武陟嘉应观建筑特点探析

通过将嘉应观山门、中大殿两座建筑单体的建筑结构构件的本身尺寸和比例与根据梁思成先生的《清式营造则例》总结的清《工程工部做法》的做法和数据比较分析,验证这两座建筑单体与清"官式"建筑的关系,对促进清"官式"建筑的研究工作具有积极意义。     

"叠方"与"桁架"——论唐、宋殿阁的建构思维差异及其渊源关系

考察现存实例与《营造法式》,发现唐、宋殿阁中大型杆件的使用方式存在根本差异,入宋后唐辽建筑叠合章材以构成梁方截面的原则被打破,建造逻辑从"箱板式"层垒迈向"框架式"搭接,而该倾向在隋以前的文献与图案中已有先兆.因此认为唐、宋殿阁各有源头,宋类似"平行弦桁架"的构造方式延续了汉魏北地传统,与唐始自南朝的"规格化叠方"思路并行发展,并据此观点解析了中古时期殿阁的整体发展脉络.     

殿阁式楼阁结构逻辑浅探

该文分析殿阁式楼阁建筑的结构形成及其稳定方式。     

文化多样性视角下故宫官式古建筑木作营造技艺的思考

故宫是我国现存古代建筑的重要代表,其在木作形式及营造技艺上都有着强烈的官式特征,体现了我国明清官式建筑等级森严、规范严谨等特点。与此同时,故宫建筑的建造也是我国明清时期官式和民间建筑艺术融合的巅峰,文章试图以文化多样性为视角,从历史变更、建造方式、宗教信仰、帝王情怀等几个角度出发,对故宫在古建筑木作营造技艺方面丰富的文化内涵进行分析和思考。     

沈阳故宫崇谟阁的修复（二）

崇谟阁建于清乾隆11年（公元1746年）。由于地基下沉,整座建筑倾斜已多年。遵照国家《文物保护法》的规定,沈阳故宫对崇谟阁进行了实地勘查、钻探、发掘、测绘,并请辽宁省建筑设计院进行基础设计,1983~1986年对崇谟阁进行修复。修复中采用了一些技术措施,构件加固采取化学加固或铁活加固的办法。     

沈阳故宫崇谟阁的修复（一）

崇谟阁建于清乾隆11年（公元1746年）。由于地基下沉,整座建筑倾斜已多年。遵照国家《文物保护法》的规定,沈阳故宫对崇谟阁进行了实地勘查、钻探、发掘、测绘,并请辽宁省建筑设计院进行基础设计,1983~1986年对崇谟阁进行修复。修复中采用了一些技术措施,构件加固采取化学加固或铁活加固的办法。     

从文化层面探究中轴线的意义——以故宫为例

中国建筑随中国文化绵延了千年,两者相互影响、不可分割,其中中轴线是中国古代建筑的代表性特质之一,以南北向主轴和对称式布局为特点,而故宫又是中轴线运用的典型代表。本文以故宫为例,将以人为本、中庸和谐以及礼制3个方面作为切入点探究中轴线所反映的思想文化价值及其意义所在,并把故宫与同样是对称式布局的法国宫廷建筑凡尔赛宫进行了异同对比分析,深入探讨中轴线的意义,最后以现代建筑的案例浅析了中轴线在现代的演绎及潜力。     

沈阳故宫建筑中的满族特色研究

清定都沈阳后,对建筑产生了深刻的影响。由于独特的政治体制,丰富的文化民俗与自然地理条件的交融,沈阳故宫建筑在规模、布局、风格、色彩等方面有异于其他古典建筑形式,以宏大、严整、堂皇、浓丽称胜。满族在汲取汉族文化精华的同时,又利用其固有的民族文化影响着其它民族。本文通过对沈阳故宫建筑中的满族特色进行研究,分析这种满族特色产生的根源,展示这种满族特色表现的形式。     

《营造法式》中厦两头造出际制度释疑

在中国古代建筑中,歇山建筑以其雍容华贵而又秀丽玲珑的艺术造型被广泛应用在殿阁、厅堂、城楼乃至绘画之中。歇山建筑最具魅力的地方,是两山的排山部位。在清式建筑中,排山的位置是由收山确定的。清工部《工程做法则例》中,收山略而未载。梁思成先生整理的清《营造算例》第一章第一节通例中,记有收山的规定:“歇山收山,按正心桁一份,系正心桁中至立闸山花板外皮。”清“官式”建筑大都遵此规定。按照这个规定,可以计算出清“官式”歇山建筑的出梢(出际)。22斗口(一椽架)—4.5斗口或4斗口(正心桁径)=17.5斗口或18斗口。可知出梢一般是17.5斗…     

