甲醇与油酸的摩尔比为15∶1、反应温度为120℃、反应时间为8 h时,油酸转化率可达90.35%;固体酸催化剂重复使用3次后,油酸转化率仍在70%以上,但随着重复利用次数增加,其催化活性有所下降。  相似文献   

5.
以硫酸处理炼锌水淬渣所得的活性物质为载体,采用浸渍法制备了固体超强酸。将该固体酸用于甲醇和油酸的酯化反应,通过考察反应条件对油酸转化率的影响来反映固体酸在油酸和甲醇酯化反应中的催化活性。结果表明:当固体酸用量为油酸质量的18%、甲醇与油酸的摩尔比为15∶1、反应温度为120℃、反应时间为8 h时,油酸转化率可达90.35%;固体酸催化剂重复使用3次后,油酸转化率仍在70%以上,但随着重复利用次数增加,其催化活性有所下降。  相似文献   

6.
以白酒酒糟为原料,通过浓硫酸磺化制备了活性炭基固体酸催化剂,并催化合成乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、己酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯4种酒用脂肪酸乙酯。结果表明,乙酸乙酯最佳反应条件为活性炭基固体酸催化剂添加量3%,酸醇物质的量比1∶5,酯化时间4 h,酯化温度80 ℃,酯化率达86%;乳酸乙酯最佳反应条件为催化剂添加量4%,酸醇物质的量比1∶8,酯化时间10 h,酯化温度95 ℃,酯化率达76%;己酸乙酯最佳反应条件为催化剂添加量4%,酸醇物质的量比1∶10,酯化时间12 h,酯化温度98 ℃,酯化率达68%;丁酸乙酯最佳反应条件为催化剂添加量4%,酸醇物质的量比1∶9,酯化时间8 h,酯化温度90 ℃,酯化率达73%。活性炭基固体酸催化剂可以重复使用6次。  相似文献   

7.
以去除半纤维素的玉米芯为原料,通过高温炭化、浓硫酸磺化制备了生物炭基固体酸催化剂,用于油酸酯化制备生物柴油,并对催化剂进行了表征。考察了炭化温度、炭化时间、磺化温度、磺化时间等制备条件对催化剂的影响,探究了反应温度、反应时间、醇油摩尔比、催化剂质量分数对油酸酯化反应的影响。结果表明,适宜的催化剂制备条件为300 ℃炭化3 h、25 ℃磺化4 h,在此条件下制备的生物炭基固体酸酸量为1.67 mmol/L;适宜的反应条件为反应温度65 ℃,反应时间5 h,甲醇与油酸的摩尔比12:1,催化剂质量分数4%,在此条件下,油酸转化率为98%。催化剂在使用4次后,催化剂活性下降至63%,经过重新磺化,油酸转化率可恢复至94%。  相似文献   

8.
将马铃薯粉作为炭化材料,再用浓硫酸进行磺化,制备了高活性高稳定性的炭基固体酸催化剂,采用SEM、BET、FT-IR和XRD对其进行表征,并应用于催化油酸与甲醇的酯化反应中。结果表明:该催化剂为随机排列的芳香族碳片组成的无定型碳结构,呈现块状、疏松、边缘粗糙的形貌;结构中含有多环芳烃,且磺酸基已成功负载;催化剂孔结构主要以介孔为主,能为反应物和活性位点的接触提供通道。当酯化温度为65℃、酯化时间为2. 5 h、醇油摩尔比为10∶1、催化剂用量(占油酸的质量)为5%时,油酸转化率达到95. 68%。再生后的催化剂在重复利用5次后,油酸转化率仍可达89. 56%。  相似文献   

9.
采用一锅法制备了硅藻土固载铁掺杂的硅钨酸(FeSiW/硅藻土)固体酸催化剂,使用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对催化剂的结构及形貌进行了分析,结果发现铁掺杂的硅钨酸较好的分散在硅藻土的表面。将其应用于油酸与甲醇为反应物的生物柴油制备体系,催化活性研究发现在催化剂用量3%(以油酸质量为基准)、油酸与甲醇摩尔比为1∶8、反应温度70℃、反应时间4 h的条件下,酯化反应转化率为72.5%,且催化剂重复使用6次后,转化率仍高于70%。此外,FeSiW/硅藻土催化剂还适用于催化各种长链羧酸的酯化反应。  相似文献   

10.
以海藻酸钠与氯化铬为原料制备出一种价格低廉的新型海藻酸铬复合物,通过XRD、FTIR、SEM对制备的复合物结构进行表征,并将其应用于催化油酸与甲醇酯化反应制备生物柴油。系统考察了各因素对油酸转化率的影响,并研究了该催化剂在各种酯化反应中的应用。结果表明:廉价、易制备的海藻酸铬复合物固体酸表现出较高的催化活性,在催化剂用量3%(相对于油酸的质量)、油酸与甲醇摩尔比1∶10、反应温度70℃、反应时间3 h条件下,油酸转化率达92.2%;催化剂经重复使用5次,油酸的转化率仍高于60%;此外,该催化剂能适用各种长链羧酸与甲醇的酯化反应,表明该催化剂有望用于工业上高酸值原料降酸制备生物柴油。  相似文献   

11.
Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.  相似文献   

12.
An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.  相似文献   

13.
The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.  相似文献   

14.
The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.  相似文献   

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This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.  相似文献   

18.
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH3CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH2PO4-20.6 mM Na2B4O7 buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.  相似文献   

19.
<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the  相似文献   

20.
《印刷工业》2014,(11):95-95
According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China(PEIAC)'s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.  相似文献   

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