古建筑柱础石的工艺痕迹成因研究 ——以故宫建福宫柱础石为例

以故宫建福宫的柱础石为研究对象,主要分析了柱础石随着古建筑建造过程中加工痕迹的产生原因,阐述了与木作、瓦作及油画作的工艺营造关系。以宋《营造法式》、清工部《工程做法则例》为依照,探讨了古建筑柱础石加工痕迹与古建筑尺度、形制、样式等信息的关系,并参照《工程做法则例》重点对柱础石算例尺度推算关系进行较详细地论述。     

北海团城承光殿测绘

受北海公园管理处委托，我古建研究设计室对团城承光殿进行了测绘。承光殿是北海团城的主要建筑，也是北海公园的重要建筑之一，是一座典型的清式建筑。本次测绘的主要内容是承光殿的木构架及其组合特点，承光殿的装修、彩绘及其他相关内容。     

重庆綦江区东溪镇南华宫修缮设计

该文介绍了明清会馆及其在重庆的发展,通过对南华宫历史脉络的梳理来进一步阐述会馆这一类公共建筑在重庆建筑史发展中的作用及地位。通过大量的现场调研和测绘,从文物保护学的角度来探讨对文物建筑的保护修复策略。同时还对文物建筑的现状进行综合价值评估,以确保文物建筑的修复更加科学、合理和真实。     

从大木尺度现象看柳林香严寺毗卢殿建造年代之复杂性*

毗卢殿是山西柳林香严寺中的重要建筑,构架简明,却又在细节设计上存在独特和矛盾之处。本文基于三维激光扫描和手工补测,对毗卢殿的建筑平面、架道、材分°设计等大木尺度设计进行了解读和还原,发现毗卢殿的设计中采用了 310 毫米和 318~319 毫米两种不同长度的营造尺。两把营造尺反映出其建造年代的复杂性,毗卢殿始建于元代,明清时期经历修缮,但其斗栱仍然保留了元构的尺度和造型特征。     

Sociocultural factors of the late Ming and early Qing Chinese garden landscape,based on philosophies seen in Yuanye,Zhangwuzhi, and Xianqingouji

This study explores garden landscape design philosophies during the Ming–Qing transitional period in China as presented in three different garden design books: Zhangwuzhi (长物志), Yuanye (园冶), and Xianqingouji (闲情偶寄). During this period, the Confucian hierarchical social system fractured as the merchant class began to encroach on high society. In reaction to this change, Zhangwuzhi proposed the ‘elegant’ garden design ideology to maintain the cultural hegemony of the gentry. Reflecting the rising social status of merchants, Yuanye applied this ideology to the gardens of the merchant class. In early Qing, as commoners’ ownership of gardens increased, Xianqingouji optimised the ‘elegant’ ideology, and introduced it as a practical design for ordinary citizens’ gardens. In sum, all three books applied the ‘elegant’ ideology to garden landscapes of different classes in response to the social changes of the time.     

从双堂屋到四角楼:粤赣山区林寨古村屋式的转变*

将以四角楼著称的广东和平县林寨古村置于粤赣山区的视域之中，从区域开发史、家族史和建造史相结合的角度，梳理林寨古村的屋式，分析清代中叶林寨陈氏家族在空间策略上从经营围村转为兴建围楼的社会原因和技术原因，阐释了林寨屋式从双堂屋到堂横屋再到四角楼的变化过程，认为林寨四角楼始于陈宗杰所建永贞楼，晚清时进入兴盛期，在空间组织和建造体系上逐渐与堂横屋融合。林寨屋式的多次转变，既受到粤赣山区农业开发、治盗和贩盐等社会经济因素的影响，也反映了陈氏家族的内部分化，以及在防御性与生活性之间的权衡。     

Performance analysis of the building envelope: A case study of the Main Hall,Shinawatra University

The envelope of the Main Hall, Shinawatra University has been designed to provide protection from energy gain. According to initial estimates, the Main Hall could achieve an overall thermal transfer value (OTTV) of 10.16 W/m², which is four times lower than those recommended by the Thai national standard. This study aims to evaluate the actual energy performance of the Main Hall building envelope using field measurements and simulations. The air temperature, surface temperature, and relative humidity were measured at frequent intervals, both indoors and outdoors. Hourly average meteorological data for insolations were utilized in order to calculate the solar gain by light transmission. Based on the empirical data, the energy fluxes through the envelope on eight different orientations were simulated and the average value was found within 7% of the estimated OTTV. Using the same empirical data for the outdoor condition, simulations of other common types of building envelope in Thailand were carried out for comparison. The results of the analysis show that the Main Hall's lightweight and highly insulated building envelope outperforms other commonly used heavyweight envelopes in preventing building energy gain in the hot-humid climate of Thailand. Although the use of the lightweight and highly insulated envelope helps reduce the operating and investment costs of the air conditioning system as well as the cost of building structure, it also increases the investment cost of the envelope substantially. However, the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) reveals that the life cycle cost (LCC) of the Main Hall envelope is the most economical, and the increased investment cost of the Main Hall envelope requires a discounted payback period of only 3–5 years, depending on the envelope types used in the comparison. Furthermore, it should be noted that greater savings and a more favorable pay back period could be obtained if this highly energy efficient envelope is applied to other typical buildings, especially high-rise structures in urban areas.     

Relationship of indoor and outdoor air pollutants in a naturally ventilated historical building envelope

Concentrations of NO₂, O₃, SO₂, acetic and formic acids, HNO₃ and NH₃ were measured inside and outside a historical building, the Baroque Library Hall (BLH) in the National Library in Prague (Czech Republic). The naturally ventilated system of the building, the restriction of personnel access, reduced groups of visitors and absence of activities which could influence indoor pollutant concentrations are characteristics that make the Baroque Library Hall a suitable location to study the influence of outdoor environment on the indoor air quality. The relationship between indoor and outdoor (I/O) concentration was investigated to assess the infiltration of outdoor generated pollutants. Outdoor and indoor pollution sources were determined and, infiltration of ammonium nitrate and a shift of the equilibrium to the gas phase were the reason for the high concentration of ammonia measured inside the BLH. A significant seasonal variation was observed and interpreted as a consequence of different infiltration regime associated with indoor–outdoor temperature differences, which in addition drives dilution processes of indoor generated pollutants. Based on the indoor air quality assessment performed in the BLH with regard to human and material exposure, there is reason for concern about material preservation and in particular paper at the BLH.     

梅州殿式建筑木构架特征对比分析 #

对梅州灵光寺大殿、兴宁学宫大成殿、长乐学宫大成殿等三栋殿式建筑的平面形制、构架特征、营造尺度进行分析。通过三者之间及与岭南其它地区殿堂建筑的比较研究,探究其建筑特征与源流。得出灵光寺大殿受客家移民文化影响,具有早期建筑特征,而另外两个学宫大殿,由于清末兴宁盆地与广府地区交融密切,具有岭南殿式建筑的普遍特征。     

佛光寺东大殿檐部做法研究*

根据清代文献中的记载，传统建筑下檐出占上檐出的 0.75或者 0.8，本文从文献中的这一规定出发，分析和整理了现存唐代遗构和深受唐代技术影响的日本 8-12 世纪末的遗构，发现早期实例中这一比值约在 0.7-1.0 之间。最后在实物研究的基础上文章又分析了佛光寺东大殿的檐部现状，初步认为该殿创建当初是不设飞子的檐部做法。     

An alternative classification of project delivery methods used in the United States building construction industry

Although many sources describe the project delivery methods available to owners, there is little empirical data on their defining characteristics. The objective of this research was to examine patterns in contract arrangements, procurement practices and compensation terms used in the US building construction industry. Survey data were collected for projects completed between 2008 and 2013 (N = 204) from owners and contractors belonging to large US professional organizations. A latent class analysis was used to identify five distinct patterns or ‘classes’ based upon eight characteristics of the project delivery process. These classes were defined as: (I) late builder and trade involvement, with an open, cost-based selection and lump sum contract (9% of projects in sample); (II) late builder and trade involvement, with a prequalified, cost-based selection and lump sum contract (19%); (III) early builder and late trade involvement, with a prequalified non-cost based selection and guaranteed maximum price (GMP) contract (26%); (IV) early builder and trade involvement, with a prequalified, cost-based selection and lump sum design-build (DB) contract (27%); (V) early builder and trade involvement, with a prequalified, non-cost based selection and GMP DB contract (18%). Compared to existing classifications of project delivery methods, these classes are data-driven typologies that represent how participants are procured and organized into a project team. The findings have implications as an alternative classification system in project delivery research and as guidance to owners considering their project delivery options.